The Great War

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The Great War 1914-1918

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The Great War. 1914-1918. Long term Causes. Revenge: Entangling Alliances: Nationalism: Militarism: Imperialism: Marni. Immediate Cause. Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand. Response/Reaction to the Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand. German blank check to Austria-Hungary - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Transcript of The Great War

Page 1: The Great War

The Great War1914-1918

Page 2: The Great War

Long term Causes Revenge: Entangling Alliances: Nationalism: Militarism: Imperialism: Marni

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Immediate Cause Assassination of Archduke Franz

Ferdinand

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Response/Reaction to the Assassination of Archduke Franz

Ferdinand German blank check to Austria-

Hungary Austro-Hungarian Unconditional

Ultimatum to Serbia Serbian acceptance of all demands

except one Austria charges non-compliance Austria invades Serbia on July 28,

1914

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Reaction to Austria-Hungary’s Invasion of

Serbia Mobilization and movement by most

major powers Unwillingness of Italy to join pre-war

allies Russian troops entered East Prussia Russia defeated at Tannenberg and

Massurian Lakes Germany modified Schleiffen Plan Germany failed to defeat France, the

French stopping them at the Marne England entered to uphold Belgian

neutrality

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Home-front Activities Selective service Financing through war bonds and

loans Partnership of government and

industry Propaganda and curtailment of

individual liberties Settling into Trench Warfare on the

Eastern and Western Fronts Morale problems Boredom with daily routine

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Search for Friends and Creation of Incidents to Help Break Stalemates

Central Powers Reasons for entrance of Ottoman Empire: Fear

of Russia Reasons for entrance of Bulgaria: Dislike of

Serbs from Balkan Wars Creation of Domestic problems for the Allies Support for Irish Eastern Rebellion against

British rule (1916) Support for Flemish in Belgium Promise of independence to Poles Zimmerman Telegram to Mexico

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Allies Reasons for entrance of Italy: Promise of lands in

secret Treaty of London Trentino, South Tyrol, Istria, Trieste, and

specified Dalmatian Islands Reasons for entrance of Japan

Great Britain’s ally since 1902 Desire for Germany’s Pacific possessions Opportunity to make Twenty-One Demands on

China Reasons for entrance of United States

Principle of Freedom of the seas Demand to end of Germany’s unrestricted

submarine warfare Surfacing of the Zimmerman Telelgram Historic ties to Great Britain and France Economic ties to Allies

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Creation of Domestic problems for the Central Powers Support for Alsace and Lorraine’s return to

France Promises of independence to Poles & subject

peoples of the A-H and Ottoman Empires Balfour Declaration: Britain promised Israel a

Jewish homeland Denial to Central Powers of contraband & non-

contraband goods by GB’s hunger blockade Response of Germany and A-H to the

hunger blockade Rationing Black market activity Peasant hoarding of food Increased imports from neutrals Unrestricted submarine blockade of Great

Britain

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Attempts to end the Stalemate

Eastern Front Unsuccessful German/Austro-Hungarian

offensive against Russia 1917-1918 Southern Front

German Austro-Hungarian defeat at Caporetto

Western Front No breakthrough in Somme campaign

in 1916, no breakthrough for Germany at Verdun

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Attempts to end the Stalemate

War at Sea Heavily allied losses in Gallipoli

campaign Germany’s inability to defeat Great

Britain’s navy Convoy system Battle of Jutland ended in stalemate and

convinced the Germans to advocate the use of unrestricted submarine warfare (even if politically hazardous)

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Attempts to end the Stalemate

War in the Air Limited Reconnaissance Legendary “dog fights” towards the end

had little impact

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The Critical Years: 1917-1918

Morale Problem with trench warfare Flu epidemic in 1918 Bolsheviks take power in winter

1917 US enters with allies and begin a

heavy American buildup in Western France

Withdrawal of Russia from the war and loss of territory to Germany in treaty of Brest Litovsk

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The Critical Years: 1917-1918

Unrest in Germany after Ludendorff pushed for an armistice with the Americans based on the 14 points

Nov. 3, 1918: Mutiny of sailors at Kiel

Proclamation of German Republic under socialist leadership and abdication of the Kaiser (November 8, 1918)

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Treaty of Versailles Demands of Clemenceau of France

Security French borders Repayment for damages

Demands of Lloyd George and Great Britain Demilitarization of Germany Some reparations for damages

Demands of Orlando and Italy Territory promised in secret Treaty of London

Demands of Wilson and the United States Adherence to the 14 points and formation of the League

of Nations Demands of Japan

German Pacific possessions in Asia

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Key Terms Demilitarization of the Rhineland for 15

years Internationalization of the Saar Valley for

15 years Reparations to France and Great Britain

(to be determined in future by reparations committee)

Territorial losses of colonies & Alsace Lorraine,

Creation of a “Polish Corridor” through East Prussia down the Vistula River, giving Poland the port of Danzig and large parts of Posnan, Silesia and western Galicia (Danzig had predominantly German population)

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Key Terms DANZIG BECAME A FREE CITY

UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS.

ITS PEOPLE COULD DIRECT THEIR OWN AFFAIRS BUT THE AREA WOULD BE UNDER POLISH CUSTOMS, POLAND ALSO TO REGULATE TRAFFIC ON THE VISTULA AND DEVELOP CITY’S DOCKS AND WHARFS.

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Problems with the Treaty of Versailles

Failure of US to ratify and join League of Nations

Lack of understanding of ethnic issues in the creation of new nations

Demands of unrealistic reparations from Germany

Desire for revenge from Germany for their having accepted the “war guilt” clause, (November criminals, socialists and Jews, etc)

Dissatisfaction of treaty from the victors and gradual British belief that the treaty might have been unfair

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Russian Revolution

1917-1922

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Wartime problems of Nicholas II and the

Provisional Government Ineptness and inefficiency of Tsarist

regime Poor distribution of goods and

foodstuffs Inability to manufacture adequate arms Ineffective organization of the military Influence of Rasputin on the royal

family Nicholas II’s decision to take personal

command of the troops

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Wartime problems of Nicholas II and the

Provisional Government Inability of Provisional Government

to control the situation Burning and looting in urban and rural

areas Failure of conservative General Kornilov

to restore order Confiscation of land by peasants Desertion of soldiers from the Front Allied pressure to remain in the war

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Second Revolution of 1917 by Bolsheviks

Internal enemies of the second Revolution Tsarist supporters Liberals and Constitutional Democrats Socialist Mensheviks and Social

Revolutionaries

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Second Revolution of 1917 by Bolsheviks

Immediate problems Disengagement from the war

Loss of Russian territory in the Treaty of B-L

Civil war between the White and Red Armies

Kronsdadt Uprising Foreign intervention (1918-1922)

Landing of Japanese and Americans at Vladivostak

Allied capture of Murmansk and Archangel Polish attack and loss of land to Poland

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Second Revolution of 1917 by Bolsheviks

Results Failure of anti-Bolshevik forces to

coordinate efforts Decimation of Soviet population

Losses in the Great War and the Civil War Flight of nobility famine

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Lenin’s Postwar Attempts at Stabilization

Nationalization of industry New Economic Policy

Relaxation of strict communism Autonomy to various federation of

states Parallel institutions of Communist

Party and Government

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Joseph Stalin’s Domestic Program

Socialism in one country rather than world revolution

Emphasis on industrialization Attack on agricultural problem

30,000 armed party workers to rural areas Punishment of peasants for hoarding food and

cultivating fewer crops Collectivization of agriculture Death to uncooperative peasants No passports for peasants

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Joseph Stalin’s Domestic Program

“Democratic” Constitution of 1936 Union of autonomous republics

Free to secede at any time Bicameral legislature with election by

universal suffrage Bill of rights Free basic education, medical care,

child care assistance

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Joseph Stalin’s Domestic Program

Problems Resistance of Kulaks to collectivization Suspected disloyalty of high public

officials and army officers Purging of the party and military elite Arrest of seven to nine million people

Execution or deportation to labor camps Infiltration of Western ideas and art

forms

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Foreign Affairs Aims

Acceptance into world family of nations Assistance to comrades in other

countries Avoidance of war with Germany

Reasons for the Soviet Union’s pariah status Fear of communism Bolshevik repudiation of Tsarist debts

Treaty of Rapallo with fellow pariah Germany Training of Red Army by Germany

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Foreign Affairs Reasons for a more favorable view of

communism in the West (early 30’s) Little economic impact of Depression in Soviet

Union Fear of fascism by many around the world Increase in Soviet industrial production with

the cult of hard work Acceptance in the world community

Diplomatic recognition by the U.S. (1933) Entrance into League of Nations (1934) Military alliance with France (1934)

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Foreign Affairs Growing Soviet suspicion of the West

Exclusion of USSR from Munich Conference

Policy of appeasement toward Nazi Germany by Western democracies

No Western assistance to Loyalists in the Spanish Civil War

Decision to make a pact with the Nazis Buying of time to rebuild officer corps

and prepare for war