The Great War, 1914–1918 QUIT Chapter Overview Time Line Visual Summary SECTION The Stage Is Set...

The Great War, 1914–1918

QUIT

Chapter OverviewChapter Overview

Time LineTime Line

Visual SummaryVisual Summary

SECTION The Stage Is Set for War 1

SECTION War Consumes Europe 2

SECTION War Affects the World 3

SECTION A Flawed Peace 4

29CHAPTER

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Chapter Overview

With a political assassination, a complex system of alliances draws Europe into war. Some colonial subjects support the Allies, while others remain uninvolved. The Treaty of Versailles does little to build a lasting peace.

29CHAPTER


1915 (Jan.) Trench warfare underway on Western Front. (Feb.) Gallipoli campaign starts in Turkey.

1916 (Feb.) French and German battle at Verdun.

1917 (April) United States enters war.

1918 (Nov.) Allies defeat Central Powers; war ends.

29CHAPTER

Time Line

1914 1918

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1914 (June) Archduke Franz Ferdinand assassinated. (July) Austria declares war on Serbia; World War I begins.

Nationalism unifies countries in Europe but also leads to commercial and territorial rivalries. Bismarck forms the Triple Alliance, while Britain joins with France and Russia to form the Triple Entente. An assassination causes war to break out.

OverviewOverview AssessmentAssessment

Key Idea

The Stage Is Set for War

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MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW

In Europe, military buildup, nationalistic feelings, and rival alliances set the stage for a continental war.

Ethnic conflict in the Balkan region, which helped start the war, continued to erupt in that area in the 1990s.

Overview


1

AssessmentAssessment

• militarism

• Triple Alliance

• Kaiser Wilhelm II

• Triple Entente

TERMS & NAMES

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1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. List the major events that led to World War I.


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Section 1 Assessment

continued . . .

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1882 Triple Alliance formed.

1890s European arms race

1908 Austria annexed Bosnia and Herzegovina.

1890 German foreign policy changed.

1907 Triple Entente formed.

1914 Archduke Franz Ferdinand and wife killed.

2. Why might the “machinery of war,” set in motion by the assassination of Archduke Ferdinand, have been difficult to stop? THINK ABOUT

Section


1

1 Assessment

• nationalism • militarism • the alliance system

ANSWERANSWER

• Intense nationalism prompted nations to compete for superiority in all areas.

• Militarism had led to the establishment of large armies, as well as to the glorification of military might.

• The alliance system required its members to support one another in case of war.

Possible Responses:

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End of Section 1

European nations take up frontlines divided between the Central Powers and the Allies. Despite major battles and terrible casualties, neither side advances.


Key Idea

War Consumes Europe

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War Consumes Europe

2

One European nation after another was drawn into a large and industrialized war that resulted in many casualties.

Much of the technology of modern warfare, such as fighter planes and tanks, was introduced in World War I.

Overview


• Schlieffen Plan

• Central Powers

• Allies

• Western Front

• trench warfare

• Eastern Front


TERMS & NAMES

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War Consumes Europe

2

1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. Write the immediate reason why each nation listed below declared war on the other nation listed.


continued . . .

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War Declaration Reason for Declaration

Germany on Russia

Germany on France

Britain on Germany

Saw Russia’s troops along German border as threat

Wanted a quick victory in the west

Outraged over violation of Belgian neutrality

War Consumes Europe

2

2. How was war on the Western Front and Eastern Front different? How was it the same? THINK ABOUT


• trench warfare • which nations fought on each front • war casualties

ANSWERANSWER

Western Front—trench warfare; small land gains; Germany vs. Britain and France

Eastern Front— Germans, Austrians, Turks vs. Russians and Serbs; absence of trenches; more mobile warfare; larger land gains

Both—huge numbers of soldiers killed; mass destruction of land; deplorable conditions; stalemates

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Possible Responses:

End of Section 2

The Allies expand the war beyond Europe. The United States enters the conflict. Citizens undergo rationing, and many women go to work in factories. Fresh American troops give the Allies an edge. The Kaiser abdicates, and an armistice is signed.


Key Idea

War Affects the World

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World War I spread to several continents and required the full resources of many governments.

The war propelled the United States to a new position of international power, which it retains today.

Overview


• unrestricted submarine warfare

• total war

• rationing

• propaganda

• armistice


3


TERMS & NAMES

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1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. List the reasons why the United States entered World War I.


continued . . .

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Reasons for United States Entry

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2.

3.

4.

Germans sink Lusitania, a British ship carrying some American passengers.

Germany returns to unrestricted submarine warfare, sinking U.S. ships.

Zimmermann note decoded—German note urging Mexico to take up arms against U.S.

Strong feelings of sympathy for the Allies


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ANSWERANSWER

The war was fought in numerous places outside Europe: Africa, Southwest Asia, China, and the Pacific. People from many nations participated in the war effort, including colonial subjects throughout Africa and Asia.

Possible Response:

2. In what ways was World War I truly a global conflict?THINK ABOUT

• where the war was fought • who participated in the war effort

continued . . .

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3


ANSWERANSWER

• Governments took greater control of economies, telling factories what and how much to produce.

• Civilian factories were turned into munitions factories. • Rationing was common. • Women became a significant part of the work force.• More people were put to work.

Possible Responses:

3. How did the concept of total war affect the warring nations’ economies? THINK ABOUT

• the scarcity of food and other products • the role of women

End of Section 3

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• the governments’ new role in their economies

• unemployment rates during the war years

The Treaty of Versailles ignores Wilson’s Fourteen Points, creates new nations in Europe, and is rejected by the United States Senate. The war leaves millions dead and wounded and costs hundreds of billions of dollars.


Key Idea

A Flawed Peace 4HOME

GRAPH MAP

After winning the war, the Allies dictated a harsh peace settlement that left many nations feeling betrayed.

Hard feelings left by the peace settlement helped cause World War II.

Overview


• Woodrow Wilson

• Georges Clemenceau

• David Lloyd George

• Fourteen Points

• self-determination

• Treaty of Versailles

• League of Nations

A Flawed Peace 4


TERMS & NAMES

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GRAPH MAP

1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. Explain the effects of World War I.

A Flawed Peace 4

continued . . .


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Effects of WWI

Millions of lives lost $338 billion cost

Land, towns, and villages destroyed

Widespread disillusionment

GRAPH MAP


ANSWERANSWER

2. Do you think the peace settlements at Versailles were fair? Why or why not? Consider the warring and nonwarring nations affected. THINK ABOUT

• Germany’s punishment • the creation of new nations

A Flawed Peace 4

• the mandate system

Fair: Germany was punished for its aggression, and numerous independence claims were addressed through the creation of new nations.

Unfair: Germany was too harshly punished, and colonial peoples did not get their independence.

Possible Responses:

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End of Section 4

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The Great War, 1914–1918 QUIT Chapter Overview Time Line Visual Summary SECTION The Stage Is Set...

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