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The great proponent (supporter) of capitalism who wrote the Wealth of Nations was
Adam Smith
Lord Liverpool
Arthur Thistlewood
William Pitt the Younger
Sir Robert Peel
His name was connected with Orthodoxy, Autocracy and Nationalism
Nicholas I
George IV
Charles X
Louis Philippe
Alexander I
The appointment of this Ultraroyalist minister by Charles X caused French liberals to begin to consider revolution and to open negotiations with the more liberal Orléans branch of the Royal Family.
Jean Maximilien Lamarque
Marquis de Lafayette
Louis Philippe
Prince de Polignac
In 1821, this royalist general seized power, pushed out the Spanish and proclaimed himself emperor of Mexico. He was a poor administrator, however, and was deposed in 1824 by his fellow Creoles, who proclaimed a Mexican Republic.
Jose Pavon
Bernardo O’Higgens
Simon Bolivar
Augustin de Iturbide
Burschenschaften were student associations which
distrusted liberalism and both feared and hated Enlightenment ideas
opposed the ideas of Edmund Burke
supported the ideas of Adam Smith
laid foundations for a change in loyalty from the old provinces to a united German State.
They were Europeans born in the new world who wanted to displace the Europeans born in Spain and thereby control the wealth of the Americas – and not share with the lower classes of people
Penninsulares
Creoles
Mestizos
Mulattos
Maroons
Louis XVIII’s spirit of compromise did not sit well with the elites who had suffered during the revolution. They found a champion and rallying point in the king’s younger brother, __________, the Count of Artois.
Charles
As we read in the last chapter, these angry elites carried out the White Terror against former revolutionaries and supporters of Napoleon and Louis was unable to stop them. They were called:
Ultraroyalists
The Spanish Revolution of 1820 and a revolution in Naples the same year (both of which forced their rulers to accept constitutions)caused Metternich to convene the members of the Quadruple Alliance at the
Congress of Troppau
Congress of Vienna
Congress of Liabach
which only issued a protocol that asserted that stable governments might intervene to restore order in countries undergoing revolutions
In 1815, Parliament passed a __________ (in Oxford English, this word means all grains) to maintain high prices for domestic grain by levying import duties on foreign grain. The next year, Parliament abolished the income tax that only the _________ paid and replaced it with an excise (______) tax on consumer goods paid by both the wealthy and the poor. These laws showed that the British ruling class had abandoned their role as paternalistic protectors of the poor and the taxpaying class was no better in that they wanted the repeal of the __________ which provided relief to the poor and jobless.
Corn Law
wealthy sale
s
Poor Law
In 1820, the German Confederation passed
the _____________ which limited the subjects
that could be discussed in constitutional
assemblies.
Corn Law
Final Act
Four Ordinances
Great Reform Bill
Nationalism and liberalism were often
____________ because ________________
government and liberal notions of _________
often helped nationalists seeking freedom
win the support of liberals in France and
Great Britain. This compromise was
adopted by many nationalists in Germany,
Italy and the ________________.
compatible
representative equalit
y
Austrian Empire
This –ism was the single most powerful ideology of the nineteenth century
Liberalism
Conservatism
Nationalism
Romanticism
Empiricism
In 1830, Charles X tried to effect a coup d’ état in which he restricted freedom of the press, dissolved the Chamber of Deputies, limited the franchise (right to vote) to the wealthiest people in France and called for new elections in his:
Four Ordinances
Great Reform Bill
New Charter
Organic Statute
In late 1822, the five members of the Quintuple Alliance met in Verona in northern Italy. It would be the last meeting of the alliance members (but not the end of the congress system) and its primary purpose was to resolve the situation in ____________.
France
Italy
Spain
Poland
In 1827, Russia, Great Britain and France signed the Treaty of London which demandedthat the Ottoman Turks recognize Greek independence.
In 1830, a second Treaty of London declared that Greece
was an independent kingdom.
In 1832, the son of the king of Bavaria was elected king of the Hellenes. He was
Otto I
The Polish revolt in 1830 took its genesis from what happened in _________six months earlier. France
Louis XVIII was willing to rule as a constitutional monarch but Charles X believed in the Divine Right of Kings
Supporters of Charles X who were more royal than the king were called
Ultraroyalists
He believed that change must be by consensus and condemned radical revolutionaries and the anarchy that resulted from the French Revolution but approved of the consensus in the American Revolution.
William Pitt the Younger
Edmund Burke
John Locke
Daniel O’Connell
Louis XVIII was a realist who knew that he
could not turn back the clock. So he agreed to
become a monarch but under a constitution,
called the ________________ This provided for a
hereditary monarchy and bicameral (two
house) legislature. The king appointed the
upper house, or __________________, modeled of
the British ______________. The lower house or
Chamber of Deputies was elected by
________________.
Charter of 1814
Chamber of PeersHouse of
Lordsmen of property
This idea stresses the importance of liberty and equal rights.
Liberalism
Conservatism
Nationalism
Romanticism
Empiricism
After an unruly meeting by the poor and unemployed in 1816 at Spa Fields in London,
a sans-culottes rebellion broke out in many English cities and industrial areas.
the poor law was passed by Parliament
the poor law failed to pass Parliament
the government passed the Coercion Acts of 1817 which temporarily suspended writs of habeas corpus
Which of the following did the Carlsbad Decrees of 1819 not do?
Dissolve the Burschenschaften
Crack down on the liberal press
abolish the income tax that only the wealthy paid and replaced it with an excise (sales) tax on consumer goods
Seriously restrict academic freedom in many states of the German Confederation
They were runaway slaves who established local communities and raided slave plantations; they played a key role in the Haitian slave uprising
Penninsulares
Creoles
Mestizos
Mulattos
Maroons
His Two Treatises of Government (1690) became the foundation of liberal ideology and in it he maintained that in the past people had given up their political rights to rulers in order to promote the common good. He stressed that although people had granted political rights to kings and elites, the people still retained their personal rights of life, liberty and _________.
John Locke
property
After the Congress of Vienna, this Prussian King promised to allow some form of constitutional government. But he formally reneged on his pledge in 1817. Then, he created a New Council of State which was more efficient – and answerable to the him alone.
Wilhelm I
Frederick the Great
Frederick William II
Frederick William III
Between 1804 and 1813, this Serbian patriot led a guerrilla war against the Ottoman Turks which was called the First Serbian Uprising. Nevertheless, it failed to win Serbian freedom.
Filiki Eteria
Kara George
Muhammad Ali
Miloš Obrenovitch
This Creole priest rallied indigenous peoples and mestizos against the Spanish. He also terrified the Creoles when he called for a revolutionary-government, which would redistribute wealth, give equality to the peasants, and return of land stolen from the indigenous peoples. The Creoles executed him in 1811.
Simon Bolivar
Augustin de Iturbide,
Jose Pavon
Miguel de Hidalgo
After 1820, electoral laws giving wealthy electors two votes, the imposition of press censorship, the mass arrests of those suspected of dangerous political activity and the Catholic Church being given control of all secondary education happened because:
Louis XVIII was assassinated.
Ultraroyalists convinced the king of the danger of liberal politicians.
the new king, Louis Philippe, was terrified of the Bougeoisie.
This –ism stresses that citizenship in a nation-state should be limited to one ethnic, cultural, religious, or identity group.
Liberalism
Conservatism
Nationalism
Romanticism
Empiricism
In 1814, an organization called the __________ was founded to liberate the Greeks. Revolts broke out in 1821and the Greeks were initially successful. But in1825, the Ottomans, with aid from _______________ of Egypt, retook much of the Greek mainland. But then, after much deliberation, Russia, Great Britain and France, decided that military intervention was in their best interest. They sent ships and in 1827 destroyed an Ottoman-Egyptian fleet at the __________________. Then French troops landed on the mainland and by 1828 had liberated most of central Greece.
Filiki Eteria
Muhammad Ali
Battle of Navarino
Two months after the passage of the Six Acts in 1819, the Cato Street Conspiracy was uncovered, led by a mentally unstable man named:
George Canning
Arthur Thistlewood
Henry Hunt
John Cartwright
At the Congress of Verona, Great Britain
balked at intervention in _______. The British
foreign minister, _________________, was not
sympathetic at all to Metternich’s goals and
effectively withdrew Great Britain from
continental affairs. _________________________,
however, agreed to support a French military
intervention in Spain which took place in 1823,
suppressing the rebellion and restoring
______________ to power.
Spain
George Canning
Austria, Prussia and Russia
Ferdinand VII
This father of Liberalism championed legislative government (as opposed to monarchy) because he felt that a legislature embodied the will of the people.
Thomas Hobbes
John Locke
Edmund Burke
Adam Smith
When Poland rebelled in 1830 and tried to
depose the tsar, ____________ issued the
________________ which proclaimed Poland an
integral part of the Russian Empire. Although
it supposedly guaranteed Polish liberties, the
Russians ignored them and the tsar made
Russia the _____________________, ready to
supply troops to suppress
_____________________ movements.
Nicholas IOrganic
Statute
Gendarme of Europe liberal or nationalist
This ideology arose in response to the American War of Independence and the French Revolution. Its adherents viewed society as an organism that changes (or ought to change) very slowly over the generations.
Mercantilism
Conservatism
Nationalism
Liberalism
Nineteenth century liberals
wanted to extend liberties to the peasant and urban working classes
opposed the ideas of John Locke
opposed the ideas of Adam Smith
believed in advancement in society based on talent and achievement but did not favor full democracy.
In 1815, this Serbian leader began the Second Serbian Uprising. In 1817, he was defeated by the Ottomans but gained partial autonomy for most of Serbia. In 1830, he became head of an independent Serbia
Filiki Eteria
Kara George
Muhammad Ali
Miloš Obrenovitch
When fighting Napoleon, Russian officers learned about
the French Revolution and the Enlightenment
As a result they wantedan end to serfdom, representative government and even Constitutional Monarchy
In the confusion that followed Alexander I’s death, some junior army officers launched a revolt called the Decembrist Revolt
In spite of the strong contrast in motivation and economics, the leaders of the American and French Revolutions used the liberal philosophy of this treatise of John Locke to justify the armed overthrow of tyrannical rule.
Leviathan
The Wealth of Nations
Ninety Five Theses
Two Treatises of Government
Their goal was to establish free trade and abolish the economic restraints of regulated economies. They were opposed to established wages and laws protecting the laboring class because they saw them as simply one more commodity that could be bought and sold.
John Cartwright and Henry Hunt
Nineteenth Century Conservatives
Economic Nationalists
Nineteenth Century Liberals
When Ethnic Nationalists were a _________,
they usually wanted their own ethnic group
to dominate others, as it was with the
__________ in Hungary. But when Ethnic
nationalists were a __________, however,
they usually struggled for political equality.
But in either case, once freedom was
achieved, ethnic minorities had no
intention of establishing _________ political
institutions.
majority
Magyars
minority
liberal
In spite of Edmund Burke, nineteenth century
_________________ generally distrusted
representative government fearing an attack
on their property and influence in society.
Liberals
Conservatives
Nationalists
Revolutionaries
Lord Liverpool and the Tories sought to protect the interests of the wealthy and landed classes by persuading Parliament to pass a (the) _____________ to maintain high prices for domestic grain by levying import duties on foreign grain.
Corn Law
Final Act
Four Ordinances
Great Reform Bill
A liberal who no longer works though government and society to achieve change but demands immediate and often violent change in a short period is called a:
Revolutionary
A Conservative who no longer believes in change, moderated by reason and sensible thinking but comes to believe in no political change whatsoever is called a
Reactionary
Of all the victors over Napoleon and the ideas of the French Revolution, this nation could not make any compromises with nationalism or liberalism because both were already inspiring various national and ethnic groups to demand independence.
Russia
Prussia
Austria
Great Britain
By 1819 the lower classes in England were again demanding reform. In a field outside of _____________, a well-organized meeting resulted in tragedy at __________________. As the meeting was beginning, a magistrate ordered the militia to disperse the crowd. The result was mass confusion and the deaths of at least eleven people. The event came to be called the _________ Massacre, which was a sarcastic pun of Wellington’s victory at Waterloo. Even though the tragedy was the result of incompetent local officials, the _________ government felt they must defend the officials; and take harsh measures to act once and for all against the radicals.
Manchester Saint Peter’s
Fields
Peterloo
Liverpool
Inspired by George Washington, he began the rebellion against Spain in 1811. Like Washington, the early days of the rebellion were difficult with many setbacks. But in 1819 he assembled an army that surprised and crushed the Spanish in Colombia and quickly freed what is today Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru.
Jose Pavon
Bernardo O’Higgens
Simon Bolivar
Augustin de Iturbide
At the Congress of Vienna, the victors and later France agreed to consult with each other on matters affecting Europe. This was done through a series of congresses but soon became informal consultations between nations. This new arrangement was known as
Protocol of Troppau
The Quadruple Alliance
The Quintuple Alliance
The Concert of Europe
He assassinated a conservative dramatist August von Kotzebue, who had ridiculed the Burschenschaften. He was tried, publically executed and became a nationalist hero and martyr.
Karl August von Hardenberg
George Canning
Henry Hunt
Karl Sand
In1791 on the island of Saint Dominique, a civil war broke out between the white settlers and the Gens de Couleur but the conflict took an unexpected and violent turn of events when a Voodoo priest, _____________, organized a slave revolt.
Jean-Jacques Dessalines
Toussaint L’Overture
Boukman
Louis Philippe
Serbia’s special protector was
The Ottoman Empire
Austria
Prussia
Great Britain
Russia
When the English poor and unemployed began to lose confidence after the Corn Law was passed in 1815, they demanded change. Mass meetings demanding reform became commonplace and republican clubs were organized to coordinate these demands and radical newspapers like the Political Register of:
William Cobbett
Arthur Thistlewood
George Canning
The Decembrists
What was the Eastern Question?
What should European powers do about the Ottoman inability to change
and grow technologically
What did Russia and Austria want in regards to the Ottoman Empire?
Russia wanted to conquer Constantinople and the Balkan portion of the Ottoman EmpireAustria also wanted to occupy as much Balkan territory as possible at Ottoman Expense.
Which of the following did not happen because of the Charter of 1814?
The rights enumerated in the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen in 1789 were reaffirmed.
The Catholic Church became the official religion of France.
Aristocrats were allowed to reclaim their land lost in 1789 – or not restored to them by Napoleon.
When _____________ was restored to the
Spanish throne in 1814, he pledged to govern
Spain by a written constitution. But once in
power, he ignored his promise, dissolved the
Spanish parliament (or _______) and ruled as
an autocrat. In 1820, army officers, about to
be sent to Spain’s colonies in order to
suppress _________________, rebelled against
the king in the ___________________________.
Ferdinand VII
Cortes
Creole rebellions
Spanish Revolution of 1820
In I825, these Russian army officers were the first to lead a rebellion for political goals in modern Russian history - and they became martyrs for the cause of constitutional government in Russia.
Intelligentsia
Nationalist Brotherhood
Decembrists
Ultraroyalists
The Congress of Troppau stopped short of authorizing direct Austrian intervention in Italian uprisings but authorization was obtained in 1821 at the ____________________ after which Austrian troops quickly attacked Naples and restored the king and his absolutist government.
Congress of Vienna
Diet of Rome
Congress of Liabach
London Conference
Miguel de Hidalgo and his peasant/Mestizo rebellion was, after Hidalgo’s execution, succeeded by this Mestizo priest, who was far more radical and extended the rebellion until 1815, when he was captured and executed.
Jose Pavon
Bernardo O’Higgens
Simon Bolivar
Augustin de Iturbide
It has been said that __________________, by supporting the Monroe Doctrine, finally won the War of Jenkins’ Ear of 1739 the underlying cause of which was Great Britain’s trying to break Spain’s economic monopoly with her colonies.
Lord Liverpool
Viscount Castlereagh
Sir Robert Peel
George Canning
The only successful slave revolt in history took place on the French island of
Saint Dominique
The great hero of the slaves and maroons wasToussaint L’Overture
On Saint Dominique, free people of color who usually toiled their own small farms, sometimes with a few slaves, were called
Gens de Couleur
He was the son of the King of Portugal and the first emperor of Brazil.
Pedro
Ferdinand
Jose de San Martin
Augustin de Iturbide
Jean-Jacques Dessalines
Alexander I of Russia was succeeded by his brother:
Constantine
Peter
Alexis
Nicholas
Ivan