THE GLOBAL ECONOMY IN THE AFTERMATH OF THE IRAQ WAR JOSEPH STIGLITZ ISMA ANNUAL CONFERENCE MADRID 27...
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Transcript of THE GLOBAL ECONOMY IN THE AFTERMATH OF THE IRAQ WAR JOSEPH STIGLITZ ISMA ANNUAL CONFERENCE MADRID 27...
THE GLOBAL ECONOMY IN THE AFTERMATH OF THE
IRAQ WARJOSEPH STIGLITZ
ISMA ANNUAL CONFERENCE
MADRID27 JUNE 2003
THE GLOBAL ECONOMY WAS WEAK BEFORE THE IRAQ WAR
• THE RUN-UP TO THE WAR WEAKENED IT FURTHER
• BUT THE RESOLUTION OF THE WAR DID NOT RESOLVE THE UNDERLYING WEAKNESSES
• THE GLOBAL ECONOMY REMAINS WEAK
• THE RUN-UP TO THE WAR EXPOSED FURTHER WEAKNESSES IN THE GLOBAL GEO-POLITICAL SYSTEM
• WEAKNESSES EVIDENCED EARLIER
• AS ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATION HAD OUTPACED POLITICAL GLOBALIZATION
• THE END OF THE WAR HAS NOT RESOLVED TENSIONS IN THE MIDDLE EAST AND HAS BROUGHT TO THE FORE CERTAIN LONG STANDING PROBLEMS– CREDIBILITY OF POLITICAL LEADERSHIP– PROBLEMS OF DEBT
I. STATE OF THE GLOBAL ECONOMY
Marked change in perspective in the last five years
• East Asia crisis, Russian crisis, Latin American crises
• September 11: Concerns about terrorism, secret bank accounts
• Iraq War: Disruption to multilateral system, uncertainty about oil prices
Marked change in perspective in the last five years
• From euphoria of New Economy to worries about global slowdown,
• From the Roaring 90s to the malaise of the new millennium– Bursting of dot.com bubble, broader global stock
market declines– Corporate, banking, accounting scandals in U.S.,
elsewhere– Recession in U.S., Germany, Japan—first global
recession of new era of globalization
I. STATE OF THE GLOBAL ECONOMY
– US WENT INTO RECESSION IN MARCH 2001
– STILL A LARGE, AND GROWING, GAP BETWEEN ACTUAL PERFORMANCE AND POTENTIAL
PROSPECTS FOR THE U.S. ECONOMY WEAK
Economic mismanagement in U.S• Anemic response to corporate, accounting,
banking scandals• A tax cut that failed to provide adequate
stimulus, • Return of soaring fiscal deficits—put strong
demands on global capital markets• Continued growth in trade deficits
Economic mismanagement in U.S PRESENTS MAJOR
UNCERTAINTIES
– Will the world be willing to continue to finance these deficits
I. STATE OF THE GLOBAL ECONOMY: EUROPE’S HANDS
ARE TIED
• Stability pact limits scope for fiscal stimulus• ECB has difficult task balancing different
economic situations in different parts of the continent
• But narrow focus on inflation, problems of earlier decades, has meant that it has failed to respond to current situation, contributing to weakness in Europe
EUROPE’S HANDS ARE TIEDFull impact of strong Euro on exports may not be felt for
months– Potential changes in sentiments could have major
effects on exchange rates• Only weaknesses in Europe, elsewhere have prevented
further decline in dollar
Large changes in exchange rates can leave both Europe and America the loser
– Weaker dollar may lead investors to pull money out, leaving a weaker U.S. stock market, U.S. economy
– Stronger Euro will make exports harder, imports from countries tied to dollar (like China) easier
I. STATE OF THE GLOBAL ECONOMY
• Japan mired in structural problems, political stalemate
I. STATE OF THE GLOBAL ECONOMY:
Emerging markets mixed picture
LATIN AMERICA
CHINA
RUSSIA
ELSEWHERE
Emerging markets mixed picture
• Major recessions, depressions in Latin America– Brazil weathered storm, but at what cost?
And how stable?– Argentina on road to recovery, without the
IMF
Emerging markets mixed picture
• China has had robust growth, but– Weak dollar has contributed to China’s
competitive advantage– Widespread blame on China for U.S. trade deficit
(as in earlier disputes with Japan)– Widespread blame on China by developing
countries (Mexico, and seeming failure of NAFTA)– Will China’s position be sustainable?– But low (competitive) exchange has been
important for China’s growth and employment creation—important for political stability
Emerging markets mixed picture
• Russia: slower growth as effect of earlier devaluation wears off and oil prices decline, continued problems in establishing market economy
• India: impressive growth, worrisome fiscal deficits
• Korea: impressive recovery, redirection of economy
Weak state of global economy
Consequences
• High level of global uncertainty
• Marked slowdown in capital flows to emerging markets
• And even in FDI
• There are normal restorative forces, they move slowly, government is not doing as much as it could
II. THE RUN-UP TO THE WAR EXPOSED FURTHER WEAKNESSES IN THE GLOBAL GEO-POLITICAL SYSTEM
Economic globalization outpaced political globalization
• Rules, institutions governing globalization largely set by advanced industrial countries, special interests in those countries, for their own advantage– Inequitable: developing countries not only
have not reaped “fair share” of benefits, in some cases worse off
Economic globalization outpaced political globalization
Failure to address problems of global financial architecture– Still succession of crises, one after
another– Developing countries still have to bear risk– Bankruptcy reform moved into deep freeze
Economic globalization outpaced political globalization
• And new worries about those that countries that have been left by the side– In Africa, middle east– Bypassed by globalization– Growing poverty, despair– In Africa—devastation of AIDS
Economic globalization outpaced political globalization
• American unilateralism– Evidenced earlier in response to global
warming, strategic arms, international criminal court
Economic globalization outpaced political globalization
• Impending breakdown of Doha round of trade negotiations?– Key role of agriculture for developing
countries– Intellectual property—drugs, biopiracy– New issues—competition, investment
Economic globalization outpaced political globalization
• New impediments to globalization– Iraq War did not solve problem of global
terrorism– New visa requirements and security
precautions– Backlash against globalization?
III. THE END OF THE WAR HAS NOT RESOLVED TENSIONS IN THE MIDDLE EAST AND BROUGHT TO THE FORE CERTAIN LONG STANDING PROBLEMS– CREDIBILITY OF POLITICAL LEADERSHIP– PROBLEMS OF DEBT
PROBLEMS POST WAR
• Iraq Reconstruction
• Challenge: Creating a viable market economy with – Large debt overhang– War destruction– Movement from socialism to a market
economy
PROBLEMS POST WAR
• Movement from socialism to a market economy– Badly managed elsewhere– Major advantage over Russia: existence of
entrepreneurial class– Major disadvantage: lack of human capital– Risks: American ideological approach, rapid
privatization• Low receipts to government• Asset stripping• Viewed as illegitimate
PROBLEMS POST WAR
• Debt overhang– U.S. position:
• Russia and France should foregive debts• Earlier contracts not “legitimate,” can be
abrogated• America has made its “contribution”: $80
Billion spent on war• But U.S.
– opposes systematic procedure for bank restructuring
– Elsewhere has insisted on contracts being honored
Debt overhang
– Fundamental questions raised• Should there be an international “rule of law”—
or should such questions be decided on an ad hoc basis?
• Odiose debts and illegitimate contracts: Are there principles which should guide such judgments, or should such questions be decided on an ad hoc basis?
• Lack of clear answers contributes to market uncertainty
NEW OPTIMISM
• Growing recognition of the importance of, need for, international rule of law
NEW OPTIMISM
• Growing recognition of the importance of, need for, international rule of law
NEW OPTIMISM
• Growing recognition of special problems confronting Africa
NEW OPTIMISM
• In many emerging markets, new popular leadership, trying to avoid extremes of earlier generations, a balance between government and the market