The Geography of The Geography of RomeRome

The Geography of The Geography of RomeRome

GeographyGeography

Livy “Early History of Rome”Livy “Early History of Rome”

““Not without reason did gods and men choose this Not without reason did gods and men choose this spot for the site of our city- the hills, the river to bring spot for the site of our city- the hills, the river to bring us produce from the inland regions and sea-borne us produce from the inland regions and sea-borne commerce from abroad, the sea itself, near enough commerce from abroad, the sea itself, near enough for convenience yet not so near as to bring danger for convenience yet not so near as to bring danger from foreign fleets, our situation in the very heart of from foreign fleets, our situation in the very heart of Italy- all of these advantages make it of all places in Italy- all of these advantages make it of all places in the world the best for a city destined to grow great.”the world the best for a city destined to grow great.”

Why was Rome’s geography so important?Why was Rome’s geography so important?

First SettlersFirst Settlers

Latins (9Latins (9thth-8-8thth Century B.C.E.) Century B.C.E.)11stst around Rome around RomePalatine HillPalatine Hill

Greeks (750-600 B.C.E.)Greeks (750-600 B.C.E.)Colonize southern Italy and SicilyColonize southern Italy and SicilyGreek cultural influenceGreek cultural influence

EtruscansEtruscansNative to central and northern Native to central and northern

ItalyItalyCurrent day TuscanyCurrent day TuscanyInfluence? Article?Influence? Article?

Roots of Roman ValuesRoots of Roman Values

Etruscans InfluencesEtruscans Influences Greek InfluencesGreek Influences

Influence of the Influence of the EtruscansEtruscans

Influence of the Influence of the EtruscansEtruscans WritingWriting

ReligionReligion The ArchThe Arch

The Mythical Founding The Mythical Founding of Rome:of Rome:

Romulus & RemusRomulus & Remus

The Mythical Founding The Mythical Founding of Rome:of Rome:

Romulus & RemusRomulus & Remus

Italy in 750 BCEItaly in 750 BCEItaly in 750 BCEItaly in 750 BCE

Republican Republican GovernmentGovernmentRepublican Republican GovernmentGovernment

2 Consuls (Rulers of Rome)

Senate (Representative body for patricians)

Tribal Assembly (Representative body for plebeians)

The Twelve Tables, 450 The Twelve Tables, 450 BCEBCE

The Twelve Tables, 450 The Twelve Tables, 450 BCEBCE

Providing political and socialrights for the plebeians.

Punic Wars Punic Wars • Start of Imperial ExpansionStart of Imperial Expansion• First Punic War First Punic War (264-241 B.C.E)(264-241 B.C.E)

– Started over who controlled SicilyStarted over who controlled Sicily– Ended 20 years later with surrender of important Ended 20 years later with surrender of important

colonies of Sicily and Sardinia to Romecolonies of Sicily and Sardinia to Rome– During truce Carthage built up its forces and During truce Carthage built up its forces and

invaded Italyinvaded Italy• Second Punic War Second Punic War (218-202 B.C.E)(218-202 B.C.E)

– Carthaginian forces led by HannibalCarthaginian forces led by Hannibal– 15 years of destroying Italy15 years of destroying Italy– Rome winsRome wins– Carthage gives up holdings in Africa and SpainCarthage gives up holdings in Africa and Spain

• Determined Roman control and civilization would take Determined Roman control and civilization would take over Mediterranean worldover Mediterranean world

HannibalHannibal• Carthage (Northern Africa)Carthage (Northern Africa)

– First settled by PhoeniciansFirst settled by Phoenicians– Will fall to RomeWill fall to Rome

• Raised by his father to hate Raised by his father to hate RomeRome

• Takes over militaryTakes over military– Tightened Carthage’s control of Tightened Carthage’s control of

SpainSpain– Attacks Saguntum in SpainAttacks Saguntum in Spain

Carthaginian Carthaginian EmpireEmpire

Carthaginian Carthaginian EmpireEmpire

Hannibal’s RouteHannibal’s RouteHannibal’s RouteHannibal’s Route

Territorial Problems facing the Territorial Problems facing the Roman RepublicRoman Republic

• Results of Results of the Punic the Punic WarsWars

• Territory too Territory too big for the big for the Republic to Republic to controlcontrol

Economic ProblemsEconomic Problems

• Increasing gap between Increasing gap between the rich and the poorthe rich and the poor

• Rich landowners vs. Rich landowners vs. slaves (1/3 population)slaves (1/3 population)

• Small farmers (proletariat)Small farmers (proletariat)– Can’t compete = Sell farmsCan’t compete = Sell farms– Result: homeless, joblessResult: homeless, jobless– Urban poor grows (1/4 of Urban poor grows (1/4 of

population)population)

• Deaths lead to Civil WarDeaths lead to Civil War

• Power-hungry generalsPower-hungry generals

• Soldiers for hire vs. citizensSoldiers for hire vs. citizens

• ““Rape of the Sabine Women”Rape of the Sabine Women”– Page 122Page 122

The Roman ForumThe Roman ForumThe Roman ForumThe Roman Forum

Rome’s Early Road Rome’s Early Road SystemSystem

Rome’s Early Road Rome’s Early Road SystemSystem

Roman Roads: Roman Roads: The The Appian WayAppian WayRoman Roads: Roman Roads:

The The Appian WayAppian Way

Roman AqueductsRoman AqueductsRoman AqueductsRoman Aqueducts

The Roman The Roman ColosseumColosseumThe Roman The Roman ColosseumColosseum

The Colosseum The Colosseum InteriorInterior

The Colosseum The Colosseum InteriorInterior

Circus MaximusCircus MaximusCircus MaximusCircus Maximus

Reform LeadersReform LeadersReform LeadersReform Leaders Tiberius and Gaius

Gracchus

• the poor should be given grain and small plots of free land.Military ReformerMilitary ReformerMilitary ReformerMilitary Reformer

Gaius Marius

• recruited an army from the poorand homeless.

• professional standing army.

The First The First TriumvirateTriumvirate

The First The First TriumvirateTriumvirate Julius Caesar

(general)

Marcus Licinius Crassus (rich man)

Gaius Magnus Pompey (general)

The Rise of Julius Caesar The Rise of Julius Caesar (100 – 44 B.C.)(100 – 44 B.C.)

• 59 B.C. Caesar elected Consul 59 B.C. Caesar elected Consul

• 58 – 50 B.C. Julius Caesar conquers Gaul58 – 50 B.C. Julius Caesar conquers Gaul• Pompey and Senate fear Julius Caesar’s Pompey and Senate fear Julius Caesar’s

popularity & orders Caesar’s army to popularity & orders Caesar’s army to disband and return homedisband and return home

• 49 B.C. Julius Caesar marches on Rome & 49 B.C. Julius Caesar marches on Rome & defeats Pompey’s troopsdefeats Pompey’s troops

• Returns home in 46 B.C. and named Returns home in 46 B.C. and named “dictator for life” in 44 B.C.“dictator for life” in 44 B.C.

Julius Caesar’s ReformsJulius Caesar’s Reforms

Granted Roman citizenship to many provincialsGranted Roman citizenship to many provincials

Expanded the SenateExpanded the Senate

Created jobs for the poorCreated jobs for the poor

Constructed public buildingsConstructed public buildings

Started colonies for people without land to own Started colonies for people without land to own propertyproperty

Increased pay for soldiersIncreased pay for soldiers

The Fate of Julius CaesarThe Fate of Julius Caesar

The powerful feared Caesar’s growing power & The powerful feared Caesar’s growing power & popularitypopularity

March 15, 44 BCE Caesar assassinated by March 15, 44 BCE Caesar assassinated by senatorssenators

Only surviving relative was adopted son Octavian Only surviving relative was adopted son Octavian CaesarCaesar

Beware the Ides of Beware the Ides of March!March!44 BCE44 BCE

Beware the Ides of Beware the Ides of March!March!44 BCE44 BCE

The Second The Second TriumvirateTriumvirateThe Second The Second TriumvirateTriumvirate Octavian Augustus

Marc Antony

Marcus Lepidus

Second TriumvirateSecond Triumvirate

• Divided empireDivided empire– Antony (general) - Antony (general) - East and EgyptEast and Egypt

– Octavian (Caesar’s Octavian (Caesar’s grandnephew/ adopted son) - grandnephew/ adopted son) - Italy and WestItaly and West

– Lepidus (politician) – AfricaLepidus (politician) – Africa

• Octavian encourages Antony to Octavian encourages Antony to declare war on him and won at the declare war on him and won at the battle of Actiumbattle of Actium

= Start of = Start of Roman Roman

Empire!!Empire!!

Octavian Augustus:Octavian Augustus:Rome’s First Rome’s First

EmperorEmperor

Octavian Augustus:Octavian Augustus:Rome’s First Rome’s First

EmperorEmperor

The First Roman The First Roman DynastyDynasty

The First Roman The First Roman DynastyDynasty

The Rise of Augustus Caesar The Rise of Augustus Caesar (63 B.C. – A.D. 14)(63 B.C. – A.D. 14)

• OctavianOctavian– Forces Lepidus to retireForces Lepidus to retire– Defeated Mark Antony & Defeated Mark Antony &

Cleopatra in Egypt in 31 B.C.Cleopatra in Egypt in 31 B.C.– Becomes Augustus “exalted one”Becomes Augustus “exalted one”– Master of Roman WorldsMaster of Roman Worlds

(Article and Discuss Packet from Class)(Article and Discuss Packet from Class)

The Augustan AgeThe Augustan Age

• Sheet from book and DiscussSheet from book and Discuss

Pax RomanaPax Romana: : 27 BCE – 27 BCE – 180 CE180 CE

Pax RomanaPax Romana: : 27 BCE – 27 BCE – 180 CE180 CE

Pax RomanaPax Romana

Roman PeaceRoman Peace31 BCE- 180 CE31 BCE- 180 CEGreatest Achievement of AugustusGreatest Achievement of AugustusSyria to Spain, Bristol to BelgradeSyria to Spain, Bristol to Belgrade

Unified, peaceful, one ruler, Unified, peaceful, one ruler, common lawcommon law

Literature and Arts FlourishedLiterature and Arts FlourishedTrade Trade Sam LawsSam Laws

Roman CultureRoman Culture• Borrowed heavily from GreeksBorrowed heavily from Greeks• Had own native cultureHad own native culture

– LawLaw– AdministrationAdministration– Practical matters: engineering, sanitation, Practical matters: engineering, sanitation,

finance, system of justicefinance, system of justice

• ArtsArts– Latin LanguageLatin Language– LiteratureLiterature– ArchitectureArchitecture

The Greatest Extent The Greatest Extent of the Roman Empire of the Roman Empire

– 14 CE– 14 CE

The Greatest Extent The Greatest Extent of the Roman Empire of the Roman Empire

– 14 CE– 14 CE

The Legacy of The Legacy of RomeRome

The Legacy of The Legacy of RomeRome Republic GovernmentRepublic Government

Roman LawRoman Law Latin LanguageLatin Language Roman Catholic ChurchRoman Catholic Church City PlanningCity Planning Romanesque Architectural Romanesque Architectural

StyleStyle Roman EngineeringRoman Engineering

• AqueductsAqueducts• Sewage systemsSewage systems• DamsDams• CementCement• ArchArch