The Future of Work, Fun, and Being Social: an introduction to the nascent adventure economy
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Transcript of The Future of Work, Fun, and Being Social: an introduction to the nascent adventure economy
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The Future of Work, Fun, and Being Social
How Internet Reputation Systems and The Online Coordination of Offline Life are
Changing the Fundamental Structure of Society
Joe Edelman <[email protected]>CouchSurfing Int’l & Emergency Communities
v1.0 on 28 Feb 2007CC-SA-BY
an introduction to the nascent adventure economy
or
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TOC
1. Variety, Opportunity, and Choice
2. Street Culture & Hospitality
3. Social Networking with Strangers
4. The Adventure Economy
5. The “People, Opportunities, Trust” Infrastructure
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Imagine you had a technology that could
divide up work
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Imagine you had a technology that could
and divide up work
find thousands of interested people
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What would it be like?
Instead of one person running a hostel for money, you could find 1000 people in a city who want to meet visitors, and they can share the task by having tourists stay in their homes every once in a while. (couchsurfing)
Instead of 100 people writing an encyclopedia, one million people can share the task in a way that is unnecessarily burdensome for any of them. (wikipedia)
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Chores
Opportunities
(preference identification& task distribution)
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Hard to get involved
Easy to get involved
(smaller tasks)
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Here’s how it’s done on wikipedia
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Here’s how it’s done on couchsurfing
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Old Model New ModelA few people do all the work,
and they work full timeWork is highly distributed,
and members have more flexibility
You have to pay them You don’t have to pay them
It’s hard to get involved It’s easy to get involved
You’re supported by a few people you know
You’re supported by a legion of strangers
Brittanica Wikipedia
Hosteling Int’l CouchSurfing
Internet Explorer Firefox
Nightclubs Street Parties
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In the past, our interactions and careers have looked like this:
48 COASE’S PENGUIN V.04.3 AUGUST. 2002
48
Figures 1 and 2 illustrate the point. Figure 1 assumes that there are two firms,
each having contracts with a set of agents and property in a set of resources. Assume
that as among {A1. . . A5} the best agent for using the combination r1, r4 is A2. Assume
also that as among the agents {A1. . . A9}, A8 is the best, in the sense that if A8 were to
use these resources, the social value of the product would be greater by some measure
m than when, A2, the best agent within Firm A, uses them.
A1A2
A3
A4
A5
A6
A7
A8A9
r1
r2r3
r4
r5
r6r7
r8r9
Company A
Company B
Figure 1: Agents and Resources Separated In Different Firms
A1A2
A3
A4A5
A6
A7
A8A9
r1r2
r3r4
r5
r6
r7
r8
r9
Peer production
community
Figure 2: Agents and Resources In a Common Enterprise
Space
Not only is it unlikely that the two firms will have the information that A8 is best for
the job, as I suggested in the discussion of information gains. Even if they do know, as
long as transaction costs associated with transferring the creativity of A8 to Firm A or
the property in r1 and r4 to Firm B are greater than m, creativity will be misapplied.
When the firms merge, or when the agents and resources are in a common peer
production enterprise space, the best person can self-identify to use the resources.
Think of this as someone musing about fairy tales and coming up with a biting satire, which she is then capable of implementing, whereas the employee of the initial owner
of the rights to the fairy tale might only produce a depressingly earnest new version.
This initial statement is a simplification and understatement of the potential
value of the function by which the sizes of the sets of agents and resources increase
productivity. There are two additional components: the range of projects that might be
pursued with different talent applied to a given set of resources, and the potential for
valuable collaboration. First, a more diverse set of talents looking at a set of resources may reveal available projects that would not be apparent when one only considers the
set of resources as usable by a bounded set of agents. In other words, one of the
advantages of A1 may be not the ability to pursue a given project p1 with r2 better than
A2 could have, but to see that a more valuable p2 is possible. Second, the initial
statement does not take into consideration collaboration, and the possible ways in
which cooperating individuals can make each other creative in different ways than
they otherwise might have been. Once one takes into consideration these diverse effects on the increased possibilities for relationships among individuals and between
company
household
48 COASE’S PENGUIN V.04.3 AUGUST. 2002
48
Figures 1 and 2 illustrate the point. Figure 1 assumes that there are two firms,
each having contracts with a set of agents and property in a set of resources. Assume
that as among {A1. . . A5} the best agent for using the combination r1, r4 is A2. Assume
also that as among the agents {A1. . . A9}, A8 is the best, in the sense that if A8 were to
use these resources, the social value of the product would be greater by some measure
m than when, A2, the best agent within Firm A, uses them.
A1A2
A3
A4
A5
A6
A7
A8A9
r1
r2r3
r4
r5
r6r7
r8r9
Company A
Company B
Figure 1: Agents and Resources Separated In Different Firms
A1A2
A3
A4A5
A6
A7
A8A9
r1r2
r3r4
r5
r6
r7
r8
r9
Peer production
community
Figure 2: Agents and Resources In a Common Enterprise
Space
Not only is it unlikely that the two firms will have the information that A8 is best for
the job, as I suggested in the discussion of information gains. Even if they do know, as
long as transaction costs associated with transferring the creativity of A8 to Firm A or
the property in r1 and r4 to Firm B are greater than m, creativity will be misapplied.
When the firms merge, or when the agents and resources are in a common peer
production enterprise space, the best person can self-identify to use the resources.
Think of this as someone musing about fairy tales and coming up with a biting satire, which she is then capable of implementing, whereas the employee of the initial owner
of the rights to the fairy tale might only produce a depressingly earnest new version.
This initial statement is a simplification and understatement of the potential
value of the function by which the sizes of the sets of agents and resources increase
productivity. There are two additional components: the range of projects that might be
pursued with different talent applied to a given set of resources, and the potential for
valuable collaboration. First, a more diverse set of talents looking at a set of resources may reveal available projects that would not be apparent when one only considers the
set of resources as usable by a bounded set of agents. In other words, one of the
advantages of A1 may be not the ability to pursue a given project p1 with r2 better than
A2 could have, but to see that a more valuable p2 is possible. Second, the initial
statement does not take into consideration collaboration, and the possible ways in
which cooperating individuals can make each other creative in different ways than
they otherwise might have been. Once one takes into consideration these diverse effects on the increased possibilities for relationships among individuals and between
company
company
each person had access to only a few resources and projects: the resources and projects in their company or home or school
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The internet is making it cheaper to be part of more.
48 COASE’S PENGUIN V.04.3 AUGUST. 2002
48
Figures 1 and 2 illustrate the point. Figure 1 assumes that there are two firms,
each having contracts with a set of agents and property in a set of resources. Assume
that as among {A1. . . A5} the best agent for using the combination r1, r4 is A2. Assume
also that as among the agents {A1. . . A9}, A8 is the best, in the sense that if A8 were to
use these resources, the social value of the product would be greater by some measure
m than when, A2, the best agent within Firm A, uses them.
A1A2
A3
A4
A5
A6
A7
A8A9
r1
r2r3
r4
r5
r6r7
r8r9
Company A
Company B
Figure 1: Agents and Resources Separated In Different Firms
A1A2
A3
A4A5
A6
A7
A8A9
r1r2
r3r4
r5
r6
r7
r8
r9
Peer production
community
Figure 2: Agents and Resources In a Common Enterprise
Space
Not only is it unlikely that the two firms will have the information that A8 is best for
the job, as I suggested in the discussion of information gains. Even if they do know, as
long as transaction costs associated with transferring the creativity of A8 to Firm A or
the property in r1 and r4 to Firm B are greater than m, creativity will be misapplied.
When the firms merge, or when the agents and resources are in a common peer
production enterprise space, the best person can self-identify to use the resources.
Think of this as someone musing about fairy tales and coming up with a biting satire, which she is then capable of implementing, whereas the employee of the initial owner
of the rights to the fairy tale might only produce a depressingly earnest new version.
This initial statement is a simplification and understatement of the potential
value of the function by which the sizes of the sets of agents and resources increase
productivity. There are two additional components: the range of projects that might be
pursued with different talent applied to a given set of resources, and the potential for
valuable collaboration. First, a more diverse set of talents looking at a set of resources may reveal available projects that would not be apparent when one only considers the
set of resources as usable by a bounded set of agents. In other words, one of the
advantages of A1 may be not the ability to pursue a given project p1 with r2 better than
A2 could have, but to see that a more valuable p2 is possible. Second, the initial
statement does not take into consideration collaboration, and the possible ways in
which cooperating individuals can make each other creative in different ways than
they otherwise might have been. Once one takes into consideration these diverse effects on the increased possibilities for relationships among individuals and between
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Life is more adventurous.
You can choose your own adventure.
New ModelWork is highly distributed,
and members have more flexibility
You don’t have to pay them
It’s easy to get involved
You’re supported by a legion of strangers
Wikipedia
CouchSurfing
Firefox
Street Parties
&
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the internet enablesthe Adventure Economy
(more later)
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Street Culture& Hospitality
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New Model
It’s easy to get involved
You’re supported by a legion of strangers
Wikipedia
CouchSurfing
Firefox
Street Parties
Global:Helpers areon the internet
Local:Real-lifeconnections
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History of Real-Life Connections
People used to connect in the street, and live in tight-knit communities. Being from the same town or congregation was something in common, and a reason to trust someone.
People used to share more, and depend on each other. They still do in the “third world”.
Television & the automobile destroyed these tight-knit communities. It’s not just sharing of stuff that went out of style: the sharing of love and attention and care went too.
Nowadays, people are more likely to think that everyone is out for themselves.
see http://www.bowlingalone.com/
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Imagine you had a technology that could
find thousands of interested people
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... and party
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The Web of Content
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(vs) The Web of Life
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Doing Stuffwith Strangers
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Economicswe all have stuff, and capabilities, to offer each other
we all need certain things and have certain preferences and wishes
how do we know where to use our capabilities, get what we need, and advance our wishes?
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Economics: Three Transaction Frameworks
Markets (buy it on the open market)
Firms, Households, and Clubs (get it from within a cartel or group or corporation, to which I belong)
Social networks (get it for free from my neighbor)
Modified from http://www.slideshare.net/macloo/economics-of-social-production
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collaborative projects
(by necessary trust)
Clickworkers
WikipediaOpen Source
FlashmobsImprov Everywhere
Free HugsBurningman
Pillow Fight Club
ParkourOnline DatingRide SharingCouchSurfingSuicide Clubs
High-trust systems require
high-trust technology
(i.e. references and contact
control)
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CouchSurfing References: A reason to trust strangers
In the market, we trust strangers because either (a) we can take them to court for contract violation, or (b) they are under pressure of being fired.
In social systems, and in CS and eBay, we trust strangers because they have a reputation, and they could lose it.
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For economists:see Ronald Coase, “The Nature of the Firm” for situations when firms are more efficient than totally free markets
see Yochai Benkler, “The Wealth of Networks” for situations when social networks are more efficient than either firms or markets
efficient: means they meet our preferences better and use fewer resources
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For economists
“Prices facilitate exchange when information is scarce and coordination difficult, when goods are standardized and cheap... Conversely, reciprocal exchange has been preferred when trade involves a personal interaction, and when goods or services are unique, expensive, or have many dimensions of quality.”- Avner Offer, Between the gift and the market: the economy of regard; Economic History Review, L 3(1997), pp. 450-476
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AdvantagesEfficiency & Power: Projects have access to the people who choose to participate from a wider pool and for shorter times and thus have better appropriateness. We can mobilize more resources when we are not limited to our firm or household. (i.e., “Cooperation Gain”)
Fun, Adventure, & Choice: People can make many more choices at a finer level of granularity in their lives, and it’s more fun and adventurous.
Quality: When each individual attends to a diversity of resources, each resource is attended to by more people, and the overall quality increases. Also: When individuals are able to change their minds about what is best, and to mobilize diverse resources quickly in response to new information, we all stand to benefit from this flexibility.
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The Adventure Economy
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The Adventure Economy
doing stuff with strangers
lots of people and resources available to you
choose your own adventure
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The Vision: Global Cooperation
Whatever you want to learn, whatever you want to feel or do, there are people on the internet that will help you.
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The Vision: Local Cooperation
Whatever you want to learn, whatever you want to feel or do, there are people on your street, or down your block that will help you.
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The web makes modular tasks easy to distribute to lots of people.
The web makes it easier to know when to trust strangers.
--> the web makes it easier to help each other.
Why is this happening?
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1983 - Open Software
2002 - Open Content
2007 - Open Life
Open Things
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Look for these characteristics
task distribution
getting together with strangers
sharing our time, attention or stuff
creating networks
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Infrastructure
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Infrastructure.
These kinds of endeavors are popping up everywhere.
Money, courts of law, prisons, and bank notes are technologies that make the money economy work.
Systems of trust, stranger-finding, and task distribution like CouchSurfing are what make the adventure economy work.
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What is necessary?
A directory of people who are ready to interact.
A good way of helping us specify what we’d like to learn, feel, do, or share with others.
An open protocol that lets anyone with a vision create local and global supportive communities of trust.
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What is necessary?
Internet suppliers for:
People (e.g. profiles)
Opportunities (e.g. location, time, and interest search)
Trust (e.g. references)
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What is necessary?
P.O.T.
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What do we have?
100,000 programmers and designers in the open source movement
1 million writers of blogs and wikipedia
lots of lawyers, economists, mathematicians, scientists, activists
a bunch of interest-specific sites that are already doing this
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Conclusion
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The web, and what it has to do with our capacity for fun and adventure.
Task distribution & loose teams
Getting help from strangers
easier to get involved / included
20th century economic history: how we provision ourselves with food, shelter, assistance, and love.
Examples of the change.
Infrastructural differences.
How CS fits in.
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Barn Raisinghighly distributed
nobody has to spend a long time at it
nobody has to get paidchallenges:
distributing tasks (like dishes at a potluck)knowing who you can trust to comegetting everyone there at the same time
easier in a tight knit (e.g. Amish) community, where citizens have flexible schedules and know each other
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join us at the center for adventure economics:http://wiki.couchsurfing.com/Adventure_Economics
help us design the standards for interoperability (people, opportunities, and trust) that power the adventure economy
help us build a platform to enable and support the sharing of love, time, knowledge, and basic needs, locally and globally on a wide scale.
Get involved
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Adventure Economy
Web of Life
P.O.T.(People, Opportunities, and Trust)
Choose Your Own Adventure
HospitalityStreet Culture
Open Life
People Power