The Future of Searching for Scholarly...
Transcript of The Future of Searching for Scholarly...
Erik Nemeth www.culturalsecurity.org 1
The Future of Searching for Scholarly Literature
Discipline-Specific Research Databases in Web 2.0 and the Semantic Web
or
Leveraging the “Prescience of Artists and the Art of Science”
Cross-Disciplinary Research in Neuroaesthetics
Erik Nemeth
Getty Research Institute, Los Angeles, California
ICIC – 20th Anniversary Meeting19-22 October 2008
Nice, France
Erik Nemeth www.culturalsecurity.org 2
Leveraging the “Prescience of Artists and the Art of Science”
Cross-Disciplinary Research in Neuroaesthetics
visual information as incident on the
retina
2D 3D
discrete processing of color, form, and motion
Renaissance
Impressionism
Modernism
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Outline – Modern Development of Neuroaesthetics
quantitative-qualitativedivide
specialized metadatavs.
generalized full-text searching
neuroaesthetics
ontology
metadata
discipline-specific research databases
historical perspective
art historyvision science
humanitiessciences thesaurus visionartists
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Prescience of Artists
and
the Art of Science
Outline – Preexistence of “Neuroaesthetics”
quantitative-qualitativedivide
specialized metadatavs.
generalized full-text searching
neuroaesthetics
metadata
discipline-specific research databases
historical perspective
thesaurus
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increasing divergence of the sciences
Historical basis for reestablishing an art-science grammar visualaesthetics
Sciences
Arts
Modernism
perspectiveLeon Battista Alberti
NaturalPhilosophers
(pre-Socratics)
“capturing the actual visual sensation”Claude Monet
“eliminated color in his mobiles”Alexander Calder
Impressionism
Renaissance
mid-1500s
1400s
mid-1800s
2100s
mid-1800s early 1900s mid-1900s
early 1900s
chiaroscuroDutch Masters
1600s Baroque
quantitativeanalysis
grammar for communicating across the art-science divide
ScientificRevolution
Logical PositivismPositivism
Psychologyperception
Neuroscienceresponse patterns
qualitativeanalysis
Art Historyresearch databases Vision Science
research databases
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Art History Discipline-Specific Knowledge Base
2006demand for
specialized metadata
Survey Results facilitate interdisciplinarity
selected monographs
journal lists
2008demand for
specialized databases
What is it?
Why create it?
filtered material
increases relevanceof search results
customizedabstracting and indexing
thesaurusspecialized metadata
Actively Leverage Technology
Draw on user interaction to create content.
maintain an editorial role
search interface
enables fosters
Forge connections across research databases in the sciences.
Web 2.0 Semantic Web
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World Wide Web(“Web 1.0”)
Web 2.0 and the Semantic Web
Semantic Web
Web 2.0
Users
openarchitecture
openaccess
Internet
automatedlinking ontology
machinereadable
opencollaboration
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Participation of Scholars in the Evolving Infrastructure
searching forscholarly literature
publishingfindings
“Black Box”
How are publications selected?
What is the indexing scheme?
Who is creating the metadata and managing the thesaurus?
editorial oversight
discipline-specificresearch database
publishing findings
creating metadata
submitting citations
editorial policy
editorial staff
“tagging”
searching forscholarly literature
thesaurus
ontology
“Web 1.0” and prior
Web 2.0
opencollaboration open
access
openarchitecture
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Applications in the Semantic Web to Enable Interdisciplinarity
cross-disciplinary searches for scholarly literature
cross-disciplinary correlation of datasets
metadata
ontology
raw dataneural
measurements
psychologicalassessments
linguists
art historians
psychologists
neuroscientists
publishedfindings
analog / digitaldivide
?
publishedfindings
discipline-specificresearch databases
concepts
discipline-specificresearch databases
concepts
metadata
literature
searchDSRDB
humanistsDSRDB
thesaurus thesaurus
perception
neural tissue
literature
artworks
life
visual world
qualitative / quantitativedivide
?
concepts
theories
information
analyses
scientists
scholars scholars
searchengine
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Developing a Cross-Disciplinary OntologyKnowledge Domains
Art Historythesaurus
Neuroaestheticsontology
Vision Sciencethesaurus
properties
Art Historye.g. Art & Architecture Thesaurus (Getty)
Vision Science(optics, visual neuroscience, psychophysics)
e.g. http://www.liden.cc/Visionary/
explains
identifiesfunction of visiontheory
raw data
analysis
concept
correlates with
observation discovery
quantitative assessments experimental data
supports
predicts
correlates with
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Towards an Ontology for Neuroaesthetics
What are the relationships between art history and vision science?
visionscience
“qualitative” analysis
“quantitative” analysis
psychophysics
arthistory
visualneuroscienceconnoisseurship
art theory
artworks visual system
learnedassociations
artisticmovements
artistictechniques
innatefunctions
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depthperception
visionscience
perspective
“qualitative” analysis
“quantitative” analysis
psychophysics
arthistory
visioncenters
visualneurosciencekinetic artconnoisseurship
art theory
artworks visual system
predict
support
identify
explain
predicted
supported
identified
explained
learnedassociations
artisticmovements
artistictechniques
innatefunctions
Piero della FrancescaFlagellation of Christlate 1450s
psychophysicsmid 1800s
linear size and perspectivesprevious familiarity
interposition
Artists showed prescience in understanding the visual system.
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Towards an Ontology for Neuroaesthetics
depthperception
visionscience
perspective
“qualitative” analysis
“quantitative” analysis
psychophysics
arthistory
visioncenters
visualneurosciencekinetic artconnoisseurship
art theory
artworks visual system
predict
support
identify
explain
predicted
supported
identified
explained
learnedassociations
artisticmovements
Marcel DuchampNude Descending a Staircase, No. 2c. 1910
Newsome, Movshon, Brittenmotion selective neurons in monkeys
1990s
fMRI shows selective response to motion in the Middle Temporal area (V5)
artistictechniques
innatefunctions
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Eventually, vision science will influence artists.
depthperception
visionscience
perspective
“qualitative” analysis
“quantitative” analysis
psychophysics
arthistory
visioncenters
visualneurosciencekinetic artconnoisseurship
art theory
discoveriesanticipateinformartworks visual
system
predict
support
identify
explain
predicted
supported
identified
explained
learnedassociations
artisticmovements
artistictechniques
innatefunctions
Erik Nemeth www.culturalsecurity.org 15Erik Nemeth J. Paul Getty Trust © 2009 15
Towards an Ontology for Cultural Security
politicalscience
“qualitative” assessments
“predictive” analyses
organizedcrime
archaeology
politicalviolence
culturalhistory
excavations
intelligenceanalysis
culturalartifacts
internationalsecurity
antiquitiestrafficking
sourcenations
religiousmonuments
politicaltargets
Erik Nemeth www.culturalsecurity.org 16Erik Nemeth J. Paul Getty Trust © 2009 16
Towards an Ontology for Cultural Security
markettrends
politicalscience
archaeologicaldiscoveries
“qualitative” assessments
“predictive” analyses
organizedcrime
archaeology
destruction of the Bamiyan Buddhas
politicalviolence
religioussignificance
culturalhistory
excavations
intelligenceanalysis
mitigateculturalartifacts
internationalsecurity
influence
exploit
inform
capitalizes
influenced
exploited
informed
capitalized
antiquitiestrafficking
sourcenations
religiousmonuments
politicaltargets
rediscovery of Machu Picchu and pre-Columbian Inca artifactsby Hiram Bingham in 1911
Erik Nemeth www.culturalsecurity.org 17Erik Nemeth J. Paul Getty Trust © 2009 17
Towards an Ontology for Cultural Security
markettrends
politicalscience
archaeologicaldiscoveries
“qualitative” assessments
“predictive” analyses
organizedcrime
archaeology
destruction of the Bamiyan Buddhas
politicalviolence
religioussignificance
culturalhistory
excavations
intelligenceanalysis
mitigateculturalartifacts
internationalsecurity
influence
exploit
inform
capitalizes
influenced
exploited
informed
capitalized
antiquitiestrafficking
sourcenations
religiousmonuments
politicaltargets
destruction of the giant Buddhas of the Bamiyan Valley (2001)
Erik Nemeth www.culturalsecurity.org 18Erik Nemeth J. Paul Getty Trust © 2009 18
Towards an Ontology for Cultural Security
markettrends
politicalscience
archaeologicaldiscoveries
“qualitative” assessments
“predictive” analyses
organizedcrime
archaeology
destruction of the Bamiyan Buddhas
politicalviolence
religioussignificance
culturalhistory
excavations
intelligenceanalysis
mitigateculturalartifacts
internationalsecurity
influence
exploit
inform
capitalizes
influenced
exploited
informed
capitalized
antiquitiestrafficking
sourcenations
religiousmonuments
politicaltargets
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time
valu
e to
sch
olar
ly re
sear
ch
The role DSRDBs will become less overtbut will continue to add value throughWeb 2.0 and the Semantic Web.
Conclusion – Push vs. Pull
Will technology undermine or sustain the role of DSRDBs?
Does open access to full text obviate the need for discipline-specific research databases?
Pull: automated production of full textthrough large-scale scanning with OCR
Push: web-enabled production environment will allow for increased coveragewhile editorial oversight will continue to provide specialized metadata.
Push: create ontology that link disciplinesacross the humanities and the sciences.
Push: knowledge bases that connectthe sciences and the humanitieswill enable interdisciplinarity.
Pull: automatic creation of metadata throughmachine-assisted summarization of abstracts and indexing