the future of higher education? - World...
Transcript of the future of higher education? - World...
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Flourish or Fail?The Crisis in Higher Education
in a Global Context
Jamil Salmi
H E P I Lecture23 February 2011
the futureof higher education?
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a world of science fiction?
• social and economic
progress is achieved
principally through the
advancement and application
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of knowledge
World Development Report 1998/99
outline of the presentation...
• importance of knowledge
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• changing education needs & practices
• implications for the United Kingdom
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explaining the difference between poverty and wealth
S th K
6000
8000
10000
12000
per
cap
ita
(200
0 U
S$)
South Korea
Difference in output due to TFP growth or knowledge accumulation in Korea
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© K4D progr
0
2000
4000
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
Rea
l GD
P
BrazilDifference in output due to growth in labor and capital in Korea
South Korea and Brazil
46 8
40.1
2010
7.4
17.7
13
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46.8
9.1
30.2
2000
2010
60.7
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32.6
44.4
4.3
6.5
2000
2010
tertiary
secondary
primary
79.5
41.1
17.8
49.8
2.6
0 20 40 60 80 100
1960
1980
91.1
86.4
7.6
9.3
1.2
0 50 100
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1980
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creative work in the economy
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evolution of Nokia sales
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windmillswindmills
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knowledge for safety
sismology
vulcanology
climatology (floods, tsunamis, droughts, etc.)
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tsunamis, droughts, etc.)
Haiti12 January 2010
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acceleration of speed of creation of new
knowledge
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how can we update our knowledge?
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outline of the presentation...
• importance of knowledge
• changing education needs
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and practices
changing educationneeds and practices
• new skills
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changes in job task-skill demands in the USA
(1960 – 1998)
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Expert Thinking
0
2
4
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rce
nti
leC
ha
ng
e
ComplexCommunication
Routine Manual
22-10
-8
-6
-4
-21969 1974 1979 1984 1989 1994 1998P
e
Routine Cognitive
Non-Routine Manual
Source: Autor, Levy, and Murnane (2003) “The Skill Content of Recent Technological Change: An Empirical Exploration,” Quarterly Journal of Economics.
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2006 PISA results
Percentage of students at each proficiency level on the mathematics scale
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40
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of
stu
den
ts a
t ea
ch p
rofi
cien
cy l
evel
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Below Level 1 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Level 5 Level 6
% P
erce
nta
ge
Finland Korea Ireland Colombia Brazil Indonesia Hong Kong-China
2009 PISA results
2009 Percentage of students at each proficiency level on the mathematics scaleProficiency levels
Below Level Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Level 5 Level 6% % % % % % %
Finland 1.7 6.1 15.6 27.1 27.8 16.7 4.9Ireland 7.3 13.6 24.5 28.6 19.4 5.8 0.9Korea 1.9 6.2 15.6 24.4 26.3 17.7 7.8Brazil 38.1 31.0 19.0 8.1 3.0 0.7 0.1
y
Colombia 38.8 31.6 20.3 7.5 1.6 0.1 0.0
Hong Kong-China 2.6 6.2 13.2 21.9 25.4 19.9 10.8Indonesia 43.5 33.1 16.9 5.4 0.9 0.1 0.0
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new competencies
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design
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luxury Razrwith lizard skin
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Giorgio Armani-Samsung mobile
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fashion phones
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creativity
• invent
• experiment
• think out of the box
• take chances
• break the rules
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• make mistakes
• and have fun…
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creative work in the economy
41United KingdomUnited Kingdom
changing educationneeds and practices
• new skills
• lifelong learning
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from innocence
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… to wisdom
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today
postgraduate studies
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first degree
Undergraduate studies
university of the future?
Career change studies
Graduate studies
On-campus
On-line
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Continuing education
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changing educationneeds and practices
• new skills
• lifelong learning
• learning to learn and unlearn continuously
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new pedagogical approaches
• focus on learning gtailored to needs of individuals rather than teaching
• new and varied modalities for learning: interactive &
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interactive & collaborative learning
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when you want…
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where you want…
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“In the early twenty-first century, people will be able to study what they want, when they want, where they want, and in the language they prefer, electronically.“
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Peter Knight, July 1994
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outline of the presentation...
• importance of knowledge
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• changing education needs & practices
• implications for the United Kingdom
opportunityor
challenge?
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challenges for the UK
• quality and relevancequality and relevance
• equity
• funding
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• flexibility
“For sale: charming and peaceful residence away from neighbors, with a wonderful view of the sea, a grand period staircase, and lots and lots of light…”
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quality and relevance
• programs– professional skills– soft competencies
• measurement of student learning outcomes
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• effectiveness of e-learning
It is not wrong to be different.It is not wrong to be different.
IIt is wrong to be treated differentlyif you are.
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equity
• outcomes of primary and secondary educationsecondary education
• financial barriers
• non-financial factors– information
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– motivation
– academic preparation
a genius in all of us?
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a tale of two chemistryNobel prize winners
(almost…)
Lord Rutherford Sir Chris Langan
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Lord Rutherford
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Chris Langan, the most intelligent man
on Planet Earth
• importance of motivation and social factors
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effects of caste identityon academic results
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High caste Low caste
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4
5
6
ber
o
f m
azes
so
lve
d
740
1
2
Caste unannounced Caste announced
Nu
mb
Source: K.Hoff and P.Pandey, Belief Systems and Durable Inequalities : An experimental investigation of Indian caste. p.13. Policy Research Working Paper.Washington , DC: World Bank, 2004.
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impact of social background on PISA reading score (2009)
5150
60
44 44 43 4240
3632 32 31 30
20
30
40
50
0
10
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equity
• tension between excellence and equityand equity
– US: selectivity vs. efficacy (Penn State vs. Yale)
– US: merit scholarships
– UK: graduates from expensive private schools 55 times more
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private schools 55 times more likely to get into Oxford or Cambridge
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funding: impact of the crisis?
• qualityquality
• equity
• international competitiveness
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Comparison of US and UK Endowment Levels
US Institutions
EndowmentsAssets
(2009 million $)
UK Institutio
ns
Endowment Assets
(2009 million $)
Harvard University
25,662 Cambridge 6,327
Yale University 16,327 Oxford 5,767
Stanford University
12,619 Edinburgh 264
79
y
Princeton University
12.614 Manchester 204
University of Texas
12,163 Glasgow 164
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looking back to the pastlooking back to the past
looking ahead to the future
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25 May 2010National Talent Development
Plan (2010-2020)
??
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flexibility
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flexibility
• good feedback mechanisms• good feedback mechanisms
• strategic planning to orient change
• ability to react and adapt
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rapidly
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a brave new world?
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the brick university
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the click university
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competing in the learning society...
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competing in the learning society...
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competing in the learning society...
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competing in the learning society...
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rule of the strongest
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what is your vision?