The Future of Feedlot

Mangagement Tools: 2018

and Beyond….

Bradley J. Johnson, Ph.D. Gordon W. Davis Regent's Chair in Meat and Muscle

Biology/Professor

Texas Tech University

SA Feedlot Association

March 9, 2017

MEAT SCIENCE & MUSCLE BIOLOGY Striving for Honor in the Pursuit of Excellence

• Growth

Fast growth rates

High rates of conversion of feed to muscle

High muscle to fat ratio

• Product quality

Lots of marbling

Minimal subcutaneous fat

Tender product

Objectives of the Industry

Does Marbling

Matter?

Want Muscle?

MEAT SCIENCE & MUSCLE BIOLOGY Striving for Honor in the Pursuit of Excellence

β-Adrenergic Agonists

Live Weight Response

(Steers)

Zilmax (20 d with 3 d withdrawal)

• 8.2 kg

Optaflexx (200 mg/hd/d; 30 days)

• 7.3 kg

Optaflexx (300 mg/hd/d; 30 days)

• 8.6 kg

Hot Carcass Weight Response

(Steers)

Zilmax (20 d with 3 d withdrawal)

• 14.5 kg

Optaflexx (200 mg/hd/d; 30 days)

• 6.0 kg

Optaflexx (300 mg/hd/d; 30 days)

• 9.0 kg

Dressed Yield Response

Zilmax (20 d with 3 d withdrawal)

• 1.5% units

Optaflexx (200 mg/hd/d; 30 days)

• 0.5% units

Optaflexx (300 mg/hd/d; 30 days)

• 0.75% units

Muscle Area Response

Zilmax (20 d with 3 d withdrawal)

• 1.5 square inches

Optaflexx (200 mg/hd/d; 30 days)

• 0.3 square inches

Optaflexx (300 mg/hd/d; 30 days)

• 0.5 square inches

MEAT SCIENCE & MUSCLE BIOLOGY Striving for Honor in the Pursuit of Excellence

Implants and β-

Adrenergic Agonists:

What happens when

used together?

Hot Carcass Weight

Main effect:

RS: P < 0.01

ZH: P < 0.01

Baxa et al., 2009, J. Anim. Sci

2013

Headlines

• Laminitis

• Hoof disorders

• Heat exhaustion

• Impairments associated with founder

Tyson’s Issues from July 2013 Memo

• Feb. 21, 2013: “β-agonists are restricting access

to international markets and negatively impacting

the U.S. Beef industry”…..

• July 2013: First memo on Animal Well Being…

no mention of β-agonists…

• Aug. 7, 2013: Second memo; suspending

purchase of cattle fed Zilmax on Sept. 6, 2013.

Tyson’s Concerns: Recap

MEAT SCIENCE & MUSCLE BIOLOGY Striving for Honor in the Pursuit of Excellence

Antibiotics

Current Topics (Nov. 2002)

FDA GUIDANCE DOCUMENTS

• *Full timeline in addendum

GUIDANCE 152Oct. 23, 2003

GUIDANCE 209

April 13, 2012

GUIDANCE 213Dec. 12, 2013

Defines Medically

Important Antibiotics

Defines Judicious Use

of Antibiotics

Defines Process to Implement

209 and Veterinary Feed

Directive Regulation

GUIDANCE 152 — MEDICALLY IMPORTANT ANTIBIOTICS

IMPORTANTHIGHLY IMPORTANT

CRITICALLY IMPORTANT

First-generation Cephalosporins

Second-generation Cephalosporins

Cephamycins

Monobactams

Quinolones

Sulfonamides

Natural Penicillins

Penase Resistant Pens

Antipseudomonal Pens

Aminopenicillins

Fourth-generation Cephalosporins

Carbapenems

Aminoglycosides

Clindamycin

Tetracyclines

Glycopeptides

Streptogramins

Oxazolidones

Pyrazinamide

Isoniazid

Rifamycins

Chloramphenicol

Metronidazole

Polymyxin

Third-generation Cephalosporins

Fluoroquinolones

Macrolides

Trimethoprim/Sulfa

Non-Medically ImportantCoccidiostats

Ionophores

Bacitracins

Carbadox

Flavomycins

Tiamulin

Veterinary Feed Directive

Concerns regarding contribution of antibiotic use in livestock in development of antibiotic resistance

VFD regulates application of feed grade antibiotics deemed “medically important”

MEAT SCIENCE & MUSCLE BIOLOGY Striving for Honor in the Pursuit of Excellence

New Frontiers

Liver Abscesses

Issue has worsened in U.S.

Tylosin under pressure in the U.S. and

impacted by VFD

Seeking alternatives to antibiotics

MEAT SCIENCE & MUSCLE BIOLOGY Striving for Honor in the Pursuit of Excellence

Yeast and Yeast

Extracts

© Diamond V, Inc. All rights reserved.

Performance

Positive

Control1NaturSafe SEM P-value

Body weight, lb

Initial 790 793 7.50 0.33

Final2 1,278 1,280 7.10 0.80

DMI, lb/day 22.7 23.0 0.33 0.09

Yield adjusted

Final BW, lb3 1,266 1,269 9.30 0.64

ADG, lb/day 3.51 3.51 0.041 0.94

Feed efficiency 6.46 6.57 0.122 0.20

1Positive Control contains monensin, tylosin, and a direct fed microbial. These are not included in diet of NaturSafe;2Final BW shrunk 4%; 3Yield adjusted BW calculated by dividing HCW by a common dressing yield of 63.75.

29

© Diamond V, Inc. All rights reserved.

Liver Abscesses

Positive Control1 NaturSafe SEM P-value

Carcasses, n 740 735 -- --

Liver abscesses, %

A - 6.9 3.3 0.93 0.02

A 5.0 3.5 1.06 0.35

A + 7.4 7.7 1.19 0.81

Total Condemned 19.3 14.5 1.92 0.11

1Positive Control contains monensin, tylosin, and a direct fed microbial. These are not included in diet of NaturSafe.

30

Essential Oils Could Be The New

Antibiotics

Tori Rodriguez, The Atlantic

Jan. 18, 2015, 12:01 PM

Essential oils often evoke thoughts of

scented candles and day spas, but their

benefits beyond relaxation are less well-known………

http://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2015/01/the-new-antibiotics-might-be-essential-oils/384247/http://www.theatlantic.com/

MEAT SCIENCE & MUSCLE BIOLOGY Striving for Honor in the Pursuit of Excellence

Specific Nutrients

MEAT SCIENCE & MUSCLE BIOLOGY Striving for Honor in the Pursuit of Excellence

Trace Minerals:

Zinc

Chromium

Signal Transduction of GPR receptors

Muscle Response

Protein Synthesis

Protein Degradation

Adipose Tissue Response

Lipogenesis

Lipolysis

PDE

Zn

CONa RACb ZINPROc ZINPRO + RACd

Hot Carcass Weight

a Control: 60 ppm Zn from Zn sulfateb RAC: Optaflexx®: Elanco, Greenfield, Indiana; Ractopamine added to the diet last 28 d, 30.0 g/MT DMc ZINPRO: ZINPRO® zinc methionine added to the CON diet to provide an additional 360 mg Zn/hd daily d ZINPRO + RAC: ZINPRO zinc methionine added to the RAC diet to provide an additional 360 mg Zn/hd daily xyz Within a row, means lacking a common superscript letter differ, P < 0.05

nuclei β-1

β-2 β-3

Figure 1. β-adrenergic receptor density in control (CON; 0g/(h·d) additional Zn) and Zn-added (Zn) 1g/(h·d) additional Zn) finishing steers before and during ractopamine

hydrochloride feeding.

Chromium: An essential

nutrient

Chromium impacts glucose uptake

• Potentiates the action on insulin

• Increases insulin receptor stability/activity

• Promotes translocation of Glut-4

Chromium propionate enhances insulin sensitivity in growing cattle (Spears et al., 2012)

Chromium inclusion level, ppb Cr Improvement

0 100 200 300Linear Contrast

(P – value)

0 vs. 300

Gain%

Initial BW, lbs 509.3 507.1 507.1 507.1 0.29 - -

Final BW, lbs 703.3 707.7 714.3 720.9 0.08 17.6 lbs ** 2.5%

ADG, lbs 3.46 3.55 3.70 3.84 0.03 0.38 lbs/d * 11.0%

DMI, lbs/d 14.70 14.97 15.23 15.52 0.12 0.82 lbs/d ** 5.6%

G:F 0.237 0.237 0.244 0.247 0.05 0.01 lbs ** 4.2%

Cattle treated

at least once, %25.85 19.99 24.43 7.48 0.07 18.37% * 18.37%

Table 1. Effect of chromium supplementation on live performance and

morbidity during the receiving period of feedlot cattle (Bernhard et al., 2012)

Feedlot Performance and Morbidity Results

* A chromium effect (P ≤ 0.05) was detected

** A chromium effect (P ≤ 0.14) was detected

OutlineResults: Hot Carcass Weight

OutlineImmunohistochemistry: Muscle Fiber Characteristics

0 ppb (d 0)

0 ppb (d 119)

450 ppb (d 0)

450 ppb (d 119)

Green- membrane

Red- Type I

Orange- Type IIA

Black- Type IIX

OutlineImmunohistochemsitry: GLUT4 density

0 ppb

d 147

450 ppb

d 147

Surface

GLUT4

Internalized

GLUT4

GLUT4

GLUT4

GLUT4

Nuclei

Nuclei

Nuclei

48 h

Control3% horse serum/DMEM

CrPro3% horse serum/DMEM +10uM chromium propionate

CrPro + RH3% horse serum/DMEM +10uM chromium propionate + 10uM ractopamine hydrochloride

Bovine subcutaneous adipose cell were incubated with or without chromium(10µM) for 2-hr.SC adipocytes were moved to 96 well plates and induced differentiation. After 96-hr, differentiation media (containing insulin, ciglitazone, hydrocortisone, oleic acid) was replaced with DMEM (only containing 10uM of CrAc; No insulin, ciglitazone, hydrocortisone, glucose, glutamine, and growth factors ). Green: GLUT4, Blue: nuclei, Yellow: F-actin

CrAc 10µM

Control

GLUT4 + Nuclei GLUT4 + Nuclei + F-actin Original

Nutritionists Take Home Messages• Performance results indicated additive effects

from Zn (3 kg HCW) and RAC (6 kg HCW).

• Interestingly, anecdotal evidence suggests

feeding zinc allows for greater duration of RAC

feeding

Nutritionists Take Home Messages

• Chromium is well recognized to impact glucose

uptake by many cell types

• This should have positive impacts on skeletal

muscle hypertrophy during the β-agonist

feeding period

• Positive effects on cattle health and immunity

MEAT SCIENCE & MUSCLE BIOLOGY Striving for Honor in the Pursuit of Excellence

Bottom Line

Exogenous growth promotants and antibiotic use are under scrutiny, worldwide

Consumer concerns are being heard

Increased interest in natural alternatives; more research is needed in understanding the mechanism of action of these compounds

MEAT SCIENCE & MUSCLE BIOLOGY

Striving for Honor in the Pursuit of Excellence

Dankie !!

Global Use of β-Adrenergic Agonists

Courtesy of Dr. Rodrigo

Goulart

Experimento: Novilhas Nelore

USP - Pirassununga

Figura 1 - Ganho adicional de peso de caracaça quente

Cônsolo et al., dados não publicados

208

224

150

160

170

180

190

200

210

220

230

Controle Zilmax

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Dif. = 16 kg

Semimembranosus +ZH & ZINPRO

Semimembranosus +ZH

SEM 89.75 50.97 59.43

P-Value 0.353 0.001 0.001

SEM 0.026 0.017 0.017

P-Value 0.001 0.069 0.001