The Future Myanmar
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![Page 1: The Future Myanmar](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081604/568c51791a28ab4916b2c4fb/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Managing Editor : Soe Yu WaiConsultant (Chinese) : Stephen LeeExecutive Editor : Ko HtikeSenior Editor : Aung Pho (Mg Phone-Law)Editor : Thein Yu WaiResearch & Development Editor : Tin Maung AyeEnglish Editor : Tun Tun OoChinese Editor : Sai WinChinese Translation : Thein AungR & D Group : Tin Zarni Maung Naw Phu Ngone Ko KoMarketing Group : Su Myat MonDistribution Group : Aung Thu, Soe Moe Thu Finance Group : Nan Thuzar (Manager)Reception : Moe SandarPublisher : U Tin Maung AyeGraphic Design : Pwint PhyuColor Separation : FujiyamaPrinter : FujiyamaCover Permission No. : Circulation : 1000Price : 1500
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Build A-3-1, Room (1203) MyanmaGonyi Housing, Upper Pansodan St,Mingalar Taung Nyunt TownshipPost Code 11221, Yangon, Myanmar.Phone : + 95- 1 -393-102 + 95-95-200-200 + 95-95-158-838Fax : + 95- 1 -392099Email : [email protected]
Yangon Office
pDpOfol Ypum; The Future Myanmar Business & Political Report vol (8) udk
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Cover Article
![Page 4: The Future Myanmar](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081604/568c51791a28ab4916b2c4fb/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
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''The world is changing very fast.Big will not beat small anymore.It will be the fast beating the slow."
Rupert Murdoch.
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The News of the World we*FaEGxkwf
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tar&duefajcvSrf;
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rm;a'gh[m tar&duefEdkifiHom; cH,lvdkufw,f/
tar&duefEdkifiHom; cH,lwm[mvnf; tBuH
eJY jzpfw,f/ ol[m tar&duefowif;pmrsm;
omru tar&duefw,fvDaA;&Sif; ½kyfoHvTifh
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odkYayr,fh tar&duefOya't& ½kyfoHvTifh
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n
Focus
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]]'Drdkua&pD}}qdkwJh a0g[m&u 1988
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trsKd;rsKd;/ vlom;&JU ordkif;eJY ajym&ifawmh
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n
Opinion
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jzpfMuonf} [laom avmhcf\t,ltqudk
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10
]]EdkifiHawmftmPmonf vlwpfOD;wpfa,mufwGif vnf;aumif;?
tzGJUwpfzGJUwGif vnf;aumif; rwnf&Sday/ vlUtzGJUtpnf;üom wnf&Sd\}}
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urÇmUEdkifiHa&;ordkif;wGif ta&;tygqHk;aom
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avmhcf\ EdkifiHa&;'óeudk tajccHí
ay:xGef;vmaom awmfvSefajymif;vJrIwpf&yfrSm
]EdkifiHa&;t&w&m;0ifjzpfrI} (Political Le-gitimacy) jzpf\/ ,if;rSm tkyffcsKyfcHEdkifiHom;wdkY\
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'Drdku&ufwpf tpdk;&jzpfap tpdk;&wdkif;u
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[lí vnf;aumif; rajymMum;Muawmhay/
EdkifiHom;wdkU\ oabmwlcGifhjyKcsuf &&Sdaom
tpdk;&[lonf vlYtzGJUpnf;wpf&yfvHk; EdkifiHom;
tm;vHk;\ vdktifqE´udk jznfhqnf;ay;&onfh
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wl cGifhjyKcsuf&&Sdaom tpdk;&omvQif a&&Snf
wnfwHhrnfjzpfaMumif; aumif;pGm oabm
ayguf em;vnfMu\/ jynfolwdkY\ oabmwl
cGifhjyKcsufrygvQif tpdk;&wpf&yfonf aumif;pGm
vIyf&Sm;vnfywfí r&EdkifaomaMumifh jzpf\/
xdkUaMumifhvnf; enf;vrf;rsKd;pHkudk toHk;
jyKí ]w&m;0iftpdk;&rsm;} udk xlaxmifMu\/
þae&mü EdkifiHa&;w&m;rQwrI (Political justice) onf ta&;ygayonf/ w&m;rQw
pGmjzifh jynfolwdddddddddddkY\ ,HkMunfaxmufcHrI (0g)
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jzpfNyD; rdrd\vkyfief;pOfrsm;udkvnf; acsmarGU
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rsm;onf xdkEdkifiHrsm;wGif qufwdkuf ay:vm
rnfom jzpfonf/ wleD;&Sm;? tD*spf?
t,fab;eD;,m;wdkY\ w&m;0if tpdk;&rsm;
BuHKawGUae&aom tjzpfqdk;rsKd; jzpfayonf/
odkYjzpfí acwfopfEdkifiHa&; odyHÜynm&Sifrsm;u
avmhcf ajymovdk EdkifiHom;wdkU\ EdkifiHa&;ü
yg0if vkyfaqmifEdkifcGifhESifh EdkifiHa&;t& w&m;0if
jzpfrIwdkUonf 'Drdkua&pDEdkifiH wnfaqmufjcif;
twGuf ta&;BuD;ouJhodkU jynfolwdkU\
,HkMunfrIudk wnfaqmufay;Edkifaom EdkifiHa&;
w&m;rQwrIonfvnf; r&Sdrjzpf ta&;yg
aMumif;qdkMuayonf/ xdkUaMumifh rsufarSmuf
acwf EdkifiHa&;'óeynm&Sif *Refa&m (John Raws) u ]w&m;rQwrIonf vltzGJUtpnf;
wnfaqmufa&;wGif tajccH tusqHk;aom
aumif;jrwfjcif; w&m;jzpfonf} [k qdkcJhjcif;
jzpfayrnf/
Ref:1; James Barber, 'Citizen Politic', 19862; Oxford Dictionary of Politics,2003
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Political
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uRefawmfwdkU r[momuDEG,frsm;pH&m
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Satire
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The Future Myanmar Business & Political Report zwf½Iolrsm;twGuf tpDtpOfaumif;wpfckudk xyfrHtm;jznhf wifqufvdkuf
ygonf/ ,cktpDtpOfonf Radio Free Asia (RFA) rS xkwfvTifhonfhf vlxkacgif;aqmif a':atmifqef;pkMunfESihf urÇmwpf0Srf;&Sd jrefrmvlrsKd;rsm;rS
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The Future
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Questions & Answers
15
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16
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News
17
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18
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ygonf/ n
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(1)
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tBudKufcsif; nDMuzdkYMunfrif;
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aom tjzpfrsdK;udk pOf;pm;Munfhyg/ bmrS
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(3)
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21
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]t&ifwkef;uqdk&if ArmuwpfrsdK;? &Srf;uwpfzHk? ucsifuwpfvrf; tJ'DvdkjzpfaeMuw,f/
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vGwfvyfa&;udk jrefjrefqefqef&vdrfhr,fqdkwJh oabmwlnDcsuft& &Srf;jynfu yifvHkNrdKUav;rSm
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tJ'Dawmh uav;awGudk wdkwdkeJYajym&&if yifvHkqdkwm NrdKUav;wpfNrdKU&JU emrnfjzpfw,f/
tJ'D NrdKUav;rSm wdkif;&if;om;awG[m yxrqHk;tBudrf EdkifiHa&;t& yl;aygif;aqmif&GufzdkY
oabmwlnDpGm pmcsKyfwpfckudk vufrSwfxdk;cJhwJh ae&mjzpfw,f/ tJ'DpmcsKyfudk yifvHk
pmcsKyfvdkYac:w,f/ 'Dawmh yifvHkpdwf"mwfqdkwm ½dk;½dk;av;ajym&&if igwdkYtm;vHk; vufwGJNyD;awmh
igwdkYvdkcsifwJh yef;wdkifudkoGm;r,fqdkwJh nDñGwfrIudk tajccHwJh pdwf"mwfjzpfw,f/}
a':atmifqef;pkMunf? azazmf0g&D 23? 2012? ucsifjynfe,fpnf;½Hk;a&;c&D;
]t"duuawmh wdwfaewJhtoHawGudk uRefawmf
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azazmf0g&D 23? 2012? ucsifjynfe,fc&D;pOf
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ta&;,lyg/}
jynfolYvTwfawmf Ouú| ol& OD;a&Tref;? azazmf0g&D 22? 2012
V O I C E S
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pma&;q&m ausmf0if;
22
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] 'DaeYtxd bmjzpfvdkY Nidrf;csrf;a&; aqG;aEG;vdkYr&ao;wmvJqdkwmudk a':atmifqef;pkMunf ar;cJhw,f/
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awmif;qdkxm;wm ckxdawmh bmrS taMumif;rjyefao;bl;/}
a':tifzef*sm&m? ucsiftwdkifyifcH em,u? azazmf0g&D 23? 2012
V O I C E S
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pufrIvkyfief;rsm;udk jrefqefpGm wnf
axmifonf/
(2) ,if;vkyfief;pOfBuD;wpfckvHk;udk EdkifiHawmf
\vufjzifY vrf;ñTefa½SUaqmifjcif;jzpfonf/
(3) pufrIvkyfief;qdkif&m rl0g'rsm; csrSwfay;NyD;?
ydkíydkí acwfrDaomtqifYodkY qufvuf
wdk;wufap&ef EdkifiHawmfu b@ma&;
taxmuftul wdkuf½dkufay;onf/
xdkpepfu pD;yGm;a&; zGHU NzdK;wdk;wufrIudk
tm;& auseyfzG,ftqifYodkY tcdkuftwefYrQ
a&muf&Sdaponf/ xdkYaemufrSmawmY NydKysuf
oGm;&onf/ *syefEdkifiH\pD;yGm;a&;rSm 1990
jynfhESpfwGif pwifNydKysufcJYNyD;? aemufq,fpkESpf
ESpfpk Mumonftxd xdktysuftpD;xJrS
rvGwfajrmufEdkifcJYay/ *syefrdk',fudk tvGef
eD;pyfpGm twk,lcJYaom awmifudk&D;,m;EdkifiHonf
1997-98 ckESpfwGif tusyftwnf;rsm;ESifY
&ifqdkifcJY&onf/
zGHU NzdK;a&;rdk',fonf ]]aps;EIef;trSm;rsm;}}
tay:wGif tajcjyKxm;jcif;jzpfonf/ ]]aps;EIef;
trSm;rsm;}} (Getting prices wrong) [laom pum;&yfrSm awmifudk&D;,m;pD;yGm;a&;udk
avYvmcJY&mrS ay:xGufvmonfh toHk;tEIef;
jzpfonf/ jrefqefaom pD;yGm;zGHU NzdK;rI &&Sdvm
ap&ef &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIrsm;udk yHkatmonf/
,if;rdk',fonf pufrIvkyfief;wpf&yf odkYr[kwf
vkyfief;u@ wpf&yfwGif &if;ESD;jr§KyfESH&ef
EdkifiHawmfu wdkuf½dkuf taxmuftyHYay;jcif;
jzpfonf/ OD;pm;ay;vkyfief; pDrHudef;rsm;wGif
&if;ESD;jr§KyfESH&eftwGuf oufomaom twdk;EIef;jzifY
acs;aiGrsm; &&SdEdkifonf/ ydkYukefvkyfief;rsm;udk
taxmuftuljyKap&ef EdkifiHjcm;aiGvJEIef;udk
xdef;csKyfxm;onf/ pGrf;tifESifY ydkYukefxkwfvkyf
jcif;ponfh vkyfief;rsm;twGuf taxmuf
tyHYrsKd;pHkudk &uf&ufa&ma&m ay;onf/ bPf
rsm;udk pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;wpf&yftjzpf wnf
axmifxm;jcif; r[kwfbJ? tpdk;&\ zGHU NzdK;
wdk;wufa&;ay:vpDtwGuf vufeufud&d,m
wpfcktjzpf wGifwGifus,fus,f toHk;jyK&ef
jzpfonf/ xdkenf;vrf;rsm;tm;vHk;onf tpdk;&ESifY
yk*¾vduydkif aiGaMu;t&if;tESD;rsm;udk pufrI
xlaxmifa&; vkyfief;xJodkY a&muf&SdoGm;ap
cJYonf/ xdkYaMumifYyif tm&Sa'otwGif;
tHYrcef;zG,f zGHU NzdK; wdk;wufrI EIef;rsm;udk
24
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tBudrfBudrfawGYjrifcJY&jcif;jzpfonf/ (aps;uGuf
aygufaps;twdkif;r[kwfbJ? tpdk;&u xdef;csKyf
owfrSwfxm;onhf twdk;EIef;? aiGvJEIef;? ukef
aps;EIef; ponfwdkYudk aps;EIef; trSm;rsm;[k
ac: jcif;jzpfonf)
wu,fawmY aps;EIef;rsm;onf umv
tydkif;tjcm;r&Sd tNrJwrf;rSm;aeEdkifwm r[kwfay/
a½S;½dk;pOfvm pD;yGm;a&;ynm&Sifrsm;u trSef
aps;EIef; tqifYudk aps;uGufrsm;u &SmazG
owfrSwfapcJYjcif;rSm cdkifvHkaomtaMumif;,kwåd
&Sdayonf/ xdkenf;jzifYyif aps;uGufrsm;u
&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrnfholrsm;tm; aiGaMu;t&if;tESD;
rsm;udk b,fae&mokdY ydkYoifYonf? b,fae&modkY
rydkYoifY[laom owif;trSefudk tcsufjyay;
onf/ xdkaps;EIef;jyñTefcsufrsm;udk vrf;aMumif;
ajymif;vdkufrnf qdkygu o,HZmwt&if;tjrpf
rsm;onfvnf; vrf;aMumif;ajymif;oGm;awmYonf/
tm&SzGHU NzdK;a&;rdk',fonf aps;EIef;rsm;udk
tajymif; tvJvkyfupm;jcif;jzifY aemufqHk;rSm
pD;yGm;a&;wGif tBuD;tus,f yHkoP²mefysuf
,Gif;rIrsm;(Distortions) jzpfay:apygonf/
xdkodkY yHkoP²mef ysuf,Gif;&mwGif aiGaMu;t&if;
tESD;rsm; tv[ójzpfaponfhtjyif? tvGef
tuRH ydkvQH xkwfvkyfrIrsm; (Excesscapacity) jzpfay:apygonf/
tpdk;&u taxmuftyHh ay;xm;onfh
ukrÜPDrsm;onf taxmuftyHh r&&Sdonfh
ukrÜPDrsm;uJhodkY tusKd;tjrwf r&EdkifMuay/
,if;odkYjzpfjcif;u rvdktyfaom? tusKd;tjrwf
r&Sdaompuf½Hkrsm;? taqmufttHkrsm; aqmuf
vkyf&ef vJGrSm;aom &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI qHk;jzwf
csufrsm; csrSwfrdaprnfjzpfonf/ xdkrS ay:xGuf
vmonfh tusdK;quf&v'frSm acs;aiGa<u;qHk;
rsm; jzpfvmapNyD;? bPfvkyfief;u@tay:
zdpD;rIjzpfvmaponf/ þodkYaomjzpfpOfrsm;twdkif;
*syefESifY awmifudk&D;,m;EdkifiHwdkYwGif jzpfay:
cJYNyD;jzpfonf/ *syefEdkifiHwGif &ydkifcGifYylazmif;
rsm; (Asset bubble) uJGxGufoGm;jcif;jzifY
vnf;aumif;? awmifudk&D;,m;wGif jyify
oufa&mufrI (External shock) ½dkufcwf
jcif;aMumifYvnf;aumif; NydKysufcJYjcif;jzpfonf/
ESpfEdkifiHpvHk; pD;yGm;a&; ysufjym;cJY&jcif;
taMumif;&if;rSm twlwlyifjzpfonf/ bPf
vkyfief;rsm; csdKU,Gif;tm;enf;vmjcif;? ukrÜPD
rsm;wGif a<u;NrDzdpD;jcif;ESifY rqifrjcif&if;ESD;
jr§KyfESHrIrsm; vGefuRHjcif; ponfwdkYtm;vHk;rSm
wpfykHpHwnf;jzpfonf/
w½kwfEdkifiHonfvnf; *syefESifY awmif
udk&D;,m;wdkYenf;wl tvGeftuRH jyKrla&;udk
twk,ltm;uscJYonf/ w½kwfEdkifiH\ &if;ESD;
jr§KyfESHrIyrmPonf wdkif;jynfxkwfvkyfrIwefzdk;
(*sD'DyD) \ 50 &mckdifEIef;eD;yg;&SdcJYojzifY tm&SpHcsdef
t&yif tvGef rsm;vGef;aeonf/ yHkao
&ydkifcGifYrsm; (Fixed assets) wGif tqrwef
&if;ESD; jr§KyfESH&jcif;rSm taqmufttHkrsm;ESifY
vrf;rsm; wnfaqmufrItm;vHk;onf t&G,f
tpm;BuD;rm;vSonfh zGHU NzdK;qJEdkifiHBuD;twGuf
vdktyfaeaomaMumifYjzpfonf[k ckcH acsyavY
&Sdonf/
tvGeftuRH &if;ESD; jr§KyfESHaejcif;aMumifY
w½kwfEdkifiHtaejzifY a&&SnfzGHUNzdK;wdk;wufrIudk
xdef;xm;EdkifrSm r[kwf[k oHk;oyfcJYMuonf/
w½kwf\ &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIonf EdkifiH*sD'DyDESifYtcsKd;
csMunhfvQif tvGefrsm;aeaomfvnf; NrdKU jy
xlaxmifa&;ESifY pufrIEdkifiH xlaxmifa&;
vkyfief;rsm;rSm wpf0ufwpfysufom ½Sdao;onf/
rD;&xm;vrf;rsm;? aq;½Hkrsm;ESifY pufrItvkyf½Hkrsm;
ydkrdkvdktyfvsuf½SdaeojzifY xyfrH&if;ESD;jr§KyfESH&OD;rSm
jzpfonf[kqdkonf/ avmavmq,fwGif tajccH
taqmufttHkrsm; zGHY NzdK; wdk;wufvmojzifY
wdkif;jynf\ o,f,lydkYaqmifa&;pGrf;&nf ydkrdk
jrifYrm;vmapcJYonf/ odkYwdkifatmif w½kwfEdkifiH\
rD;&xm;vrf;uGef&ufonf 1880 jynfhESpfu
&SdcJhonfh tar&duefEdkifiH? rD;&xm;vrf;t&Snfudk
rrDao;ay/ pD;yGm;a&;½IaxmifYt&qdkvQif
w½kwftvkyform;wpfOD;csif;\ rwnft&if;
tESD;yrmP (Capital stock)onf tar&duef
tvkyform;wGif&Sdonfh yrmP\ 8 &mcdkif
EIef;cefYESifY awmifudk&D;,m;tvkyform;\ 15
&mcdkifEIef;cefYom ½Sdao;onf/ wpfenf;ajym&vQif
w½kwfEdkifiH\ t&if;tESD;pkpnf;rI (Capital accumulation)onf jyef&rItcsdK; avsmYus
rnfh (Dimi- bnishing returns)tqifY
odkYa&muf&Sd&ef ta0;BuD; vdkaeao;onf/
(&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIydkvGefoGm;onfhtwGuf tusdK;
tjrwf jyefvnf&&SdEIef; usqiff;oGm;onfh
ed,mrudk &nfñTef;jcif;jzpfonf/)
w½kwfEdkifiHpD;yGm;a&;wGif a<u;NrDyrmP
wpf&Sdefxdk; jrifYwufvsuf&Sdonf/ 2011 ckESpf
wGif bPfacs;aiGyrmPonf wdkif;jynf *sD'DyD\
185 &mcdkifEIef;txd &Sdonf/ oHk;ESpfwmtwGif;
bPfacs;aiG 56 &mcdkifEIef; wdk;jrifYvmjcif;
jzpfonf/ a'oEÅ&tpdk;&tzGJUrsm;wGif a<u;NrD
jyóem trsm;tjym;&Sdaejcif;u b@ma&;
e,fy,fwGif Oya'pdk;rdk;rI (Rule of law) vpf[if;aeaMumif; jyo&m a&mufonf/ wvJG
wacsmfvrf;ñTefrIjzifY tvGeftuRH &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI?
tdrf&majraps;uGufazmif;um;rIESifY tpdk;&AsL½dk
u&ufrsm;\qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;tjyif a<u;NrDESifY
vnfywfvsuf &Sdaeonhf pD;yGm;a&;onf
tusyftwnf;jzpfay:Edkifonfh taMumif;w&m;rsm;
pkpnf;rdvmjcif;jzpfonf/ w½kwfEdkifiH pD;yGm;a&;
OD;wnf&mudk ajymif;vJatmif w½kwfEdkifiH
acgif;aqmifydkif;u jyKjyifajymif;vJ aqmif&Guf
Edkifjcif; r&SdcJYygvQif tusyftwnf;udk rvJG
ra&Smifom awGU BuKHvm&vdrfYrnf[k qdkygonf/
Ref; “ Why China Will Have an Econom-
ic Crisis “, by Michael Schuman.
n
Business
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a&T? aiG? LC? pufoHk;qD? bdvyfajr? "mwfajrMoZmwdkY\aeYpOfajymif;vJaeaom aps;EIef;Z,m;rsm;
aeYpOfa&Taps;EIef; USD ? FEC ? Earning ? S$ aps;EIef;rsm;usyf^usyfom; usyf
LC "mwfqD (tpdk;&ESihf jyify)? 'DZ,f? atmufwdef;aps;EIef;
"mwfajrMoZm (ykvJ)
aps;E
Ief;
usyf^*gvH
usyf^tdwf (50 kg)
bdvyfajr
usyf^tdwf (50 kg)
26
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EdkifiHwum aiGaps;EIef;Z,m;rsm;
,l½dk
tdE´d, ½lyD;
b*Fvm;a'h&Sf wmum
*syef ,ef;
w½kwf ,Grf
xdkif; bwf
1 USD 1 USD
1 USD 100 usyf
100 usyf 100 usyf
Special Report
27
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yljyif;wJha'orSm aEGOD;tvSudk zsufqD;
aewJh t&mudk odwJh uAsmq&mawGu
{NyDvbGJUudk zGJUqdkMuwJhtcg vGrf;aqG;zG,f
a&;zGJU Muayr,fhvnf; olwdkY zGJUwJhtwdkif;
aEGOD;&JUtvS[m wu,fyJjzpfvmyghrvm;qdkwm
ra&&mraocsmwJh oP²mefawG yg0ifaeygw,f/
tylydkif;a'orSm jrefrmjynf&JU {NyDvuawmh
]]t&ufpufqHk;v? yyfMum;tuf ajray:u
yifpnf ajcmufaoGUaewJh wrmcg;yif aEGrdk;
wpfNydKufESpfNydKufavmuf&GmrS &SifoefEdkifr,f}}
a&;zGJUxm;wmeJYawmh jcm;em;vSygw,f/
jrefrmjynfu {NyDv&JU &ufpufrIuawmh
aeYpOfb0udk tcuftcJ awGUap½Hkwifru
cspfcspfawmufylwJh aEGeJY avmifuRrf;rwwf
tyl&SdefawGu vlawG&JU tiftm;awG pGrf;tm;
awGudk ,kwfavsmh tm;enf;apwJhtwGuf
uGJtufaewJh ajrBuD;yrm wudk,fvHk;ylcspf
aeNyD; yifyef; EGrf;e,fapygw,f/ 'Dvdk yljyif;
ajcmufaoGUwJh vrSmyJ uRefrwdkY jrefrmvlrsKd;
awG&JU ESpfopftcsdef usa&mufygw,f/ yljyif;
ajcmufaoGUrIeJY vdkufzufnDpGmyJ ESpfopful;
tcgor,udk a&obifyGJcif;NyD; qif,if
usif;yMuw,f/
'DyGJawmf&JU emrnfuawmh ]]oBuFef
yGJawmf}} ygyJ/ oBuFefvdkY emrnfausmf vlodrsm;wJh
trnfrSm r[m (BuD;jrwfaom)qkdwJhpum;udk
wpfcgwpf&H wGJzufoHk;avh&Sdygw,f/ ESpfa[mif;
ukefvdkU ESpfopfudk ul;ajymif;wm[m BuD;us,fwJh
ajymif;vJrI jzpfwJhtwGuf yGJvrf;obifawG
qif,ifusif;yMuvdkY r[mqdkwJh pum;vHk;udk
oHk;wmjzpfygw,f/ 'gwifruygbl;/ usrwdkY
wpfawG ]]twm}} (NyD;qHk;jcif;) qdkwJh pum;vHk;
udkvnf; oHk;ygw,f/ bmjzpfvdkUvnf;qdkawmh
yGJawmf[m ESpfa[mif;&JU aemufqHk;av;&ufrSm
usif;yNyD; tJ'DrSm twma&udk wpfa,mufeJY
wpfa,muf tjyeftvSef yufMu avmif;Mu
ygw,f/ 'Dvdk tjyeftvSef a&yufavmif;Mu
wm[m Nidrf;csrf;wJh txdrf;trSwf ? at;csrf;wJh
txdrf;trSwf? tnpftaMu;awGudk z,f&Sm;
ypfwJh txdrf;trSwfygyJ/
oBuFefyGJawmf&JU yHkoP²mef[m vGefcJhaom
ESpfaygif; 200 ausmfavmufu pNyD; wjznf;
jznf;eJY ajymif;vJvmygw,f/ 1795 ckESpfrSm
tdEd,bk&ifcHuapvTwfvdkU tif;0rSm oHwref
tjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifcJhwJh t*FvdyfvlrsdK;
oBuFefyGJawmfatmifqef;pkMunf
28photo - Internet
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Captain Symes u ol0ifa&mufqifETJcJhzl;wJh
oBuFefyGJudk tckvkda&;om;azmfjyygw,f/
]]ESpfa[mif;u tnpf tEGrf;awGudk
oefYpifz,f&Sm;zdkY? ESpfopfrSm raumif;rIawG
uif;a0;apzdkY trsKd;orD;awG[m tJ'DaeYrSm
awGUorQ trsKd;om;awGudk a&yufMuygw,f/
trsKd;om;awGuvnf; tjyeftvSeftaeeJY
olwdkYudk a&yufcGifh&Muw,f/ 'Dvdk cGifhjyKwm[m
xdcdkuf emusifrI r&SdapbJ aysmfaysmf&Tif&Tif
a&upm;zdkYygyJ/ txl;ojzifh a&>ywfawG?
a&zvm;awGeJY vrf;wavQmuf awGUorQ
trsKd;om;awGudk a&yufMuwJh trsKd;orD;i,f
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tyufcHzdkYygyJ/ 'Dvdk a&yufupm;MuwJhtcgrSm
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rjyMuygbl;/ npfywfwJh a&eJY b,fawmhrS
ryufMuygbl;/ trsKd;om;taeeJY trsKd;orD;udk
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trsKd;orD;awGudk OD;pm;ay; tav;xm;wJh
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jyKw,fqdkwm tcktcgrSmawmh aysmufuG,f
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wpfvrf;xGufeJY a&pdk&TJNyD;&if; pdk&TJvmMuovdk
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oBuFefrSm a&yuf½Hk? aysmfyg;Mu½Hkwif
ruygbl;/ ESpfopf ra&mufcif ESpfa[mif;&JU
aemufqHk;&ufawGrSm ukodkvfaumif;rIawG jyK
Mu? ,lMuwmawGvnf; &Sdygw,f/ wcsKdUol
awGu oBuFeftcgtwGif;rSm w&m;pcef;0ifNyD;
w&m;xkdifMu ? apwDbk&m;ykxdk; ausmif;uef
rsm;udk oGm;NyD; &Sdcdk;ylaZmfMu? &Spfyg;oDv
apmifhwnfMu? ig;vTwf? iSufvTwfwmawG
vkyfMu? wjcm; ukodkvfaumif;rIawGvnf;
jyKvkyfMuygw,f/ oBuFefwGif;rSm odMum;rif;u
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zHk;csKyfxm;wJh pmtkyfESpftkyfudk ,laqmifNyD;
olaexkdif&m aumif;uifbHkuae vlYbHkudk
qif;vmum oBuFefumvtwGif; vlYbHkrSm
aexdkifNyD; vlUavmuBuD;udk avhvmw,fvdkY
uav;oli,fawGudk ajymjyMuygw,f/
ukodkvfaumif;rIvkyfwJholawG&JU emrnf
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vkyfwJholawG&JU emrnfawGu acG;om;a&eJY
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ajymMuygw,f/ oBuFeftcgtwGif;rSm txl;
ta&;BuD;wmu udk,fwdkifvnf; a'gorxGuf
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&ygbl; / 'gaMumifh a&yufrcHcsifwJholudk rSm;NyD;
a&ryufrdzdkY vdkygw,f/
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Culture
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