The Fungi Kingdom
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Transcript of The Fungi Kingdom
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The Fungi KingdomMycolog
y -the study of fungi
fungi - singularfungus - plural
1) fungi are eukaryotic•they have a nuclei & mitochondria2) they are heterotrophs
•they depend on other organisms for food3) they are multicellular
4) they cannot move on their own
4 Main Characteristics of Fungi
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The Fungi Kingdom
1) fungi lack chlorophyll2) fungi are not photosynthetic
•cannot produce their own food
3) they never reproduce by seeds4) most fungi have cell walls made of chitin…
4 Reasons Fungi Are Different From Plants
cellulose•Plant cell walls are made of what?
•most are saprophytes•some are parasites
Saprophyte-feeds on dead/decaying organisms
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The Fungi KingdomParts of fungi:
Hyphae - network of thin thread-like structures that form the “body” of a fungus
• hyphae grow and branch until they cover and digest the food source (upon which the fungi is growing)
• hyphae contain cytoplasm
hypha - singularhyphae - plural
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The Fungi KingdomParts of fungi:
Mycelium - a mass of hyphaemycelia - plural
•The mycelium is usually hidden in the soil, in wood, or another food source
•A mycelium may fill a single ant, or cover many acres
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The Fungi Kingdom
Sporangium fungi reproduces by spores in the sporangia
•Sporangia- structures found on the tips of hyphae that make spores
•Eg: Bread Mold,Peronospore•Bread mold produces spores in sporangia that stick up above the bread
Main Types of Fungi:1.Zygomycota/Common molds
Spraying with blue vitriol
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The Fungi Kingdom
2. Sac Fungi - produce spores in sac-like structures
Eg: yeasts,cup fungi,powdery mildews,Penicillinum
Types of Fungi
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2. Sac fungi (Ascomycotes)Unicellular,
reproduces by budding
Sir Alexander Flemming-penicillin
Ergot
Morels
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3. Phylum Basidiomycota – Club Fungi• Gets name from specialized reproduction structure resembling a
club, called basidium – found on the underside of mushroom cap in the gills
• One mushroom may produce 1 billion spores• Some are edible, some are toxic• Examples: Mushrooms, toadstools• Most elaborate life cycle of all the fungi
button
/or cup
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The Fungi KingdomWhat are we looking at when we
see a… fungus-among-us?
The ‘living’ body of the fungus is a mycelium
The part of the fungus that we see is only the “fruit” of the organism
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The Fungi Kingdom•the structure of the fungi that you can see,
is the part that carries out reproduction•most fungi reproduce by using spores
Reproduction is classified according to:
•fungi spores are microscopicEX: Mushrooms & puffballs release large clouds of spores. Each cloud contains millions of spores
Fungi Reproduction:
1) the way they form the spores2) the shape of the structure in which spores are made
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3. Club fungi (Basidiomycetes)
Earth stars Brackets
Puffballs
Jack-o’-lantern
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3. Club fungi (Basidiomycetes)Toadstool
Eg: Death capChampignon
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Importance of fungi
-many of them live in mutualism with the roots of trees.They can substitute root hairs as in the case of pine trees.-they can be decomposers
-they can cause diseases to plants, to animals or even humans-they can be edible or poisonous-they can be useful for alimentary,distilling and pharmaceuticalindustry
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Lichens
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* Lichens are dual organisms, so they are difficult to place in a classification* They represent symbiotic (mutualistic) relationships between fungi and green algae, fungi and cyanobacteria, or fungi and both* The fungus is the dominant physical component of the lichen thallus, and lichens are usually classified with the fungi* Nevertheless, the association appears to have originated through fungi parasitizing algae and/or cyanobacteria
Where do lichens belong in the classification of living organisms?
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Human Uses of Lichens•Brown, purple and red fabric dyes (e.g. Scottish tweeds and tartans)* Part of the daily diet, e.g. Lecanora esculenta (“manna”?) in Iran, flour from Cetraria islandica (Iceland moss) in Scandinavian ship’s biscuits, Inuit “nirukkaq” - partly digested lichens from caribou & muskox stomachs in winter* Commercial production of sugar in Russia, WWII* ‘Iwatake (Umbilicaria esculanta) as delicacy in Japan•More uses of lichens - medicine, embalming and perfumery Many lichen extracts are inhibitory to the growth of Gram-positive bacteria* Some are also effective against Mycobacterium tuberculosus
* Oakmoss (Evernia prunastri) and Treemoss (Pseudoevernia furfuracea) are used in Europe to make fixatives for perfumes and soaps.* The antibiotic properties of lichens were exploited by the ancient Egyptians in their embalming procedures
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Lichens
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Special characteristics of lichens
-they are pioneers-they produce acid to dissolve rocks-they don’t tolerate sulphur-dioxide in the air-as they die massively in case of air pollution, they are indicators of it.