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Transcript of The fundamental Factors In Management Of Technology Provided By: Mina Eghtedarian Adviser:...
The fundamental Factors In
Management Of Technology
Provided By: Mina EghtedarianAdviser: Dr.Momeni
IndexChapterPageChapterPageChapterPage
The Creativity Factor3Innovation – Main Skills13Changing management23
Invention4Becoming More Creative14Forces of change24
Innovation5Technology and Price15Managing positive change25
Science And Technology6Bringing Innovation to Market
16Managing Resistance to Change26
What is the real situation?7Time and technology17Changing process28
Extent of Innovation8Innovation In Business18Change Strategies29
Modality of Innovation9Productivity19What Really Works30
Other Dimensions of Innovation10Effectiveness20Pioneers vs. Followers31
7 Factors Of Innovation Impulses
11Competitiveness21being Pioneer in innovation32
Variables Of Innovation12Why we should change?22Case Study33
3
The Creativity Factor
Technology is an expression of human creativity. Managing technology involves continuous effort in
creating technology, developing novel products and services , and successfully marketing them.
This requires great creativity along with a system designed to exploit it.
Management of technology the key to competitiveness and wealth creation, Tarek Khalil 3
4
Invention
Is either a concept or the creation of a novel technology.
Invention occur as a result of human ingenuity and imagination. They occur only sporadically, by chance or through trial and error to satisfy a need.
In modern times most inventions have followed scientific discoveries.
Management of technology the key to competitiveness and wealth creation, Tarek Khalil 4
5
Innovation Involves the creation of a product, service, or
process that is new to an organization. (Aiken & Hage ,1979)
An innovation may be a change in industrial practice, which improves productivity. (Shompter,1928)
The innovation process involves integration of existing technology and inventions to create a new or improved product, process, or system. (Jain&Triandis,1990)
• Innovation = Invention + exploitation (Ettlie)
Management of technology the key to competitiveness and wealth creation, Tarek Khalil 5
6
Science And Technology
www.stconsultant.blogspot.com 6
Science & Technology Improvement
Time 19 century
Science
Technology
7
What is the real situation?• Booz Allen Hamilton Global
Innovation 1,000 Study 2006:– Innovation can lead to higher
performance, but the process isn’t automatic and it does not necessarily require above average levels of investment.
– The most successful companies combine an integrated process and a supportive culture to create a sustainable competitive advantage
– Money simply cannot buy effective innovation.
– Less than 10% of companies are Innovators ,but in having a very good innovation management system
• Innovation Network Survey, fall 2004 [same result from 2005], new innovation leaders in medium to large companies:
– 71% said they had no metrics for their position
– 60% of them have innovation as part of their mission/job objectives
– 68% have no well defined innovation process within their company
– 54% have no working definition of innovation
Source: Dr.V.S.R.Krishnaiah, Sr.Technical Director, NIC
88
Radical innovation :occurs when major improvements are made to a product.
Incremental innovation :occurs when small improvements are made to a product, or the processes used in manufacturing a product.
Routine innovation :occurs when the innovation is new for organization but is similar to old technology.
Management of technology the key to competitiveness and wealth creation, Tarek Khalil 8
Extent of Innovation
9
Modality of Innovationthe ‘4Ps’ of innovation
Product innovation: changes in the things (products or services) which an organization offers
Process innovation: changes in the ways in which they are created an delivered
Position innovation: changes in the context in which the product or services are introduced (Packaging Innovation ,Design innovation)
Paradigm innovation: changes in the underlying mental modes which frame what an organization does (Brand Innovation , Value Innovation)
http://www.smeir.ir.
11
7 Factors Of Innovation Impulses
INTERNAL I. Unexpected event
II. Contradiction
III. Change of work process
IV. Change in the structure of industry or market
EXTERNALV. Demographic changes
VI. Changes in the world view
VII. New knowledge
http://www.slideworld.com http://www.slideworld.com
12
Structural Variables– Adopt an organic structure– Make available plentiful
resources– Engage in frequent inter
unit communication– Provide explicit support
for creativity– Management Commitment
Cultural Variables– Accept ambiguity– Have low external controls– Tolerate risk taking– Tolerate conflict– Focus on ends rather than
means
Human Resource Variables
– Actively promote training and development to keep employees’ skills current.
– Offer high job security to encourage risk taking.
– Encourage individual to be “champions” of change.
Variables Of Innovation
http://www.citeHR.com
13
Innovation – Main Skills Association: it is a cognitive skills that
allows creative people to make connections between questions, problems and ideas.
Questioning: it is an ability to ask: “What if”, “why” and “why not” and challenge the answers.
Close observe details: particularly the details of people’s behavior.
The ability to experimenting. Conceptual fluency The ability to generating new idea.
http://www.slideworld.com
14
Becoming More Creative
• Think of yourself as creative• Pay attention to your intuition• Move away from your comfort zone• Engage in activities that put you outside your comfort zone• Find several right answers• Believe in finding a workable solution• Brainstorm with others
15
Technology and Price
Organization knowledge
Customer knowledge
Time
Distance
Technologic Distance
Management of technology the key to competitiveness and wealth creation, Tarek Khalil 15
16
Bringing Innovation to Market
Buying or ignoring the innovation
Management of technology the key to competitiveness and wealth creation, Tarek Khalil 16
InventionInvention
InnovationInnovationScientificDiscoveryScientificDiscovery
MarketMarket
Has no instantaneous
Commercial value
Adoptinginvention
IF ONE DESIRES A CHANGE, ONE MUST BE THAT CHANGE BEFORE THAT CHANGE CAN TAKE PLACE
17
Time and technologyCase study
I.OsborneII.IBMIII.Microsoft
Management of technology the key to competitiveness and wealth creation, Tarek Khalil 17
“CHANGE IS UNIVERSAL…CHANGE IS PERMANENT….BE EVER WILLING TO CHANGE…..FOR, CHANGE ALONE LEADS YOU TO SUCCESS AND HAPPINESS!!!
18
Innovation In Business
Innovation may be linked to:Performance growth through improvements in efficiency, productivity, quality, competitive positioning, market share, etc.
19
Productivity
Productivity = ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ = $/hour worked
On a national level, productivity is a very important factor in raising the standard of living.
Standard of living is often associated with a population’s per capita income.
Per capita income = ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ = $/person
Management of technology the key to competitiveness and wealth creation, Tarek Khalil 19
Output (GDP)
Input (total hours worked)
GDP
Total population
20
Effectiveness
Implies the ability to achieve desired goals. Is about producing or being capable of
producing results.
Management of technology the key to competitiveness and wealth creation, Tarek Khalil 20
21
Competitiveness
Indicates the standing of a country or a company in relation to a known group.
The competitiveness of a company compares the firm’s output to the outputs of its competitors and indicates its standing in the marketplace.
A company is competitive when it maintains a profitable status while producing a product or service that meets the tests of the marketplace.
Management of technology the key to competitiveness and wealth creation, Tarek Khalil 21
22
Trade/1950
Research/1960
Mail/1970
Phone calls/1980
Sms/2001
Email/1994
Why we should change?
22
The world is changing very fast. Big will not beat small any more . It is now be the fast beating the slow.
Michael Jackson, Seminar , Ahwaz
2011
23
What are your feelings about change? People have a natural resistance to change People get bored with routine and seek out new
experiences Can we be both at the same time?
Change Management
23http://www.slideworld.com
CHANGE IS THE ONLY THING THAT WILL NEVER CHANGE. SO BETTER ADAPT TO IT.
24
Forces of change
External External Forces Forces
of of ChangeChange
Internal Internal Forces Forces
of of ChangeChange
CompetitionCompetition
GovernmentGovernmentProgramsPrograms
EconomicEconomicConditionsConditions
TechnologyTechnology Employee Employee attitudesattitudes
New New equipmentequipment
Workforce Workforce changeschanges
Change in Change in organizationorganization
24http://www.slideworld.com
DO NOT ALLOW ROUTINES TO BECOME CHAINS!
25
Managing positive change
Announce Change
Surprise
Anger
FearDisappointmen
t
Denied
doubt
Trial
Acceptance
Commitment
Belief
Progress
Adapt
Intended Result
Ac
ce
pta
nc
e Of
Ch
an
ge
Time
I don’t understand the changes but am
confident of the current situation
I have someinformation and
have strong doubts
I have more details of how the changes will
affect me and still have some concerns
I have lots of details of how I’ll be working differently and feel
much more confident
25Michael Jackson, Seminar , Ahwaz
It’s your choice
26
Managing Resistance to Change
Why People Resist Change?– The ambiguity and uncertainty
– The comfort of old habits
– A concern over personal loss of status, money, authority, friendships.
– The perception that change is incompatible with the goals and interest of the organization
– Fear of Personal Loss
– Lack of Faith in Change
26http://www.slideworld.com
KEEP RENEWING YOURSELF
27
Techniques for
Reducing Resistance
Education and Communication
Participation
Negotiation
Facilitation and Support
Coercion
Managing Resistance to Change
http://www.slideworld.com
Do Your Best And Leave The Rest ….!
28Unfreezing Changing Refreezing
Lewin’s Three-Step Process
Changing process
28http://www.slideworld.com
SURROUND YOURSELF WITH PEOPLE WHO ARE OPEN TO CHANGE…!
29
4 change Strategies
StructureAuthority
CoordinationCentralization
PeopleAttitudes
ExpectationsBehavior
TechnologyProcessesMethods
Equipment
Change Strategies
ProductNew productsNew services
29http://www.slideworld.com
ANTICIPATE CHANGE EVEN WHEN THINGS ARE GOING RIGHT!
30
What Really Works
Changing the Work Setting 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
probability of success 55%
Changing Organizational Performance
probability of success 57%
Changing Individual Behavior
probability of success 76%
Change the Work Setting or Change the People?
10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
30http://www.slideworld.com
RESPECT YOURSELF. THE WORLD WILL REWARD YOU ON YOUR SUCCESSES.
31
Pioneers vs. Followers
Classification of organization Pioneers Followers laggards
Management of technology the key to competitiveness and wealth creation, Tarek Khalil 31
Innovation does not happen by itself, It is the result of hard work, well planned , Executed and is no happening (Drucker, 1985)
32
being Pioneer in innovation
AdvantageDisadvantage
I. Well known brand
II. Promote marketing position
III. Standardization
IV. Earlier learning curve
V. Support barriers
VI. High benefit
VII. Customer loyality
VIII. Appropriate responses
I. High cost of research & marketing & experiment& final design.
II. High cost of keeping pioneer.
III. High cost of change and redesigning technology.
IV. Ambiguity of market reaction.
V. Base of competition.
Management of technology the key to competitiveness and wealth creation, Tarek Khalil 32
NEVER CHANGE YOUR CORE VALUES
33
Case StudyResult of innovation process
2• IBM• Matsushita(VHS)• Seiko
1• Pilkington(Float Glass)• Searl(Nutra Sweet)• Du Pont
4• Kodak• Northrup• DEC
3• RC Cola• EMI• Xerox• Bawmar• DeHavilland
Management of technology the key to competitiveness and wealth creation, Tarek Khalil
PioneersFollowers
Successfully
fail
33
WE MUST REMEMBER THAT SUCCEEDING IN A CHANGING WORLD IS BEYOND JUST SURVIVING
3434
Answers and
Questions