THE FREYSSINET GROUP MAGAZINE

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2006

HANDLINGA HEAVYWEIGHT SOLUTION FOR LIFTING

REALIZATIONS PENANG BRIDGE: STAY CABLEREPLACEMENT WITHOUT INTERRUPTING SERVICE

COMPANY SPAIN: FIRM FOUNDATIONS FOR OVER 30 YEARS

HISTORY TECHSPAN ARCHES

SUSTAINABLE TECHNOLOGY

THE FREYSSINET GROUP MAGAZINE&StructuresSoils

P A N O R A M A

CONTENTS

2 Soils & Structures Second half of 2006

State-of-the-art stay cables in AstanaKazakhstan. Freyssinet has just completed the installation of 56 stay cables onthe arch bridge in Astana, the new State capital. This 150 m long and 50 m widestructure (with 6 lanes) uses the H1000 system, the latest generation ofFreyssinet small unit stay cables.

Completion and start-upMorocco. On the Casablanca-El Jadida motorway, work on the bridge over the Oum er Rebia iscoming to an end. Acting as SGTM’s sub-contractor for the construction of this 400 m longstructure with two separate decks, Freyssinet designed and supplied the mobile rigs and pre-stressing anchors, and supplied and installed the reinforced neoprene bearings (1 x 1 m) andthe expansion joints (Cipec WP 400). The company also provided technical support with theprestressing installation.Further south, between Marrakech and Agadir, the company has also begun the prestressing ofthree two-deck motorway viaducts. A total of 272 tonnes of prestressing steel will be installedbetween now and the end of 2007 on the 152 beams that make up these structures.

PANORAMAIN BRIEF 2

WIDE ANGLEA VERY PROMINENT SITE 6

REPORTHANDLINGa heavyweight solutionfor lifting 8

REALIZATIONSMOTORWAY TUNNELS AND HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES(SOUTH KOREA) 14

RUGELEY BRIDGE(UNITED KINGDOM) 16

FORT LAUDERDALE VIADUCT(UNITED STATES) 17

AMPANG RIVER RETAINING WALLS(MALAYSIA) 18

ESCALERITAS BRIDGE (CANARIES) 19

QUERÉTARO BRIDGE (MEXICO) 20

CA MAU POWER PLANT(VIETNAM) 21

PENANG BRIDGE (MALAYSIA) 22

TIDAL BASIN BRIDGES(UNITED STATES) 24

MARQUETTE INTERCHANGE(UNITED STATES) 25

WEEKHAWKEN TOWN HOUSES 26(UNITED STATES)

MADRID RING ROAD 28(SPAIN)

BONNY ISLAND LNG TANK 29(NIGERIA)

ARRÊT-DARRÉ VIADUCT 29(FRANCE)

THIRD MEKONG RIVER BRIDGE 29(LAOS)

STYLO MATCHMAKER BUILDING 30(UNITED KINGDOM)

REMEDIATION OF THE MAYFIELD SITE 30(AUSTRALIA)

OUR PROFESSIONADDITIONAL PRESTRESSING 31

COMPANYFREYSSINET SPAIN 32

HISTORYTECHSPAN ARCHES 34

PANORAMA

53,000 m2 of prestressedconcrete floors in South-East Asia

Jet-grouting in the city centreFrance. In the heart of the

city of Lyon, Ménard Soltraitement

has realized a jet-grouting wall

made up of 20 reinforced

secant columns 6 to 8 m deep,

to enable the construction of an

access road to the subway for fire

services.

Singapore.Between October andDecember 2006, the singapo-rian Freyssinet’s subsidiary,PSC Freyssinet (S) Pte Ltd,supplied and installed theprestressing (350 tonnes) forthe 53,000 m2 of concretefloors in the Cendex Centre, avast service-sector complexcomprising 16 floors and238 offices with car parkingfacilities under constructionalong the Lower Delta Road.

6+ PLAN: A NEW DIMENSION

Freyssinet, ReinforcedEarth and Ménard arenow the three main

Group brands under whichour teams operate in thebusiness areas of structuresand soils.Overall growth in 2006 wasin excess of 20%, buoyed bythe favourable climate inour markets.Our growth was pleasinglyeven across the two busi-ness areas, the three brandsand our geographical area,with projects or operationsin over 100 countries.This amazing vitality isabove all due to the trustthat our clients place in us.We have to be worthy of thattrust at all times, bringingcare, reliability and excel-lence in the quality of theservice that we provide, inthe implementation of ourtechniques, and in theapproachability and organi-sation of our teams.That was the thrust of our 4-5-6 plan, which came to anend in 2006. We are nowlaunching the 6+ plan, whichtakes up where it left off.We will be continuing with,and further strengthening,our work in research anddevelopment, innova-tion and marketing, andmore generally, anyactivity that con-

tributes to maintaining ourclients’ trust and breakinginto new markets. We willalso be adding an additionaldimension.This dimension takes intoaccount all of the parame-ters of sustainable develop-ment, to which the com-pany is committed. We wantto lead by example, con-tributing to sustainability bydeveloping techniques thatconserve natural resourcesand limit CO2 emissions andimplementing behavioursand practices that meetthese aims.“Sustainable Technology” isour new motto. �

Bruno DupetyChairman of Freyssinet

P A N O R A M A

Six months of consolidationFrance. Between Lyon and Valence, on the Tricastin uranium

enrichment site, soil improvement works on the Georges-Besse

II plant were completed by Ménard last August after six months

of works. The consolidation of ground below platform, made of

clay and silt, required the installation of 30,000 lm of stone

columns and 30,000 lm of vibrofloated columns.

12,500 m2 of Freyssisol wallsCroatia. On the Dugopolje-Bisko section of the motorwaynetwork that will ultimately link Zagreb, Split and Dubrovnik,Terre Armée has been working as a subcontractor to Viaduktd.d. on the construction of two very high Freyssisol retainingwalls. The company designed the walls, assisted with theassembly and supplied the materials and equipment. Thestructures are situated in Ercegovci and were completedmidway through 2006, the first wall (2,500 m2) is 17 m highand the second, under construction in Strikici, is a 10,000 m2

stepped wall, 27.50 m high at its highest point.

Arch bridge over the DanubeHungary. As part of a vast Hungarian motorway network devel-opment programme, a new bridge is under construction overthe Danube at Dunaujvaros, 70 km from Budapest. This 6-lane,312 m long, 36 m wide structure is situated on the M8 motor-way. It is supported by a 48 m high arch, anchored to which are48 hangers supplied and installed by Pannon Freyssinet, in con-junction with the Freyssinet structures division. The cables areprotected by steel HDPE sheathing.

7,240 tonnesof prestressingAzerbaijan. In Baku, Freyssinet’s Turkish subsidiary, Freysas,

was involved in the construction of a 339 m long structure,

for which it supplied and installed the prestressing. Situated

at the Ayna-Sultanova crossroads, a total of 7,240 tonnes of

prestressing steel has been installed on the bridge.


PANORAMA

Another grand prize for CohestrandMonaco. After winning the Grand Prize at the VINCI Innovation Awards inDecember 2005, Freyssinet’s Cohestrand strand has been awarded theGrand Prize at the European Innovation Awards. Created in 1994, the prizeaims to promote European industry and applied research and recognisesthe work of independent researchers, universities and companies in Europe.Developed by Freyssinet’s researchers, the Cohestrand strand (which has alifetime of over 100 years) solves durability problems in main cables of sus-pended structures.It was used for the main cables and hangers on the Kanne suspensionbridge in Belgium.

United Arab Emirates. In October 2006, Ménard

Soltraitement began the treatment of a 95,000 m2

platform on the side of a lake for the Gulf Hotel project,

in the emirate of Abu Dhabi. This will be the site

of a future development of man-made hills on which

100 chalets will be built. Two techniques, dynamic

compaction and dynamic replacement, are used.

Summer workFrance. Last July and August saw the continuation of the strengthening andrepair work on the arch of the RER line C tunnel between the Gare d'Auster-litz and Quai d'Orsay stations. Carried out by a consortium of companies,including Freyssinet, this work involves the use of two complementarytechniques, grouting and shotcrete, implemented in alternate years. Workthis year concentrated on the section between the Austerlitz and Invalidesstations. Scheduled completion is 2008.

95,000 m2 ofimproved soil

A new subsidiary in Asia

India. On Wednesday 22 November 2006, theGroup strengthened its Reinforced Earth busi-ness in India through external growth. The newsubsidiary, called Reinforced Earth India Pvt.Ltd., is managed by Somnath Biswas and has60 employees spread between its head office inDelhi and three regional offices situated in Bom-bay (Mumbai), Bangalore and Calcutta (Kolkata).The company provides all the solutions devel-oped by Reinforced Earth in terms of MSE andTechSpan precast arches. Contact: www.reinforcedearthindia.com

From right to left: Sean O’Reagain of the European Commission, IvicaZivanovic, Freyssinet, Michel Vieillefosse, secretary general of Euréka!

A first in EuropeLatvia. In Riga, where the Western Dvina flows into

the Baltic, Freyssinet is involved in the construction

of a 6-tower cable stayed bridge, the first in Europe

to use the deviation saddle/cohesive strand

combination (patented by Freyssinet under the

name Cohestrand), which was used in Malaysia for

the Sungai Muar Bridge (2003). After installing the

temporary cables for the launching of the deck,

Freyssinet will begin the installation of the

permanent stay cables at the beginning of 2007,

using 110,000 m of Cohestrand, 48 37HD15

anchors and 2,800 m of orange sheathing.

Second half of 2006 Soils & Structures 5

On the banks of the Hudson, facing Manhattan,

where a luxury residential complex is to be built,

DGI Menard used a crane of phenomenal

dimensions to install 2,100 controlled modulus

columns 21 to 30 m deep (see pages 26-27).

A veryprominent site

W I D E A N G L E


R E P O R T H A N D L I N G

High-capacity jacks are used inlifting and for any type of slidingor launching operation (sinkingin this case), regardless of thestructure (overview p. 9).


DOSSIER

Two years after Freyssinet’s acquisition of Hebetec, thegreen jacks of Hindelbank have appeared on many of theGroup’s sites, confirming its position as one of the leadingglobal players in lifting technologies. The specialty hasstrengthened its operational capability in installing andhandling structures and given rise to new offers.

A HEAVYWEIGHT SOLUTIONFOR LIFTING

“Unlike prestressing jacks, lifting jacks must ‘swallow’kilometres of cable.”

A few kilometres east of Berne,Hindelbank, the home of

Hebetec, is every inch a large ruralvillage with its chalets and views ofmeadows where cowbells chime.The imposing gold clock on the vil-lage’s clock tower may remind usthat we’re in Switzerland, but it alsosuggests that despite appearances,time has not stood still here. This isimmediately confirmed by our con-versation with Hans Hofstetter,managing director of Hebetec, whenhe sums up the company’s businessand journey to this point: “Hebetec,a heavy lifting specialist, was formedin 1995 by five people, three ofwhom (Daniel Schäuble, technicaldirector, Ueli Jakob, director of liftingactivities and vice-chairman, andmyself) are still with the company.The company now has a workforceof 25, 16 of whom are operators,and sales have increased constantlysince its creation by approximatelyone million Swiss Francs each year.Active in industry and in publicworks, the company has is repre-sented on all four continents and,

since 2000, has been developing twonew processes to strengthen andexpand its offer: the APS (AirPad-transport-System) and Megasteelsystems. “Obviously”, continuesHans Hofstetter, “Hebetec did notstart from scratch. Lifting is a veryhigh-risk business in which every-

thing rests on expertise and equip-ment, particularly the jacks, themanufacture and use of whichrequire exceptional technical skills.”

A dual anchoring system

The science of jacks and their asso-ciated equipment (anchor blocks,

wedges, hydraulic systems) istherefore central to the company’sexpertise. “Unlike prestressingjacks designed for strand tension-ing, lifting jacks must ‘swallow’kilometres of cable,” explainsDaniel Schäuble. “To lift a load overseveral meters, sometimes evenseveral tens of meters, these toolsmust have a dual anchoring sys-tem, one fixed and attached to themachine frame, the other attachedto the piston, each taking up theload as the piston moves.” At theheart of the system, the wedges arecrucial elements that must alter-nately, without fail, lock or allowthe cables to run free. The manu-facturing specifications of � �

Installation of a railway bridge in Saint-Rémy (Saône-et-Loire) by jack-assisted Autofonçage®.



Removal of shoring: the science of static lifting

Less spectacular than lifting, the removal of shoring, like at the

end of the first construction phase of the Princesse Letizia con-

ference centre in Oviedo (principality of Asturias) last spring,

requires just as much expertise and technical skill. Designed by

engineer and architect Santiago Calatrava, this 36,000 m2 com-

plex built on the site of a former football ground, which also

includes administrative buildings for the regional government, a

144-room hotel and a car park with space for 1,800 cars, is sup-

ported by a horizontal U-shaped structure, the three sides of

which are made up of six 24 m high metal delta sections, on

which the load-bearing slab sits. “When the structure was being

built, before the installation of the slab, the overhanging parts

were supported by 14 shoring towers 16 to 22 m in height, which

had to be removed after the welding work was complete,”

explains Carlos Perez Rodriguez, Freyssinet methods engineer

and works manager. Since the loads taken up by each tower dif-

fered, Freyssinet installed 96 hydraulic jacks at the top of the

shoring and under the structure, with a unit capacity of between

90 and 250 tonnes. Each tower was equipped with an individual

hydraulic circuit so that the operation could be adapted to the

deformations of the structure.

Thanks to an 18-channel LAO (computer aided lifting) system

with centralized control, the shoring system could be removed

gradually, with real-time control of the loads on the jacks and the

deformations of the structure. The operation consisted firstly of

loading the jacks and then of lowering them to free the shoring,

thus enabling the principal structure to take its own weight again.

“To the great satisfaction of the architect and the client,” says

Carlos Perez Rodriquez, “this system, in collaboration with

Freyssinet France, enabled us to unload the jacks and remove all

the towers in just one day, 15 March 2006.”

PARTICIPANTS•Owner: municipality of Oviedo • Project manager:Fiaga SA• Architect: Santiago Calatrava SA• Specialist contractors:Freyssinet SA and Freyssinet France.

these components are there-fore extremely stringent, both interms of the dimensional toler-ances and the material composi-tion, which are kept secret. “Thepatented Hebetec wedge has beentested by the Swiss inspectionagency TÜV and each batch isdelivered by the manufacturer withcertificates of conformity (materi-als, inspections, etc.),” emphasisesDaniel Schäuble.

Design, maintenance, and on-site work

The quality requirements in termsof equipment extend directly tohuman skills: in 1995, the operatorswere none other than the founders,who worked in the office to coversales duties and produce designsfor projects, in the workshop toprepare and service the equip-ment, and on site. Eleven yearslater, people remain at the fore-front of Hebetec, which pridesitself on their professionalismborne of skill and care. With nospecific training and very variedcareers - some have come fromearthworking activities, othersfrom automotive mechanics, etc. -what they all have in common istheir knowledge and passion formachines and their flexibility, aslifting is an industry that involves alot of travel. “One operator was inSouth Korea for a site installation,and recently went to superviseanother installation in Spain beforereturning to Korea for the opera-tional phase,” recounts Beat Joss,project manager at Hebetec. Thisparticularity, along with the natureof the work, which almost alwaysinvolves spectacular projects, is anattractive feature of the businessand an important motivating fac-

tor for the guys. “We place moretrust in the men than themachines,” continues Beat Joss,“because the essential part of lift-ing is to keep control under all cir-cumstances.” Regardless of thenumber of jacks used and the sizeof the structure to be lifted, theoperators’ primary control toolsare still the hydraulic system pres-sure gauges, the laser systems usedto monitor the operation and…vigilance at all times.

Standard stroke and fullreconditioning

This approach, which inextricablylinks knowledge of the tools and aclear understanding by the opera-tors of their responsibilities, istaken a long way at Hebetec. Thenumber of units used is intention-ally limited so that everyone knowsthem inside out, and they all com-ply with identical standards. With acapacity of 10, 40, 70, 140, 200, 400or 600 tonnes, all of the Hebetecjacks are the same height and havethe same stroke, so that they can beused in series and controlled by thesame control station. As a logical consequence of manworking so closely with machine,the greatest care and attention isalways given to Hebetec tools. Ontheir return to the workshop, all ofthe machines are completely dismantled, cleaned, possiblyrepaired, tested and repainted ifnecessary, “so that they functionimpeccably on the next site andout of respect for the customer’strust in us,” says Beat Joss,“because heavy lifting is never arun-of-the-mill operation.” Initially working in Europe, mainlyGermany, on power station con-struction sites where 4,600

“The spectacular nature of the work is an attractive featureof the business and a motivating factor for young people.”

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DOSSIER

1. With its APS (Air Pad-transport-System), Hebetec moves ships weigh-ing over 20,000 tonnes on the shipyards of South Korea. Built on dryland, the ships are moved over several tens of meters to the launchbarge.2. Using 140 units, each with a unit capacity of 250 tonnes, the APS sys-tem used on shipyards uses the air cushion principle.3. At Brisbane airport at the end of 2004, Australian subsidiary AustressFreyssinet, in collaboration with Hebetec, lifted a 3,000 tonne roof forthe largest airport hanger in Australia.4. On the Centennial Bridge that joins the two banks of the PanamaCanal, Freyssinet lifted the mobile rigs (390 tonnes) to a height of 70 musing 180-tonne capacity strand jacks.

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REPORT



1,300 tonnes of concrete onan air cushion

On 19 and 20 August 2006, Forges-les-Eaux, a small commune

in Seine-Maritime (France), struck level crossing 24 on the Saint-

Roch – Darnétal line from its map and constructed an underpass

on the RD195. This sliding operation was a first. The APS air

cushion method developed by Hebetec for shipyards was used for

the first time on a public works project. Unlike the structures nor-

mally installed by Autoripage®, this project involved a

1,300 tonne π-shaped bridge (without raft). The structure first of

all had to be shored using approximately 70 tonnes of Megasteel

elements so that the entire load, and particularly that of the abut-

ments, was taken up by the APS units. The eight units, with a unit

capacity of 380 tonnes, were arranged in two lines on two accu-

rately positioned 45 m stringers serving as guide rails. Thus pre-

pared, the structure was installed by a 3-person team at a speed

of 20 m/hr and with a friction coefficient of less than 1%. “As an

addition to sliding on bentonite,” says Jean-Luc Bringer, “this

method means that Freyssinet now has a broader range of

resources for numerous structures with all kinds of configura-

tion.”

PARTICIPANTS•Owner: RFF•Project manager: SNCF.Contractor: DG Construction • Slide rails and air pad sliding:Freyssinet/Hebetec (design, methods and execution).

tonne structures had to belifted, the men from Hebetec andtheir green jacks have diversifiedtheir activities and extended theirgeographical remit by working onoff-shore and public works projects(nuclear power stations, tunnelcaissons, civil engineering struc-tures, etc.) in Asia and then in Aus-tralia from 1999, on projects involv-ing handling and sliding, calling forthe adaptation of methods. At the same time, the company wasfaced with new requirements, par-ticularly for structures. As a natural

addition to lifting tools, Hebetecneeded to be able to offer clientsturnkey solutions that did not meanthat they had to manage several dif-ferent suppliers. Thus, 2000 saw theemergence of the Megasteel pro-files, a “lego system” based on theuse of four profile types with acapacity of 150 to 2,000 kN and rig-orously standardized dimensions,for all types of shoring or lifting tow-ers. In 2006, a shoring system of thiskind, consisting of 200 tonnes ofprofiles carried by 40 trucks to Aus-tria, was used to install 80 jacks and

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1. In 2005, Freyssinet lifted the three back spans(2,000 tonnes) of the Shenzhen Western Corridor, a3.8 km viaduct linking Hong Kong and China, as wellas the segments of the main span (250 tonnes). Eachoperation took eight state-of-the-art automatic strandjacks with a unit capacity of 300 tonnes.2. To lift the roof of the Swiss Campione casino(1,100 tonnes) to a height of 30 m, Freyssinet develo-ped a linear winch system with cables controlled by amonitoring system allowing for automatic lifting.Movements were controlled by laser sensors.3. Begun in 2003, the Plock bridge is the largestcable-stayed structure in Poland. In addition to instal-ling the stay cables, Freyssinet’s Polish subsidiaryalso lifted the approach spans (600 tonnes) using alifting frame and hydraulic jacks, and lifted the seg-ments for the central span. The segments werebrought by river and hoisted into position using a sys-tem of cables and hydraulic jacks with a total capa-city of 4,710 kN.


REPORT

Commenting on the mergerbetween Freyssinet and Hebetec

in October 2004, Jean-Luc Bringer,director of the Freyssinet SCCM(Centralised Cables and HandlingDepartment) believes that “forFreyssinet, the incorporation ofHebetec provides access to a greatdeal of equipment and fantasticexpertise. Reciprocally, new marketsare opening up for Hebetec thanksto the Group’s network.”Beyond these mutual opportunities,the merger has in particular enabledFreyssinet, with resources equal torequirements (and its ambitions), todevelop a specialty inextricablylinked to its activities, whether thisbe methods for installing new struc-tures (launching, pushing, etc.) orhandling methods for repair pur-poses. “As with prestressing, heavylifting uses high-capacity jacks and

cables. It constitutes a significantpart of our traditional business, anda skill that we must maintain, con-solidate and internationalize.” Hebetec thus completes the teamsand equipment of Freyssinet,which, having been at the verybeginnings of cable-based lifting atthe end of the 1970s, has com-pleted brilliant projects such as lift-ing the roof of the Campionecasino (1,100 tonnes) in Switzer-land in 2004 and the three spans(2,000 tonnes) of the ShenzhenWestern Corridor between Chinaand Hong Kong in 2005.

A method with a bright future

The objective for Freyssinet is to cre-ate the best offerings by playing onthe synergies between the differentcomponents. This is notably the casefor sliding civil engineering struc-

AN EXTENSION TO THE PRESTRESSINGBUSINESS TO MAINTAIN, CONSOLIDATEAND INTERNATIONALIZE

tures, a technique combining theskills of Hebetec for the equipmentand even Advitam (a VINCI sub-sidiary) for the positioning of controlinstruments. In 2006, some fifteenoperations of this type took place,the pilot being the Forges-les Eauxproject, in which the HebetecMegasteel and APS systems wereused. “This method, which enabledus to install, in only a few hours, aprecast railway structure in immedi-ate proximity to the structure to bereplaced, thereby keeping traffic dis-ruption to a minimum, has a brightfuture,” believes Jean-Luc Bringer.“Seven or eight new operations havealready been planned for 2007. WithHebetec’s contribution, we will beable to extend our solutions to newclients and work towards makingthem internationally available viaour network of subsidiaries.” �

lift the roof of Salzburg football sta-dium, a 140 x 180 m structureweighing 2,100 tonnes, 11 m.

22,000 tonnes of steel andconcrete on an air cushion

Developed more recently for slidingoperations, the patented APS (AirPad-transport-System) method wasused to spectacular effect in the FarEastern shipbuilding industry,before being successfully adapted,on Freyssinet’s initiative, for theinstallation by sliding of a civil engi-neering structure at Forges-les-Eaux,in Seine-Maritime (see box p. 12).Two units with a capacity of 250 and380 tonnes are used in this applica-tion, which requires no anchorblocks, wedges or cables. Theobjective is to raise rather than lift aload to move it transversally using

an air cushion to bring the frictioncoefficient down to a very low value(0.5%). Each APS unit lies on a sortof air pad. A dual hydraulic andpneumatic system ensures theoperation of the system, the firstdeploying the jack arms so that sup-porting structure (the blocks) takesup the load, while the second gen-erates an air cushion by injectingnitrogen into the jack ring at 35bars. In 2004 at a shipyard in SouthKorea, a 22,000 tonne tanker wasmoved over 91 m from the con-struction site on dry land to thelaunch barge, by installing 140 250-tonne units set out in four lines(push and pull units). This solutionis doubly economical, as it freesshipbuilders from the constraint ofhaving dry docks, rendering theircostly construction unnecessary; it

has since been used for sometwenty ships built by Hyundai andis now being used in China.In the workshop leading adjacentto the offices, where the smell ofhot oil fills the air, the visit endswith a quick inventory of the tools,some of which, currently gleaming,have returned from French sites.The use of the Swiss equipment,hired by Freyssinet to expand itslifting and handling business, isone of the results of the merger thattook place two years ago. “It doesn’tstop there,” continues Beat Joss,“since new contacts are enteredinto every two to three weeks withentities of the Group, and arebehind operations in Thailand,Turkey (with Freyssinet Interna-tional) and Australia and numer-ous new design projects.” �


R E A L I Z A T I O N S


T HE CROSSING A MOUNTAIN-OUS REGION in the centre of

the country and the environmentalintegration of the future structureled the owner of the new Cheong-won-Sangju motorway to opt forcut-and-cover tunnels. The design

SOILS/MOTORWAY TUNNELS AND HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES

TechSpan arches enter South Korea in force

To meet the challenges of its first TechSpan archprojects (three ambitious orders constituting atotal length of more than 2,000 m), Freyssinet

Korea (South Korea) found support in the expertise of itsAustralian sister company Reinforced Earth.

and construction of two double tun-nels, called Naeseo 1 and Whaseo 2after two nearby towns, has beenentrusted to Freyssinet Korea, in itsfirst contract for TechSpan arches.Before work started, and to ensureits best chance of success in this

first contract, the company sent twoof its engineers to perfect theirknowledge of this technology atReinforced Earth, the Group’s Aus-tralian subsidiary. After validatingthe designs, Reinforced Earth con-firmed its support to its Korean

counterpart by sending specialistDennis Bernecker to the site for theworks phase.

Four half-arches every fourhours

Work began first on Naeseo 1, withthe installation in September 2005of a prefabrication plant on a siteadjoining the work area. “UntilDecember 2005, our 11-personteam completed an average of fourreinforcement cages per day,enabling us to achieve a productionrate of four TechSpan half-archesevery four hours,” says Steve Park,

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REALIZATIONS


MOTORWAY TUNNELSOwner: Korea Highway Co.Project Manager: DongilEngineering Co.Main Contractor: KoreaDevelopment Co., Ltd.Specialist Contractor:Freyssinet Korea.

TAEBAK HYDRAULIC STRUCTUREOwner: town of Taebak.Project Manager:Woodae Engineering Co.Main Contractor: KolonConstruction Co., Ltd.Specialist Contractor:Freyssinet Korea.

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PARTICIPANTS

head of Reinforced Earth businessat Freyssinet Korea. The work con-tinued from October 2005 to March2006 to lay the foundation footingsand then assemble the archesthemselves. “The parallel tunnelsare 135 m in length and required theinstallation of 256 half-sections.Neither the widths nor heights ofthe structures were identical, vary-ing, respectively, from 12 to 14.60 mand from 6.60 to 7.20 m,” explainsHee Chan Jeong, the FreyssinetKorea site manager. In mid-Sep-tember 2006, the work on the firststructure was completed with thelaying of 15 m of backfill over thetunnels, signalling the start of workon Whaseo 2, situated just 5 kmaway.Meanwhile, the Freyssinet Koreateams had begun another TechSpanarch project, this time for a hydraulicapplication in the south-east of thecountry, near Taebak. This longerstructure (790 m), also consists oftwo tunnels, but with an opening of6 m and a height of 4.50 m. “We pro-duced 623 TechSpan half-sections toconstruct this drainage structurebetween September 2005 and July2006,” says Seug Mun Lee, theFreyssinet Korea site manager. “Theelements were then assembled injust two months, between June andAugust, using a 130 tonne-capacitycrane, after the footings were laid.The structure was then covered with22 m of backfill.” �

1. The Naeseo 1 doubletunnel consists of 256TechSpan half-sections andis 135 m long. All thatremains is to install 15 mof backfill.2 and 3. Preparation of thereinforcement cages for theTechSpan units .4. Arch element storagearea.

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SOILS/RUGELEY FLOOD RELIEF ARCHES

Precast arches and Reinforced Earthwith welded mesh facings

Behind its brick cladding, thenew three-arch Rugeley floodrelief structure (United

Kingdom) is made up of TechSpanarches and TerraTrel welded mesh.

REALIZATIONS


A FTER the industrial decline ofthe 1990s, Mid-Staffordshire, to

the north of Birmingham, and inparticular the town of Rugeley, haslaunched a vast regeneration pro-gramme of its local infrastructure, anessential precursor to the region’seconomic recovery. Among otherprojects, the Rugeley Eastern Bypass,aiming to divert the huge flow oftraffic using the A51 away from thetown centre, involved replacing anold brick arch bridge with a similarstructure. “In architectural terms,this new structure had to be in har-mony with the adjacent Grade IIlisted bridge over the River Trent,”explains David Halifax, Project Engi-neer at Reinforced Earth Company.The second significant constraintwas the client’s requirement to keeptraffic flowing for the duration ofthe works.

Two-pinned instead of three-pinned arches

“Although the initial plan was foran arch with reinforced concreteretaining walls, we were able tooffer an alternative using Rein-forced Earth, giving substantialsavings,” explains David Halifax.The use of a 4 m high temporaryTerraTrel retaining structure alongthe centreline of the new bridgeproved to be perfect for construct-ing the structure in two phases.Half of the bridge could therefore

be built without disrupting trafficusing the old structure. With thisfirst phase completed, the trafficcould be diverted to the new struc-ture and the demolition of the oldbridge could begin. To simplify and accelerate construc-tion, the TechSpan arches weredesigned in the form of a two-pinned arch instead of the three-pinned arches used normally. Justtwo days were needed to install all 27 arch units. The 23 tonneTechSpan arch units with a span of12 m and an overall length of 18 mwere installed on cast in-situ rein-forced concrete footings. Construc-tion of the spandrel and wing wallsbenefited from the choice of Terra-Trel welded mesh facings (740 m2),since the elements could be cut tothe exact profile of the arches beforetheir brick cladding was applied.Higher up, the precast concrete vehi-cle parapet was also brick-clad. �

STRUCTURES/FORT LAUDERDALE VIADUCT

Post-Tensioning inspection and repair

A T THE CROSSROADS OF THEI75 AND I585 HIGHWAYS IN

FLORIDA, Freyssinet LLC wasinvolved in a pilot inspection andrehabilitation operation on thelonger of the Fort Lauderdale inter-change viaducts. To identify anymissing grout on the internal pre-stressing sheaths, and without accu-rate plans, MJ Construction calledon the expertise of Freyssinet LLC. The operation began, using a geo-radar (GPR), with the detection ofthe multi-strand cables inside theconcrete.

Analysis and photographs ofthe strands in the concrete

The team then carried out cable-by-cable inspection surveys with adrilling equipment fitted with anautomated stop function on con-tact with the strand to check thegrout presence and quality. It thentook volumetric measurements ofthe voids and analysed and pho-tographed the strand conditionusing a 4 m long 7 mm diameterendoscope. A major innovation inthis project was the developmentof a new pressure and leak com-pensated “volumeter” with a digital

Owner: FDOT.Main Contractor:MJ Construction.Specialist Contractor:Freyssinet LLC

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The Freyssinet teamsinspected 10,000 m of internalbonded PT cables and 628anchor heads.

Owner: Staffordshire CountyCouncil.Main Contractor: WrekinConstruction.Sub-contractor for the archerection: Reinforced EarthCompanyProject Designer:Staffordshire County CouncilHighways Department.Specialist Designer:Reinforced Earth Company

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read-out, affording a precise meas-urement of the cavity volumes.With this data, the measurement ofthe grout volumes enabled thequality control of the repair work tobe assessed. “We inspected 10,000 m of cablesand 628 anchor heads and wereable to submit an accurate reportto the FDOT (Florida Departmentof Transportation) and carry outgrouting work where necessary,”explains Felix Torres, the FreyssinetLLC site manager. 6,400 l of cementgrout were used. Additionally, after inspecting the viaduct’s628 anchors, Freyssinet installedpermanent plastic caps before re-grouting the anchors. �


SOILS/RETAINING WALLS FOR THE BANKS OF AMPANG RIVER, KUALA LUMPUR, MALAYSIA

The Omega connection is exportedIn Malaysia, in the capital cityof Kuala Lumpur, two riverbank retaining walls are

being constructed using the Omegasynthetic connection system recentlydeveloped by Reinforced Earth.

N ear Taman Kosas, east of KualaLumpur (Malaysia), a prominent

development project aims tobreathe new life into an area in thesuburbs. Shop lots, restaurants andretail spaces will be built along aone mile stretch of the AmpangRiver where wooden stalls andmakeshift buildings were crammedtogether in former times. Prior tothis there was a requirement to sta-bilise the banks of the river. Rein-forced Earth Management ServicesS/B, the Malaysian subsidiary of the

Group, was given the task by thedeveloper GMH Properties Sdn Bhdto design and supply the elementsneeded to build the river bank walls.“The two structures face each otherand measure 800 m and 868 m overa mean height of 3.70 m, with a totalsurface area of 6,219 m2. Construc-tion of the walls was made possibleby diverting the course of the river,explains Tan Gee Hoi, ManagingDirector of Reinforced Earth Man-agement Services. In view of theirparticular environment – the water

level in the river is designed up to600 mm from the top of the struc-tures during high-water periods –these 14 cm thick smooth cruciformpanels are an implementation ofthe Omega connection system byTerre Armée.”The product of a programme con-ducted by SoilTech, the R&D divi-sion of Terre Armée, this systemeliminates the use of metal struc-tural components at the connec-tion between the panel and thesynthetic reinforcement, thusenables the retaining structures tobe located in corrosive environ-ments (marine environments, acidpH backfills, pollution risks, etc.)that generally impose severe con-straints on implementation. “Theconcrete panel, its synthetic rein-forcement and the connection willnow constitute a system which istotally unaffected by corrosion.

This retaining wall system is there-fore free from such environmentalconstraints”, stresses Nicolas Freitag,who is in charge of SoilTech.Besides being unaffected by corro-sion, the Omega connection offersother benefits which include sim-plified assembly process as it isincorporated in the panel at theprefabrication stage; reduction inthe number of elements deliveredto site; optimum pull-out strengthof the anchor; and adaptability toall types of cladding panels.Implemented for the first time inJune 2005 on an road junction atMorzine (Haute-Savoie, France),this system has just been awardedthe Ivor label (Innovations provenon reference structures), the aim ofwhich is to promote developmentand dissemination of technicalinnovations in civil engineering inFrance and internationally. �

The major innovation of the year for TerreArmée, the Omega connection is perfectlysuited to aggressive environments (shorelines,acid pH backfill, etc.).


REALIZATIONS

AN ILLUSTRATION OF TWO AREAS OF EXPERTISE of theFreyssinet group, the Escaleritas bridge combines staycables and retaining walls.

SOILS AND STRUCTURES/ESCALERITAS BRIDGE

80 tonnes of stay cables and 1,736 m2

of retaining wallsIn Las Palmas (Canary Islands),Freyssinet SA and TierraArmada were simultaneously

involved in the construction of a newcivil engineering structure.

V ISIBLE FROM A DISTANCEWITH ITS SINGLE METAL

TOWER overlooking the Ballena val-ley from a height of 35 m, the newbridge linking avenida de Escaleritasto the district of La Fería in Las Pal-mas (Gran Canaria), consists of a100 m cable-stayed span and threesecondary spans of 42, 42 and 36 m.With a width of 21.50 m, the mixeddeck holds two lanes of traffic and a3 m walkway on each side of the2.50 m central reservation. “The arrangement of the staycables is where the originality ofthe structure lies,” points out OscarRamón Ramos Gutiérrez, chiefproject engineer for Apia XXI,“because the central reservationreceives the anchors of the 10 frontstay cables in a single plane, whilethe 20 back stay cables fan out intotwo groups anchored in two con-crete walls.”

30 stay cables in four weeks

With a length of between 24 and100 m, the stay cables are fixed on12HD15 to 75HD15 type anchors,adjustable at the mast but fixed tothe deck. “In accordance with theclient’s schedule,” explains CarlosPérez Rodriguez, works managerfor Freyssinet SA, “we supplied andinstalled the 30 stay cables in fourweeks, with 80 tonnes of FreyssinetMonostrand strands, galvanized,wax-protected and inserted intodouble-fillet white high-density

polyethylene (HDPE) sheathing,the lower part of which is protectedby stainless steel vandal-prooftubes. All of the tube-guides weredesigned to account for the possi-ble installation of dampers on thelongest stay cables.”At the foot of the structure, Spanishsubsidiary Tierra Armada was notsitting back. Together with thedesign firm, it designed and carriedout the calculations for the bridgeabutment walls. For better visualintegration with the future sportingarea being developed in the Ballenavalley, the panels, cast in the TierraArmada workshops in Las Palmas,are decorated with architecturalmotifs. The first abutment, on theLa Fería side, which is terraced overfive levels (1,170 m2) and reaches amaximum height of 7.50 m, ensurescontinuity with the adjacentembankment. Opposite it, the sec-ond abutment, situated on asteeper bank, is shorter (566 m2) butreaches a height of 15 m. �

Owner: Municipality of LasPalmas and regionalgovernment of Gran Canaria.Design: Apia XXI. Project Manager: Dragados.Specialist Contractors:Freyssinet SA and TierraArmada.

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STRUCTURES/QUERÉTARO BRIDGES

Three structures and a great deal of expertise

200 km north of Mexico City(Mexico), in August 2006Freyssinet de México

completed the construction of threeroad bridges as general contractor inthe town of Querétaro.

I N 2005, THE DESIRE TOIMPROVE THE ROAD NETWORK

OF THE TOWN of Querétaro led thegovernment of the state of the samename to schedule a vast develop-ment project over two years, the keypart being the modernization of theConstituyentes main road. The proj-ect involved the construction of sev-eral civil engineering structures,roads and junctions. SubsidiaryFreyssinet de Mexico assisted byconstructing the three bridges –Hacienda Grande, El Pocito andTejeda. With identical widths of24 m, but, respectively, 135 m (threespans) and 180 m (four spans) long,the first two structures each accom-modate six lanes of traffic. Theshorter third structure (45 m) hasonly one span and a width of 27 m.

The three bridges consist of 45 mlong precast beams, which them-selves consist of two 22.25 m beamsjoined by a 50 cm connection. Trans-versally, each structure consists oftwo 12 m caisson sections with acurved intrados. On each side,access to the lanes is by ReinforcedEarth slip roads with a total area of9,900 m2, for which Freyssinet pro-duced special 3 x 1.5 m moulds. Asmain contractor and assisted by the Group’s Spanish subsidiary,Freyssinet de México was involved

Owner: Querétaro State townplanning and public worksdepartment.Design: Euro Estudios, SA De CV.Main Contractor:Freyssinet de Mexico, SA DeCV, Freyssinet SA (Spain).

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• Concrete: 13,000 m3

• Steel for reinforced concrete:980 tonnes

• Prestressing steel: 185 tonnes

EXPRESS QUANTITIÉS

in the project at a very early stage,taking part in the land surveys andgeotechnical studies and the coatingand soil mechanics studies, the geo-metric and structural adaptation ofthe bridges and the installation of allof the site safety signage. The com-pany was also in charge of installinga prefabrication plant on the MexicoCity-Querétaro motorway, approxi-mately 8 km from the furthestbridge, for the production of thefacing panels for the ReinforcedEarth structures and the prestressedbeams. The company carried outthe excavation work for the bridge

foundations, the footings, the rein-forcements, the formwork and thecasting of the piles and service tow-ers. Finally, it supplied and installedthe neoprene bearings. �

The prefabrication plant.

The viaduct on the Constituyentesmain road.

Transport of the beams (22.25 m in length, 250 tonnes).


REALIZATIONS

A PPROXIMATELY 360 KMSOUTH OF HÔ CHI MINH

CITY, a power plant is under con-struction near the village of Khanh.Bordered by the Cai Tau river, thesite chosen for the construction ofits two 750 MW units covers morethan 161 hectares and requiredimprovement works over an areaof 240,000 m2, consisting of highlycompressible soil made of very soft

SOILS/CA MAU POWER PLANT

240,000 m2 of express soiltreatment

Within a one year time period, the combinationof two methods (Menard Vacuum and verticaldrains with surcharge) enabled Ménard

Soltraitement to consolidate the land on which the Ca Mau (Vietnam) power station will be built.

clay. Taking into account the con-struction schedule of the buildingsand the lead times, the work wassplit into six areas, in which MénardSoltraitement used two techniques:atmospheric consolidation (MenardVacuum process) and verticaldrains with temporary surcharge.“Atmospheric consolidation wasused in the areas that we had totreat quickly, that is, in less than

one year from the installation ofthe first drain and the final fillremoval,” explains Yann Beliard, aMénard Soltraitement engineer.“The total volume of waterextracted from the soil using 27pumps represents some 465,000 m3

with soil settlements between 3 and4 m,” adds Marc Lacazedieu, man-aging director of Ménard Soltraite-ment. Once the excess backfill is

removed, the improved soil is1.50 m above than its original nat-ural elevation and its maximumbearing capacity is 10 tonnes/m2. All of the areas of the first sectiontreated by Menard Vacuum weredelivered to the civil engineeringteams in June 2006, and the second section was handed over inNovember.Following this success, Hervé Abt,former project manager withVINCI Construction Major Pro-jects, joined Ménard Soltraitementto head up the office opened inSaigon to expand the soil treatmentbusiness in the Vietnam-Cambodiaarea. �

1. In some areas, theinstallation of drains andtemporary surcharge have been sufficient to consolidate the soil.2. Preparation of soil to betreated using the MenardVacuum atmosphericconsolidation method.3. An imperviousmembrane covering thebackfill combined with adrain and pump system to create the vacuum.

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Owner: Petrovietnam HanoiVietnam Project Manager: LilamaHanoi Vietnam Main Contractor:Campenon Saigon BuildersSpecialist Contractor:Ménard Soltraitement

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STRUCTURES/PENANG BRIDGE

Cable replacement withoutinterrupting service

A specialist in newstructure cable-staying,Freyssinet also has proven

experience in replacing the staycables of structures in service.Recent example on the PenangBridge, Malaysia.

ON THE WEST COAST OFMALAYSIA, the only fixed link

between the peninsula and theisland of Penang is a 13.5 km cable-stayed bridge (8.5 km of which isover water) comprising a cable-stayed span of 225 m. From Febru-ary to October 2006, Freyssinet wasinvolved in the replacement of twostay cables on the south-west tower,in which the monitoring system

installed by Advitam (VINCI group)had detected failures. “Installed in1985 (see box), these stay cables werereplaced by the latest-generationFreyssinet 37-strand, 85 m longHD2000 models,” says Pascal Martin-Daguet, Freyssinet site director. Thefirst phase consisted of installing apair of temporary cables to take upthe load of the existing stay cablesfor the duration of the work, whichtook place without disrupting traffic(60,000 vehicles per day). All of theequipment (temporary stay cables,anchor components, etc.) used in2005 for the replacement of the firststay cable on the same tower couldbe re-used. The replacement firstly required

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REALIZATIONS

Owner (concession holder):Penang Bridge Sdn. BhdProject Manager: UEMBuilders.Specialist Contractor:Freyssinet PSC - FreyssinetAPTO JV.

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The old and the newInstalled in 1985, the original cables of the cable-stayed span of

the Penang bridge are made up of 7 to 10 bars with a diameter

of 32 mm or 36 mm and a length of 12 m, connected by couplers

and embedded in mortar, all protected by 7 mm thick metal tub-

ing. Fifteen were replaced by Freyssinet stay cables and their latest-

generation HD2000 anchoring systems.slackening and then cutting theexisting stay cables. This operationtook place at deck level using apatented Freyssinet system thatallows for the stay cable to be cut incomplete safety simply using a cir-cular saw.

Boring the deck and the tower

The cables are then cut at the toppart of the tower and these 9-tonne

elements are lowered to deck levelusing an SL-12 strand jack fixed to aplatform installed on the tower andtravelling crabs on the temporarycables – another patented Freyssinetsystem. The deck and the tower thenhad to be bored over lengths ofbetween 3.60 m and 4.50 m and adiameter of 365 mm in order torelease the anchoring systems – a

delicate phase that had to beentrusted to a specialist Australiancompany with a special machine forthis purpose. After this, the newanchors and Freyssinet HD2000 staycables could be installed. Finally, all the Freyssinet teams

had to do was transfer the loads tothe new stay cables and removethe temporary anchors and cables.“It was a well managed operation,”says Pascal Martin-Daguet “asFreyssinet has already replaced 15stay cables since 2002.” �

Since 2002, Freyssinet has replaced 15 stay cablesusing its state-of-the-artanchoring system.

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S ITUATED AT THE HEART OFTHE FEDERAL CAPITAL, the

National Mall is a vast park thatextends from the Capitol, to the east,to the Lincoln Memorial on thebanks of the Potomac river, to thewest. Adjoining this park is the TidalBasin, constructed in the XIXth cen-tury to regulate and improve rivershipping and linking the Potomacand the Washington channel. Oneach side of this area of water aretwo road bridges equipped with lockgates: The Inlet Bridge and the Out-let Bridge. “The concrete of thesestructures was considerably dam-aged. With our experience in struc-tural maintenance and repair, we

STRUCTURES/TIDAL BASSIN BRIDGES

Shotcreting in Washington

Acting as general contractor, Freyssinet LLC, the Group’s North American subsidiary, repairedtwo reinforced concrete civil engineering

structures in the Washington Monument district, the largest project of this type it has ever undertaken.

won the repair contract by propos-ing a shotcrete solution for an areaof more than 500 m2, the grouting ofthe cracks and making good wherenecessary,” says Baruch Gedalia,production manager at FreyssinetLLC, the Group’s North Americansubsidiary.

Corroded concrete

Built on the Potomac side in 1909,the Inlet Bridge is the smaller andolder of the bridges. With five rein-forced concrete arch-beam spans,it is 55 m long and 16 m wide andaccommodates two lanes of trafficin each direction. “The structurewas corroding, essentially due to

concrete carbonation in thebeams,” explains Baruch Gedalia.The Freyssinet LLC teams workedto remove the damaged parts of thearches and repair them with dryprocess shotcrete. 200 linearmeters of cracks were also injectedwith epoxy resin grout. The entireoperation could be performed eas-ily from a platform supported byhorizontal tensioned cablesdesigned by the Freyssinet LLC.The newer and larger Outlet Bridgeseparates the Tidal Basin from theWashington canal. This 70 m long,19 m wide structure has three spansand accommodates four lanes oftraffic. The work, which is currently

Owner: Federal Highways.Main Contractor:Freyssinet LLC

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ongoing, consists of treating andrepairing the concrete in the tidalarea, some of the concrete webbingof the submerged section and thepiers and abutments. “The majorproblem with this structure was therepeated freeze-thaw cycles. Theporosity of the concrete allowedwater to penetrate which, with thefrost, caused successive spalling,”continues Baruch Gedalia. In thispart of the basin where the water isas deep as 4 m, access to the workarea required the installation of acofferdam to bring the water level to1 m. The cofferdam was made usingold concrete wall form panelsanchored into the concrete apronexisting under the water. Here too, aplatform was installed on horizon-tal tensioned cables. The systemwas supplemented, however, byintrados-fixed hangers due to thelarge spans between the piers. �


A T THE SAME TIME AS RENO-VATING ITS HISTORIC CENTRE,

the town of Milwaukee (Wisconsin)has launched a project on its out-skirts to rebuild the Marquette inter-change, first built in 1968, whichserves as the gateway to the State atthe Illinois border. The occasion sawthe use of an original consultationapproach between the partiesinvolved in the project and the gen-eral public so that, as is frequentlythe case in the United States, char-acteristic regional motifs could beincorporated into the structure. “Onthis type of structure with “local cul-tural sensibilities”, the bearing struc-

SOILS/MARQUETTE INTERCHANGE

Local history

tures such as the retaining walls andthe abutments could be shaped,sculpted and coloured to recall thelocal identity, culture or history,”says Alex Abraham, Midwestregional manager of subsidiary Rein-forced Earth Co., “which enabled usto give the structures a high visualimpact at little cost.”

At the heart of a consultationapproach

The Reinforced Earth Co. engineersassisted the Wisconsin Departmentof Transportation, the MilwaukeeTransportation Partners design firmand the contractors Walsh Construc-

Owner: WisconsinDepartment of Transportation.Consultant: MarquetteTransportation Partners, LLC.Main Contractor: WalshConstruction Co. (northsection) and MarquetteConstructors, LLC (centralsection and western section).Specialist Supplier:Reinforced Earth Co.

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In Milwaukee (United States),on the shores of LakeMichigan, the use of original

motifs on the Reinforced Earthstructures of a large interchange isan opportunity to recall a page oflocal history.

tion Co. and Marquette Construc-tors, LLC in the different phases ofthe project, including feasibilitystudies, geo-technical analyses,structural design, drawing up ofconstruction plans, supply of mate-rials, etc. A number of reinforcedearth systems (retaining walls withmetal mesh facing and precast con-crete panel walls) were used to meetthe structural and aesthetic specifi-cations of the project. The solutionproposed by Wisconsin Departmentof Transportation. for the ReinforcedEarth side walls and abutments ofthe Fond du Lac Avenue roadbridge,for example, incorporated motifs

sculpted from precast concreterecalling that in the past, this roadwas one of the main routes used byAfro-Americans fleeing the southernstates in the XIXth century. �

REALIZATIONS



SOILS/WEEKHAWKEN TOWN HOUSES

2,100 of CMC in town

Facing the Manhattanskyscrapers (United States),DGI-Menard is currently

installing controlled moduluscolumns (CMC) for the foundationsupports of a prestigious residentialcomplex.

ON THE BANKS OF THE HUD-SON, in Weekhawken (New Jer-

sey), a property development proj-ect will soon see the construction offour groups of luxury town houseson the site of an old port terminal ofapproximately 180,000 ft2. “Thefoundation soils required consoli-dation,” explains Frédéric Massé,assistant managing director of DGIMenard, “and our proposed turnkeytreatment using controlled moduluscolumns (CMC) won out over apile-supported structural slab solu-tion.” To strengthen the founda-tions of the courtyards, slabs-on-grade and footings of the futurebuildings, 2,100 of CMC will beinstalled. This will require deepdrilling down to between 75 and90 ft in very soft soils consisting ofclayey and organic alluvium andanchor the cmcs into a solid bear-ing layer consisting of granular gla-cial material. “To carry out thisdeep-drilling,” explains Gary Cor-win, “we chose a Liebherr 255 plat-form with a capacity of 95 feet. Theexceptional dimensions, weight andcapacity of the equipment led us toadopt draconian safety measures.”During the preparation phase,nothing was left to chance, so thatthe design requirements were fullymet in terms of the allowable bear-ing capacity and long term settle-ments. DGI-Menard used the finite

element analysis method in order todefine the maximum load, thediameter of the CMCs and the treat-ment grid for the entire site. Thenovel nature of the operation didnot hamper productivity, which wassustained by the regular supply ofgrout and the experience of theoperators. “In six weeks, we havemanaged to complete more than20% of the work,” said Mike Carey,New Jersey project manager at DGI-Menard, in mid-October.

The most complex project

The company itself was verypleased with this performance,given the project’s luxury label, itshighly visible urban location andthe design and implementationdifficulties that made this proba-bly the most complex project DGI-Menard has ever undertaken.Another reason to be proud: twoload tests were performed to thesatisfaction of the client and theproduction is ahead of schedule.Work should therefore be com-pleted during the first quarter of2007, ahead of its contractualcompletion date. �


REALIZATIONS

CMC: A TECHNIQUE THAT RESPECTS THE ENVIRONMENTControlled modulus columns (CMC) are normallyinstalled using a special displacement auger. The dis-placement auger is screwed into the soil to the desireddepth and then retracted without spoil. The ground ispushed laterally instead of being brought up to the sur-face by the auger flights. Grout or mortar is theninjected into the soil through the centre of the hollowauger so that a column of cemented material is formed.Since this technique involves neither driving nor vibra-tion and creates no appreciable spoil, the environment isunaffected.



SOILS/MADRID RING ROAD

Demonstration of expertise along the Manzanares

S INCE 2004, THE SPANISH CAP-ITAL has seen work of titanic

proportions that will make its ringroad, the M30, some 100 km long,with 56 km underground. Designedto improve traffic flow and help pre-vent air pollution and the contami-nation of the Mazanares river run-ning along the western side of the

city, the project incorporates theconstruction of interchanges, hous-ing and the creation of green spacesand pedestrian and cycle paths.Tierra Armada,who have beenworking on the project since 2005,are particularly involved in thesouth-west section, where the sixtraffic lanes will be taken under the

river over a distance of 7 km. “Thisarea is divided into two parts,”explains Salvador Lorente, managingdirector of Tierra Armada: “One tothe south, where two 16 m tun-nelling machines (currently thelargest in Europe), will dig out twothree-lane galleries and the otherto the west, where cut and covertunnels will be built - a very delicateoperation since traffic flow must bemaintained.”

Reinforced slabs and panels

“Between March and December,”continues Salvador Lorente, “weproduced and delivered 3,500 m2 of30 cm-thick reinforced slabs toredirect the waste and rain waterdrains for this area. At the end of2005, we also designed and sup-plied 1,900 m2 of panels for threeReinforced Earth abutments form-ing part of the temporary struc-tures used to divert the traffic.”During October 2006, Terre ArméeInternationale’s Spanish subsidiarywas working in the riverside area,

more specifically on the PragueBridge-San Isidro Bridge andSegovia Bridge-Paseo Marqués deMonistrol sub-sections, for whichit is producing, delivering andinstalling prestressed beams andpost-tensioned slabs to cover thefalse tunnels. The project was par-ticularly demanding. Not only didbeams with close-jointed lowershoulders have to be supplied inorder to obtain a completely flatceiling, but the most stringentEuropean fire-resistance standardsalso had to be complied with. “Tomeet this requirement and create aceiling with fewer beams, wedesigned new beams with a widelower shoulder,” says SalvadorLorente. 15,000 m of prestressedbeams were thus being installed onthe Segovia Bridge – Paseo Mar-qués de Monistrol section. 1,300 m2

of 40-cm thick post-tensionedslabs, designed to cover the under-ground entry and exit slip roads,should also have been installed bythe end of October. �

Tierra Armada, the Group’sSpanish subsidiary, isinvolved in the re-

development work on the Madridring road (Spain), where it isproviding its Reinforced Earth andpre-stressing expertise, particularlyfor the cut-and-cover structures.

Patrick Bernasconi, chairman of the FNTP (French National Federation of Public Works) and Bruno Dupety, chairman ofFreyssinet (on right) on a site visit.


REALIZATIONS

STRUCTURES/THIRD MEKONG RIVER BRIDGE

A new link between Laos and Thailande

M ORE THAN 500 KM DOWN-STREAM OF THE VIENTIANE

BRIDGE (Laos), a new bridge overthe Mekong, level with Savan-nakhet, forms the link between Laosand the Thai province of Mukda-han, approximately 700 km north-east of Bangkok. With work havingstarted at the end of 2003, thebridge opened in December 2006and is the key element of a vast pri-ority development project carriedout by the Greater Mekong Sub-Region (GMS). This cantileveredstructure with precast segments,except for the approach spanswhich were cast in-situ, is 1,430 mlong and comprises 28 spans.Freyssinet supplied and installed1,410 tonnes of steel for the struc-ture’s internal and external pre-stressing. �

O N the A64 NEAR LHEZ in theHautes-Pyrénées (France),

Freyssinet has replaced the expan-sion joints on the Arrêt-Darréviaduct. Designed to improve

STRUCTURES/ARRÊT-DARRÉ VIADUCT

For comfort

driver comfort on the structure,the work took place from the endof August to mid-November 2006.A total of 40 m of WP 200 joints wasinstalled. �

ON THE BONNY ISLAND GASFIELD (Nigeria), Freyssinet has

been supplying and installing theprestressing for a sixth 43 m highliquefied natural gas (LNG) tankwith a diameter of 61 m sinceDecember 2006. Once the Plyduct

STRUCTURES/BONNY ISLAND LNG TANK

428 tonnes of prestressing

sheaths have been put in place, 18413C15 cables (equivalent to 108tonnes of strands for the verticalprestressing and 320 tonnes for thehorizontal prestressing) and 27019C15 anchors will be installed onthe tank. �



I N NORTHAMPTON, south-eastof Birmingham (United Kingdom),

everyone knows the Stylo Match-maker Building, built in 1900 andhome to a shoe factory for manyyears. Comprising a steel frameworkand decorative brickwork facades,one of which is decorated with aSassuolo tile facing, the building hassuffered the ravages of time; due torusting, its brickwork was crackedand had shifted at the contact pointswith the steel structure.In 2005, a significant renovationcampaign was launched to rede-velop the site for residential use,and the contracting authorityasked CCSL, Freyssinet Ltd’s corro-sion specialist subsidiary, to installa lasting protection system on thebuilding. “We provide a completeservice that includes the surveys,the supply and the installation ofthe cathodic protection,” says Jim

STRUCTURES/STYLO MATCHMAKER BUILDING

60 years of protection

Preston, director of CCSL. “Wetherefore identified 40 separate“anodic zones” that correspond tothe building’s 40 steel columns. Foreach one, coated titanium discrete

Owner: Nottingham HousingTrust.Architect: Oxford Architects.Consultant engineer: Gifford.Project Manager: LindumStugeon Contractors Ltd.Specialist Contractor:Freyssinet/CCSL.

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anodes were installed in recessesmade in the brickwork from theinside of the building. This workcould take place alongside the ren-ovation works. A cathodic connec-

tion installed on the steel structureand a state-of-the-art electricitysupply system completed the pro-tection.” The supply system also has addi-tional functionalities so that itsoperation can be monitored at alltimes, with reference electrodes, aremote monitoring device and areport printing function. “With thissystem,” assures Jim Preston, “thestructure will have optimal corro-sion protection for the next 60years…” �

SOILS/REMEDIATION OF THE MAYFIELD SITE

A ground water barrier wall

IN NEW SOUTH WALES (Australia),180 km north of Sydney, Austress

Menard has won the contract todesign and build a soil-bentonite

wall to prevent the pollution of theHunter River on the edge of the siteoccupied by the former Newcastlesteelworks. The site, which was active

from 1912 to 1999 and on which upto 6,000 people worked, was offi-cially declared a contaminated areaby the environment agency, particu-larly a 35 hectare section correspon-ding to the location of the blast fur-naces, four coke oven batteries andthe by-products area, contributing90% of the water pollution. Afterbusiness ceased and the ancillaryareas were closed, an internationaltender for the remediation of theland launched by the Regional LandManagement Corporation (RLMC)was awarded to Austress Menard. Itssolution of confinement by a quick-to-install, proven and attractively

priced soil-bentonite wall was pre-ferred to the competing solutions ofcement grout or deep soil mixingwalls. Work on a 1.5 km long vertical wallwith a depth of 25 to 50 m there-fore began on the periphery of thesite to cancel out the hydraulicgradient between the river and thecontaminated area, thereby sub-stantially reducing the inflow ofpollutants into the water. This sys-tem will be completed by theaddition of a horizontal sealinglayer and the creation of slopesand drainage networks to mini-mize rain-borne contamination.In early 2005, Austress Menardhad already built a structure ofthis type in Tempe, near Sydneyairport, to prevent the contamina-tion of a canal by landfill siteleachate. �


O U R P R O F E S S I O N

P restressing, Freyssinet’s histori-cal business, is a rare example of

a process that can be applied toboth new and existing structures.Known as additional prestressingin the latter case, “this technique,which implements specific systems,is used to strengthen or repair structures of all types. We areapproached both for our designcapabilities and ability to offer vari-ants, and also as a contractor duringinvitations to tender,” explains Fernand De Melo, head of theFreyssinet France technical depart-ment.

Bowstring or belt

In practice, additional prestressingcan be applied not only to pre-stressed structures, but also tomasonry or metal structures,industrial steel frames and eventhe wood frames of private houses.The textbook case is a civil engi-

stressed reinforcements. Thestrength of the concrete, for exam-ple, is a very important criterionthat must be analysed, in additionto the residual prestressing for aprestressed structure. In summary,sufficient prestressing must beinstalled to account for all of theloads, but not so much that thestructure is damaged. At the sametime, the regulatory requirements(BPEL or Eurocode) that weren’t inforce when the structure was builtmust also be complied with. Com-pared with new prestressing, addi-tional prestressing requires longerand more complicated calculationsand a true engineering approach,”says Fernand De Melo. �

ADDITIONAL PRESTRESSING: A MADE-TO-MEASUREREPAIR AND STRENGTHENING TECHNIQUE

neering structure with creepdeformation. To overcome thisdeformation phenomenon, whichaffects the structure severaldecades after it is built, under theeffect of its own weight and use, acounterforce is exerted on thestructure at the points subjected tothe principal bending stresses. Fora bridge, installing additional pre-stressing consists of anchoringcables to the two ends usingsheaves and generating ‘upward’forces on the structure using devi-ators placed on the underside ofthe deck. Although additional pre-stressing acts in the same way as abowstring, it can also act as a beltin other situations. This is the casefor circular structures such assilos, tanks, water towers (cylindri-cal only), where the forces appliedby the cables encircling the struc-ture offset the stresses to which thewalls are subject under the pres-

sure of the contents or due tounder-sizing. In these applications, additionalprestressing uses specific systemssuch as circular prestressing Xanchors, greased sheathed strandsand other products such as Freyssi-bar prestressing bars. Despite the installation flexibilityof additional prestressing and itslarge “toolbox” we should not for-get its complexity. “When facedwith a structure for which we haveno plans or data, we have to redothe calculations for the structure,taking into account the regulationsin force when the structure wasbuilt, so that we can determine theexisting non-prestressed and pre-

Additional prestressing consists in adding externalstresses (above right, to a circular structure) to modifythe stress state of an existing structure. Combined withother techniques such as carbon fibre fabric (TFC®) orshotcrete, additional prestressing can be used for struc-tural alterations in a wide variety of situations.


road in Madrid, architect RicardoBofill’s Hôtel Vela in Barcelona,etc.), there were many synergieswith the French entity MénardSoltraitement. In addition to set-ting up a new network of clientsand partner engineering firms,introducing this new business intoSpain required repeated educationand explanation of soil improve-ment techniques that were hith-erto unknown in many sectors ofthe Spanish market. “Launchingand maintaining an ongoing soilimprovement business requireswork that is often difficult, butwith very satisfying results.Freyssinet is gradually becoming aname that is synonymous withprofessionalism and expertise onthe geotechnical and soil improve-ment markets in Spain,” saysTeresa Pérez, head of Freyssinet’ssoil improvement department.

our business is centred on bridgerepair work or lifting work tochange bearings.” Although the bal-ance of business fluctuates betweennew work and rehabilitation, thesubsidiary is most proud of thedevelopment of prestressed floor-ing, thanks to the work of the com-pany’s technical department andsales teams since 1992. “The con-struction of the Aldaya shoppingcentre in Bonaire (near Valencia)and the new Madrid Barajas airportterminal, undertaken in 2000, con-stituted a real turning point for thecountry in this field,” believesTomas Palomares. “Through itsdynamism, the name Freyssinet isstill synonymous with prestress-ing…but now in floors.”

SOIL IMPROVEMENT

The day after the takeover ofMénard Soltraitement in Septem-ber 1999, the Freyssinet Groupdeployed its new offering in Spain.Using a variety of techniques, thecompany carried out a string ofprojects for the construction ofcivil engineering structures,motorways and railway lines. Forthis activity, which was still so newto Freyssinet SA, but already hadsome fine references (Arroyo Cule-bro water treatment plant and ring

C O M P A N Y

SPAIN: FIRM FOUNDATIONSFOR OVER 30 YEARS

In Spain, 1970-2000 will perhaps beseen as a Spanish version of France’s“Thirty Glorious Years”, a period ofunprecedented innovation-conducivedevelopment that enabled Freyssinetto consolidate its traditional business and launch its repair and soil treatment activities.

F reyssinet SA has come into beingtwice. After being formed in 1972

to install the prestressing for theVandellós nuclear power station, itwas taken over in 1975 by Proyectosde Ingeniería Civil SA, which itselfwas partially purchased by MZOVsoon after. Successively becomingCubiertas y MZOV, Cubiertas, Necsoand finally Acciona Infraestructuras,the new entity approachedFreyssinet International, with whichit shared half of its shareholders,leading to the renaissance ofFreyssinet SA. During the 1980s, thecompany concentrated on pre-stressing and stay cables and wasinvolved in prestigious projects. In1991, it moved into rehabilitationand enjoyed growth that graduallyenabled it to open offices through-out the country.

Organised on the basis of five sites -San Sebastián (North), Barcelona(Catalonia), Valencia (the Levant),Seville (Andalusia) and Madrid(Centre), today Freyssinet SA has230 employees and splits its busi-ness into 2 key areas: products andservices (prestressing, stay cables,construction methods, soilimprovement, road bearings andexpansion joints) concentrated inMadrid, and general contractingwork, mainly rehabilitation, carriedout by the regional offices. “One ofSpain’s particularities,” explainsTomas Palomares, director ofFreyssinet SA, “is how work differsdepending on the region, which isreflected in each office’s specialisa-tion. In the south and the Levant,we do a lot of work on structuresthat could be considered restora-tion work. In the north, however,

FREYSSINET SA

1. Salvador Lorente, managing director of Tierra Armada SA.2. Tomas Palomares, managing director of Freyssinet SA.

Freyssinet SAWorkforce: 230 employeesManaging director:Tomas Palomares

Tierra Armada SAWorkforce: 150 employeesManaging director:Salvador Lorente

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PROFILES

1 2


COMPANY

TIERRA ARMADA SAAlso formed in 1972 and also basedin Madrid, Tierra Armada SA imme-diately launched its ReinforcedEarth retaining wall solutions on theSpanish market, but waited until1976 before building its own produc-tion plant. In the mid-80s, this plant

began the construction of a newplant in 1992, equipped with heavylifting gear. However, the construc-tion boom during this period, whichcarried Tierra Armada SA along in itswake, experienced a considerableslowdown between 1993 and 1995.The company used this economicclimate to diversify into precastbeams. A first casting bay wasinstalled in 1996, with a second fouryears later. “We had to be able to pro-duce a large number of beams inquick time to meet renewed struc-tural construction demand,” contin-ues Salvador Lorente. The companyprogressively improved its equip-ment and designed a new product in2002: the Artesa U beam for the con-struction of the Madrid ring road.

Since 1997, Tierra Armada SA hasalso developed the concept ofmobile production, which consistsof precasting elements in situ. At theend of November 2006, the com-pany had produced more than onehundred 160-tonne beams and 4230-tonne beams for the construc-tion of a railway structure withhyperstatic spans near Monovar(Alicante). With 150 employees, TierraArmada SA has expanded its busi-ness to the Canaries, where it hasbeen working regularly since 1999;it also provides support to its Por-tuguese neighbour, Terra Armada,with expertise and products andthe results of research and devel-opment work. �

enabled it to provide its clients withprecast concrete walls “requiring the same production equipment asthe Reinforced Earth panels,” saysSalvador Lorente, director of TierraArmada SA. With the addition ofthree-pinned precast arches to itsproduct portfolio, the company

1

543

1. Beam precasting specialist Tierra Armada SA supplied andinstalled 78 Artesa beams on the high-speed railway line betweenToledo and Moncejón.2. Soil treatment prior to the construction of a water treatmentplant near San Martín de la Vega (Madrid).3. On the walkway of the Valladolid Science Museum, the Cohes-trand design options have been used to spectacular effect.4. Freyssinet SA undertook the complete rehabilitation of the RíoTinto wharf, Huelva, in 2004.5. Architectural motifs on a Reinforced Earth retaining wall on theCruces interchange near Bilbao.

2


H I S T O R Y

TECHSPAN: arches for the modern worldLaunched more than 20 years ago byTerre Armée, TechSpan arches providean innovative solution for theconstruction of buried, hydraulic, roador rail structures, and meetincreasingly complex requirements.

Even though the first testshad scarcely been con-

ducted, and the first mould hadnot been produced, a structurehad already been sold in Galicia!Two prototype moulds were pro-duced and despite difficulties(fragility of the moulds), two sec-

tions were cast and dispatched tosite several days later. This veryfirst arch had a span of 6.20 m, arise of 5.00 m, a thickness of0.20 m and a length of 13.90 m lin-ear metres. The first 100 archeswere then built in a space of threeyears.

34 structures, still of modestdimensions, were built dur-

ing this year. Some, however, hadcurve alignment problems. Theconstruction of an arch at the ElFerrol bus station in Galicia was afirst in the history of the process,

due to the length of the structure(220 m) and its very pronouncedcurvature. This was also the firsttime a transverse section had to becalculated with extremely asym-metric loads, due to the location ofone of the platforms on the arches.

The history of TechSpanprecast arches begins in

Spain in around 1983, when TerreArmée undertook to enter the spe-cific market of underpasses anddrainage structures. The TechSpanconcept is simple: precast rein-forced concrete half-arches areplaced on foundations and sup-port each other by pressing against

each other at the crown. In prac-tice, the casting of the elements,particularly the moulds, presentedsome difficulties. After severalmonths of testing at the Mejoradadel Campo plant, near Madrid, afirst system of steel shuttering pan-els connected by rubber joints wasproduced. The process was under-way and continued to improve.

Casting of a TechSpan half-section. Thefirst moulds are produced at the Mejoradadel Campo plant near Madrid.

1983

1985

1986


HISTORY

The calculation methodreached a turning point

with the first large-dimension rail-way structure (length of over 20 m,span of 12.50 m and rise of8.50 m), which required the use ofthe finite element method. In par-

allel, structural design and sizingsoftware was developed, incorpo-rating complex behaviour modelsin an attempt to obtain the bestpossible simulation of the realbehaviour of the backfill material.This has been perfected over time.

Emerging in the 1990s, the cut-and-cover market

became established and structuresbegan to reach impressive lengths.In 1995, the Montecelo tunnel inGalicia exceeded 500 m. In 2000,two exceptional structures werebuilt: the La Horadada tunnel onthe Alicante-Cartagena motorway,nearly 2 km long, and an urbanstructure more than 1 km long onthe TF-5 motorway in Tenerife(Canaries), attached to which are anumber of arch junctions. In

20 years, TechSpan arches haveundergone significant changes,with their dimensions constantlyincreasing and with horizontalspans of more than 20 m, rises ofmore than 10 m and backfill coverheights over the arch reaching upto 50 m above the crown. In Spainalone, more than 1,000 structureshave been built. Placed end-to-end, they would create a TechSpanarch nearly 60 km long! TechSpanarches are also used in civil engi-neering structures.

The finish of the structureschanged too. Initially, con-

crete spandrel walls were cast insitu, then they were precast, andthen they were replaced by Rein-

forced Earth retaining walls. 1996saw the perfecting of the obliquecut ends solution, necessary tointerconnect the half-arches andattach them to the foundations.

Reinforced Earth spandrel walls on the Buladelah bypass (Australia).

Oblique cut ends nearLeon (Spain).

Double tunnel on the TF-5 motorway in Tenerife (Canaries).

Ras-Al-Khaimah Bridge (United Arab Emirates).

Jamestown Bridge in New YorkState (United States).

1996

1987

2000


Africa and Middle EastAlgeriaFreyssinet International& Cie AlgérieAlgiersTel.: (213) 21 600 300Fax: (213) 21 694 839EgyptFreyssinet EgyptGizaTel.: (20.2) 345 81 65Fax: (20.2) 345 52 37IranE-man Serve (FreyssinetLiaison Office)Tel.: (98) 21 8806 64 64Fax: (98) 21 8806 64 20KuwaitFreyssinet International & Co.SafatTel.: (965) 906 7854Fax: (965) 563 5384MoroccoFreyssinet International& Cie MarocRabatTel.: (212) 37 56 44 35 /37 71 73 68Fax: (212) 37 56 39 48South AfricaFreyssinet Posten Pty LtdOlifantsfonteinTel.: (27.11) 316 21 74Fax: (27.11) 316 29 18Reinforced Earth Pty LtdJohannesburgTel.: (27.11) 726 6180Fax: (27.11) 726 5908TunisiaFreyssinet TunisiaTunisTel.: (216) 98 352 599 Fax: (216) 71 340 172United Arab EmiratesFreyssinet Middle East LLCDubaiTel.: (971) 4 286 8007Fax: (971) 4 286 8009Freyssinet Gulf LLCDubaiTel.: (971) 4 286 8007Fax: (971) 4 286 8009

The AmericasArgentinaFreyssinetTierra Armada SABuenos AiresTel.: (54.11) 4372 7291Fax: (54.11) 4372 5179BrazilTerra Armada LtdaRio de JaneiroTel.: (55.21) 2233 7353Fax: (55.21) 2263 4842

CanadaReinforcedEarth Company LtdMississaugaTel.: (1.905) 564 0896Fax: (1.905) 564 2609ChileTierra Armada S.A.Santiago de ChileTel.: (56.2) 2047 543Fax: (56.2) 225 1608MexicoFreyssinet de México –Tierra Armada S.A.Mexico DFTel.: (52.55) 5250 7000Fax: (52.55) 5255 0165United StatesDrainage & GroundImprovement, Inc - MénardBridgeville, PATel.: (1.412) 257 2750Fax: (1.412) 257 8455Freyssinet LLCSterling, VATel.: (1.703) 378 2500Fax: (1.703) 378 2700The Reinforced EarthCompanyVienna, VATel.: (1.703) 821 1175Fax: (1.703) 821 1815VenezuelaTierra Armada CaCaracas DFTel.: (58.212) 576 6685Fax: (58.212) 577 7570

AsiaHong KongFreyssinet Hong Kong LtdKowloonTel.: (852) 2794 0322Fax: (852) 2338 3264ReinforcedEarth Pacific LtdKowloonTel.: (852) 2782 3163Fax: (852) 2332 5521IndiaReinforced Earth IndiaPvt LtdNew DelhiTel.: (91) 11 3085 1028/37Fax: (91) 11 2695 0011IndonesiaPT Freyssinet TotalTechnologyJakartaTel.: (62.21) 830 0222Fax: (62.21) 830 9841JapanFKKTokyoTel.: (81.3) 5719 2391Fax: (81.3) 5220 9726TAKKTokyoTel.: (81.44) 722 6361Fax: (81.44) 722 3133

MalaysiaFreyssinetPSC (M) Sdn BhdKuala LumpurTel.: (60.3) 7982 85 99Fax: (60.3) 7981 55 30Ménard Geosystems Sdn BhdSubang Jaya SelangorTel.: (60.3) 5632 1581Fax: (60.3) 5632 1582Reinforced EarthManagementServices Sdn BhdKuala LumpurTel.: (60.3) 6274 6162Fax: (60.3) 6274 7212PakistanReinforced Earth Pvt LtdIslamabadTel.: (92.51) 2273 501Fax: (92.51) 2273 503SingaporePSC Freyssinet (S) Pte LtdSingaporeTel.: (65) 6899 0323Fax: (65) 6899 0761Reinforced Earth(SEA) Pte LtdSingaporeTel.: (65) 6316 6401Fax: (65) 6316 6402South KoreaFreyssinet Korea Co. LtdSeoulTel.: (82.2) 2056 0500Fax: (82.2) 515 4185Sangjee Ménard Co. LtdAnyang-Si – Kyunggi-DoTel.: (82.2) 587 9286Fax: (82.2) 587 9285ThailandFreyssinet Thailand LtdBangkokTel.: (66.2) 266 6088/90Fax: (66.2) 266 6091Reinforced Earth ThailandLtdBangkokTel.: (66.2) 266 6088Fax: (66.2) 266 6091VietnamFreyssinet VietnamHanoiTel.: (84.4) 826 1416Fax: (84.4) 826 1118Ménard SoltraitementHo Chi Minh CityTel.: (84.8) 820 5761Fax: (84.8) 820 5762

EuropeBelgiumFreyssinet Belgium NVVilvoordeTel.: (32.2) 252 0740Fax: (32.2) 252 2443Terre Armee Belgium NVVilvoordeTel.: (32.2) 252 0740Fax: (32.2) 252 2443DenmarkA/S SkandinaviskSpaendbetonVaerloseTel.: (45.44) 35 08 11Fax: (45.44) 35 08 10FranceFreyssinet FranceVélizyTel.: (33)1 46 01 84 84Fax: (33)1 46 01 85 85FreyssinetInternational & CieVélizyTel.: (33)1 46 01 84 84Fax: (33)1 46 01 85 85MécatissMorestelTel.: (33)4 74 80 01 68Fax: (33)4 74 80 34 48MénardNozayTel.: (33)1 69 01 37 38Fax: (33)1 69 01 75 05PPCSaint-EusebeTel.: (33)3 85 73 69 00Fax: (33)3 85 73 69 01SalvaremBeaumont-HagueTel.: (33)2 33 01 56 80Fax: (33)2 33 01 56 88Terre Armée SNCVélizyTel.: (33)1 46 01 84 84Fax: (33)1 46 01 86 87GermanyBVT Dyniv GmbHSeevetalTel.: (49) 4105 66 480Fax: (49) 4105 66 48 66Bewehrte ErdeSeevetalTel.: (49) 4105 66 48 16Fax: (49) 4105 66 48 77Great BritainCorrosion ControlServices LtdTelfordTel.: (44.1952) 230 900Fax: (44.1952) 230 906Freyssinet LtdTelfordTel.: (44.1952) 201 901Fax: (44.1952) 201 753ReinforcedEarth Company LtdTelfordTel.: (44.1952) 201 901Fax: (44.1952) 201 753

HungaryPannon Freyssinet KftBudapestTel.: (36.1) 209 1510Fax: (36.1) 209 1510IrelandFreyssinet IrelandKildareTel.: (353) 45 884 896Fax: (353) 45 884 969Reinforced EarthCompany Ireland (Ltd)KildareTel.: (353) 45 846 176Fax: (353) 45 846 187ItalyTerra Armata S.r.lRomeTel.: (39.06) 45 49 51 00Fax: (39.06) 45 49 51 01MacedoniaFreyssinet BalkansSkopjeTel.: (389.02) 3118 549Fax: (389.02) 3118 549NetherlandsFreyssinet Nederland BVWaddinxveenTel.: (31.182) 630 888Fax: (31.182) 630 152Terre Armée BVWaddinxveenTel.: (31.182) 622 735Fax: (31.182) 636 031NorwayA/S SkandinaviskSpennbetongSnarøyaTel./Fax: (47.67) 53 91 74PolandFreyssinet Polska Sp z.o.o.MilanówekTel.: (48.22) 792 13 86 /724 68 93Fax: (48.22) 724 68 94PortugalFreyssinet - Terra ArmadaLisbonTel.: (351.21) 716 1675Fax: (351.21) 716 4051RomaniaFreyrom SABucharestTel.: (40.21) 220 2828Fax: (40.21) 220 4541RussiaFreyssinetMoscowTel.: (7 495) 747 51 79Fax: (7 495) 747 51 79SloveniaFreyssinet AdriaAjdovscinaTel.: (386) 5 36 90 331Fax: (386) 5 36 90 200SpainFreyssinet SAMadridTel.: (34.913) 239 500Fax: (34.913) 239 551

Ménard SoltraitementMadridTel.: (34.913) 239 550Fax: (34.913) 239 551Tierra Armada SAMadridTel.: (34.913) 239 500Fax: (34.913) 239 551SwedenAB SkandinaviskSpaennbetongMalmöTel./Fax: (46.40) 98 14 00SwitzerlandHebetec Engineering AGHindelbankTel.: (4134) 411 71 71Fax: (4134) 411 71 70Freyssinet SAMoudonTel.: (4121) 905 09 05Fax: (4121) 905 09 09TurkeyFreysasKadiköy – IstanbulTel.: (90.216) 349 8775Fax: (90.216) 349 6375Reinforced Earth InsaatProje Ve Tic. A.SUmraniye – IstanbulTel.: (90.216) 484 4179Fax: (90.216) 484 4174

OceaniaAustraliaAustress Freyssinet Pty LtdMacquarie ParkTel.: (61.2) 9491 7177Fax: (61.2) 9491 7199Austress Freyssinet Pty LtdNorth Melbourne, VICTel.: (61.3) 9321 1333Fax: (61.3) 9326 89 96Austress MenardMacquarie ParkTel.: (61.2) 9491 7100Fax: (61.2) 9491 7111The Reinforced EarthCompanyHornsby, NSWTel.: (61.2) 9910 9910Fax: (61.2) 9910 9999New ZealandFreyssinet New Zealand LtdReinforced Earth LtdAucklandTel.: (64.9) 2363 385Fax: (64.9) 2363 385

The Freyssinet Group Worldwide

1 bis, rue du Petit-Clamart - 78140 Vélizy-Villacoublay - Tel.: (33.1) 46 01 84 84 - Fax: (33.1) 46 01 85 85 - www.freyssinet.com Editorial manager: Claude Lascols - Editor In Chief: Stéphane Tourneur ([email protected]) Contributors: Hervé Abt, Ender Aksuna, Cécile Baubeau, Gilles Berard, Guillaume Bresson, Jean-Luc Bringer, Stéphane Cognon, André Coudret, Fernand De Melo, Etienne Dhiver, Julien Dubreuil, Gustavo Fernandez, Nicolas Freitag, Baruch Gedalia, David Halifax, Philippe Héry, Hans Hofstetter, Anik Jean, Beat Joss, JY Kim, Patrick Ladret, Philippe Liausu, Salvador Lorente, Pascal Martin-Daguet, Frédéric Massé, Pierre Mellier, Sylviane Mullenberg, Pierre Orsat, Tomas Palomares, Steve Park, Teresa Perez, Carlos Perez Rodriguez, Jim Preston, Ines Rebelo Pinto, Andrew Smith, Gee Hoi Tan, Alain Tigoulet, Faustino Valero, Ivica Zivanovic - Editorial secretariat: Jean-Marc Brujaille - Design and Creation: Idé - Cover photo: Lifting of a back span of the Shenzhen Western Corridor bridge. - Photo credits: R. Alan Adams, Christophe BERRAK-CHRISTOFAIR, Chris Choo, Dion Gray, Jose Angel Murillo, José Fco. Saborit, Michel Sanfaute, StT, Francis Vigouroux, Photothèque Freyssinet. ISSN: n°1763-0142

Although Freyssinet makes every effort to provide information that is as accurate as possible, no commitment or liability of any kind whatsoever shall be accepted as a result by the publishers, their employees or agents.

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