The French Revolution The Restoration 1799-1804 McKay 714-720, Palmer 9.46 Jacque Louis David’s...
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Transcript of The French Revolution The Restoration 1799-1804 McKay 714-720, Palmer 9.46 Jacque Louis David’s...
The French Revolution
The Restoration1799-1804
McKay 714-720, Palmer 9.46Jacque Louis David’s Napoleon Crossing the Alps
First Consul
Moderate Period
• 1789-1792• “Age of
Montesquieu”• Constitution
al Monarchy– Liberal
moderates in control
• National Assembly/Legislative Assembly
• Limited Change
• Limited enfranchise-ment
Restoration Period
• 1799-1804• “Age of
Voltaire”• Enlightened
Despotism• Consulate• Government
centralized with enlightened ideals
• Old Order returns to power
Radical Period
• 1792-1794
• “Age of Rousseau”
• Republic
– Strong central government
– Radicals in control
• Convention
• Major Change
• Total enfranchise- ment
• Terror
• Command economy
• Utopian/ idealized vision
Thermidorian Period
• 1794-1799
• “Age of Smith”
• Oligarchy– Moderates
Bourgeoisie government
• Directory
• Reactionary stage
• Idealized visions of Rev forgotten– Period of
decadence
• Free Market economy– High Inflation
• Reliance on Strong Man
Crane Brinton & The Anatomy of Revolution
Consulate
1799 1801 1804
Coup d’etat
Brumaire
Concordat of 1801
-Code Napoleon-Duke of Enghien
executed-Napoleon crowns
self Emperor Napoleon
Constitution of 1799
Napoleon• Born in Corsica in 1759 (months after
French took it over)• Father moved family to France, climbed
French social ladder and got Napoleon in military academy
• Hated French at first– Teased by French children for yellow
skin and Italian accent• Rose through ranks quickly during
Revolution as many nobles had fled• 5’6” (according to some sources)
– (very short for general)• Intense & intimidating stare• Coarse manners, bad temper
– Not an aristocrat in behavior• Genius
– Capacity for hours of study in varied subjects
– Extremely detail oriented– Able to anticipate moves of enemies
Napoleon’s Foes in 1799
Bourgeoisie-l wanted property protected, business stability, equality under the law, meritocracy
Jacobins- wanted
republic, public education
Peasants -wanted Catholicism restored,
traditional values restored
Catholic wanted Catholicism
restored
Monarchists-wanted
monarchy restored,
wanted titles restored,
émigrés wanted to come home
Sans Culottes- wanted
universal male
suffrage
First Consul• Considered the last and most eminent
enlightened despot by some• Considered an absolutist despot by others• Constitution of 1799
– Plebiscite (public referendum) accepted it 3 million to 1 thousand
– Set up ‘a make believe’ of parliamentary institutions
– Gave universal male suffrage• BUT only allowed for the selection and
installment of “notables”– Notables were then appointed by government
to positions• Had no power on their own (more of a
debating club)• Government also had a Tribune and a
Conservative Senate• Little power was exercised outside of the First
Consul– Characterized by conservative, authoritarian,
autocratic, and centralized pseudo republican government
• Satisfies Sans Culottes (universal male suffrage)
Marengo
Peace of AmiensMade peace with 1st Coalition• Russia dropped out of coalition• Austria defeated at battle of
Marengo in June 1800 – Treaty of Lunevelle (1801)
reconfirms Campo Formio– France gains domain over
Northern Italy from Austria• Peace of Amiens
– Peace treaty w/ Britain in 1802• Peace & security satisfies
Peasants & Bourgeoisie (& most of French)
– Peace is good for business and agriculture
• 1800 & 1802 – Grants general amnesty to 100
thousand émigrés• Pleases monarchists
Duke of d’Enghien• Picks capable and effective people to staff the
administration (many Royalists & Jacobins)• Bomb to assassinate him was blamed on a
Jacobin conspiracy– even thou he knew royalist had done it– deported 100 Jacobins
• Makes royalists happy• Exaggerated “royalist plots” • Kidnapped Duke of d’Enghien from Baden
(Germany)– A Bourbon
• Trumped up charges of conspiracy to overthrow government
• Had him executed by firing squad– keeps the Jacobins satisfied that they, as
regicides, are safe under his rule• Pleases Jacobins• But monarchists hate this!!
Louis Antoine Henri, duc d'Enghien
Napoleon’s Iron Hand
Concordat of 1801• Bonaparte made peace with the Catholic Church• Regarded religion as a means to rule
– advertised himself as a Muslim in Egypt, a Catholic in France, a freethinker among professors
• recognized Catholic revival in France and wanted to eliminate refractory clergy (aided by England)
• Concordat of 1801 (with the Vatican)– Pope can depose French bishops and
controls the Church in France– Pope (by signing) recognizes the French
Republic and raises no question over former church lands
– Clergy are salaried by the state– Pope cannot question French toleration– Also put Protestant ministers and the state
payroll• Disarmed the counterrevolution• Republic is no longer ‘godless’• Satisfies conservative Peasants & Catholics
The caption of the picture translates: "Signature of the Concordat between the French Government and His Holiness Pius VII for the re-establishment of the Catholic religion in France".
Consulate reforms• Meritocracy
– Careers open to talent• No privileges were recognized• Citizens were to rise according to their abilities
(merit over birth)• Education came to be a determinant of social
standing– So long as it (book) didn’t question the First
Consul (Germaine de Stael exiled)– Lyceum system
• Centrally controlled state run secondary schools opened
• Tax reform– no tax exemptions– No more tax farmer
• Nation collected 100% of what it taxed• Bank of France
– Central bank created– new currency was established– Stabilized economy– Gov. no longer captive to will of nobility
• Bourgeoisie love all of this stuff
The Napoleonic Codes• Condensed over 300 legal systems of Old
Regime, thousands of laws past by Revolutionaries into One Code of Five sections
• Ancien regime laws were confusing, contradictory & allowed to numerous exemptions
• Napoleonic Code made France legally and judicially uniform
• Assured legal equality (not economic) to all Frenchmen
• forbade privileges based on birth• allowed freedom of religion• specified that government jobs go to the most
qualified• Paternalistic view of law
– Left wife with very restricted powers over property
• Unable to sign contract, own property• Above all it secured the sanctity of property
rights!!– Bourgeoisie Napoleon :}
Hammurabi is portrayed receiving the laws directly from Shamash the sun god
Napoleon’s Early Accomplishments
The Revolution is Complete
1789France = A Sick
Absolute Monarchy
1789-1792Moderate
Stage
1792-1794Radical Stage
1799-1804Restoration
1794-1799Thermidorian
1804 Napoleon crowned Emperor of FranceFrance = A Healthy Absolute Monarchy
Emperor Napoleon I