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The French Revolution
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• The Enlightenment- an 18th century intellectual movement based on the principles of reason and common sense that challenged the prevailing attitudes of religion and tradition.
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Important ideas…
• Contractual government
• The General Will
• Limited royal power
• Checks and balances
• Social equality
• Humanitarianism
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Failure of the Enlightenment
• The use of pure reason did not take into account some inescapable elements of human behavior such as:
• Emotions
• Desires
• Passions
• Appetites
• Willpower
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25 years of Chaos
• The French Revolution 1789-1799
• The Age of Napoleon 1799-1815
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A turning point in Western Civilization
• after the revolution had run its course... Europe was not the same place…
• the stage was set for the modern political, social and economic systems that is the western world today...
• However, France seemed the least likely for such dramatic changes.
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Underlying causes of the Revolution:
• The legacy of the Middle Ages
• The inequalities of the Old Regime --privileges of the 1st & 2nd Estates
• the corruption & inefficiency of government and justice
• The English & American Revolutions
• The Enlightenment writers
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1st Estate The Clergy
2nd Estate The Nobility
3rd Estate Everyone else! bourgeoisie
artisans
peasants and urban poor
The Old Regime
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The First Estate- 1% population; 15% land
• The Upper Clergy / The Lower Clergy
• Paid no taxes- made a “free gift”
• Collected tithes from peasants
• Monopoly of religion-“The Sunday pulpit”
• Operated the French school system
• Censored books and plays
• Provided relief for the poor
• Kept birth, marriage and death records
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The Second Estate 2% - 30%
• The Aristocracy or nobility, were exempt from taxes;
• Nobles of the Sword & Nobles of the Robe
• Collected feudal dues (banalities);
• Held highest positions in government, church & army;
• Liberals and Conservatives
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Third Estate 97% - 55%
• Bourgeoisie – educated and industrious, many paid taxes but had no voice in government and were denied top positions despite their talent.
• Artisans
• Peasants –paid the bulk of the taxes
• Day laborers gardeners, handymen, deliverymen, thieves, beggars
• Estimate census: 21,000,000 people
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Inherited debt…
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Aid to the American colonists…
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Life at Versailles Palace…
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Pensions and gifts…
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A limited tax base…
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Marie Antoinette…
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The fiscal crisis of Louis XVI: 1786 – 3 billion livres in debt
Louis’ plan to deal with the debt problem: Assembly of Notables
• “ask” for permission to initiate a tax based on land ownership…
• The response by the aristocracy…(their hidden agenda)
• Louis had to call a meeting of the Estates-General
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The Estates-General…
• Voting by Estates…
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The Tennis Court Oath, June 20, 1789 Louis ordered all three estates to meet together
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The Liberal Agenda...
• limit the despotic, inefficient monarchy
• institute a written constitution
• guarantee the rights of all citizens
• establish a national Parlement
• reform the administrative & judicial systems
• reform the tax and financial system
• Insure a free, uncensored press
• standardize weights & measures
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• Louis changed his mind…decided to disrupt the assembly and sidetrack its goals
• 18,000 troops called to Paris and Versailles
• Jacques Necker dismissed
• Backlash in Paris…
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7 prisoners, 30 Swiss Guard….no gunpowder!
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“The Great Fear” ...July 20th - August 4th
• delegates at the Assembly resumed their longwinded and inconclusive debates…
• a rumor was started- nobles were paying gangs of brigands to steal & destroy the crops of peasants.
• violent insurrections against landlords- burning their castles and destroying all records of feudal obligations…(peasants in the countryside sent the delegates at the Assembly an unmistakable message…)
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The Declaration of Rights of Man
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Reforms of the National Assembly
• a statement on human rights• abolition of special privileges• The Constitution of 1791
– Constitutional Monarchy– Unicameral legislature
• 83 departments replaced provinces • Reforms to aid business
- standardized weights and measures- The metric system introduced- tolls were eliminated
• subordination of the church to the state
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Three factors leading to the violent phase of the Revolution
• 1) the counterrevolution– devout Catholics – royalists
• 2) threat of foreign invasion
• 3) the sans-culottes
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The Sans-culottes…
• Universal male suffrage• Price controls on goods• Wage guarantees for
workers• Graduated tax on wealth• Punish food hoarders• Create a “classless society”• Forced the creation of a new
government: The Convention
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• The National Convention succeeded the Legislative (National) Assembly
• on September 21, 1792, its 745 members met for the first time…
• the next day, they voted to abolish the monarchy and create a republic.
• King Louis was put on trial-The vote against him- 360-361!
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Problems facing the Convention
• The country was threatened by foreign invasions
• Incited by the clergy, peasants were in open revolt
• Many leading cities refused to cooperate with the central government
• The Revolutionary Guard roamed the countryside searching for food-hoarders and “enemies of the revolution.”
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• The slogan of the Revolution…
“Liberty, Equality & Fraternity”
• By April, 1793, France was at war with Austria, Prussia, Spain,
Great Britain, Sardinia and Holland (known as the First Coalition)
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• Jacques Danton - popular and practical,
• began the levee en masse - he put the entire nation on a war footing
• 1st time in Europe that the total population was mobilized, defended by a citizen army.
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• Maximillian Robespierre “The Incorruptible”
• the most powerful member of the Committee of Public Safety
• supported by the sans-culottes-
• Goal - remove all opponents of the Revolution- Reign of Terror
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A Republic of Virtue• Places & streets
renamed• A new calendar• A national anthem• Festivals and
parades• titles of distinction
were outlawed• Dress and fashion
reflected the working class
• Slavery abolished• One man, one vote
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• The terror actually started with the execution of Louis in Jan, 1792
• Marie remained alive until October, 1793
• the use of the guillotine was not the work of bloodthirsty madmen, but an enlightened method of execution to save the Republic.
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• 16,000 were sent to the guillotine, including nobles, their wives, the clergy & anyone else suspected of not supporting the Republic
• During the upheavals between 1789 and 1799, it is estimated than about 350,000 died
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• other opponents of the Terror feared for their lives and turned on Robespierre
• July 28, 1794, Robespierre himself was executed
• the radical phase of the revolution was over.
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The Thermidorian Reaction
• After Robespierre’s execution, the Jacobin government was dismantled…
• leadership passed back to the property-owning bourgeoisie …
• a new constitution, approved in 1795 reestablished property qualifications for voting and holding public office and created a new government: The Directory
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• The Directory relied on generals to enforce its will…
• One these generals, Napoleon Bonaparte seized control of the government in November 1799
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Some final comments…the meaning of the revolution
• Weakened the political influence of the aristocracy
• Government positions would be awarded based on merit
• Transformed the dynastic state into a modern state (liberal, secular & rational)
• Realized the ideas of the philosophes– Equality before the law– Trial by jury– Freedom of speech, press and religion
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• Any questions?