The French & Indian War (1756 – 1763)
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Transcript of The French & Indian War (1756 – 1763)
Ms. Susan Pojer&
Mr. Davison
Study the map and describe one cause of the French and Indian War?
Population and Economic Push
From the diagram, list two causes of the French and Indian War?
The French and Indian Wars are a
Combination of Wars• King William's War (1689–97) • Queen Anne's War (1702–1713) • King George’s War (1744–1748) • The Seven Years War (1754 -1763)
– The French and Indian War in Colonies
Remember, rivalries in Europe always spill over into the Colonies.
North America in North America in 17501750
North America in North America in 17501750
BritishBritish FrenchFrench
Fort Necessity Fort DuquesneFort Necessity Fort Duquesne ** George Washington George Washington ** Delaware & Delaware & ShawneeShawnee Indians Indians
The The Ohio ValleyOhio Valley
1754 1754 The First The First ClashClash
1754 1754 The First The First ClashClash
Britain Declares War on France
Alliance with Prussia.
Prussia v France and its Allies in Europe.
Britain fought France in the Caribbean, India, and North America.
British suffer many losses in the early years of the war: Settlements are attacked; lose forts on Lake Ontario and Lake George.
What does it take to fight a War?
The Albany Congress• In 1754, war was inevitable.• The colonies sent delegates
to Albany to discuss strategy for common defense.
• They approved a document written by Benjamin Franklin promoting a substructure of government below British authority to govern the colonies.
• The council would be comprised of elected representatives from each colony and headed by a President-General appointed by the crown.
• The colonies were not ready for political union and it is unlikely that the British government would have supported the plan.
"Join or Die" (1754) first publishedBy Benjamin Franklin is
Often considered the firstAmerican Political Cartoon
Iroquois Advice
• Our wise forefathers established Union and Amity between the Five Nations. This has made us formidable; this has given us great Weight and Authority with our neighboring Nations. We are a powerful Confederacy; and by your observing the same methods, our wise forefathers have taken, you will acquire such Strength and power. Therefore whatever befalls you, never fall out with one another [emphasis added].
--Canassatego, Lancaster Treaty Council, 1744
Iroquois – Hold the power to tip the balance between English and French
Ben Franklin Ben Franklin representatives representatives fromfrom New England, NY, MD, PA New England, NY, MD, PA
A Albany CongressAlbany Congress failed Iroquois failed Iroquois broke off relations with broke off relations with Britain & threatened to Britain & threatened to trade with the French. trade with the French.
1754 1754 Albany Plan Albany Plan of Unionof Union
1754 1754 Albany Plan Albany Plan of Unionof Union
Gen. Edward Braddock Gen. Edward Braddock evict the evict the French from the OH Valley & Canada French from the OH Valley & Canada (Newfoundland & Nova Scotia)(Newfoundland & Nova Scotia)
A Attacks OH Valley, Mohawk Attacks OH Valley, Mohawk Valley,Valley, & Acadia. & Acadia.A Killed 10 mi. from Ft. Duquesne Killed 10 mi. from Ft. Duquesne by 1500 French and Indian by 1500 French and Indian forces.forces.Only Br. Success Only Br. Success expelled expelled
France France from Louisiana. from Louisiana.
CAJUNSCAJUNS
1755 1755 Br. Decides Br. Decides to Eliminate Fr. to Eliminate Fr. Presence in No. Presence in No.
Amer.Amer.
1755 1755 Br. Decides Br. Decides to Eliminate Fr. to Eliminate Fr. Presence in No. Presence in No.
Amer.Amer.
Braddock “halted to level every mole hill and to erect bridges over every brook by which means we were four days getting twelve miles” (Washington)
Braddock’s Dilemma: Tried to fight a European style war in the wilderness of Pennsylvania.
General Braddock is killed
Braddock’s force is routed and retreats in disarray. During the battle on July 9th Braddock is mortally wounded. Braddock dies and is buried in the middle of the road he built and the remainder of his army marches over him to hide the grave from the French and their allies.
Native American tribes Native American tribes exploited both sides! exploited both sides!
Lord Lord LoudouinLoudouin
Marquis Marquis de Montcalmde Montcalm
1756 1756 War Is War Is Formally Formally
Declared! Declared!
1756 1756 War Is War Is Formally Formally
Declared! Declared!
1757 William Pitt
The right man, at the right time, and in the right place can make all the difference.
• Secretary of State• Prime Minister• Excellent judge of
military commanders
• Global Thinker
1757 William Pitt’s Strategy
• Pitt concentrated on:– expelling the French from
North America
– buying the cooperation by the colonists by stimulating the North American economy with a massive infusion of British currency
– buying the support of the Native Americans with promises of fixed territorial boundaries.
A He understood colonial concerns.He understood colonial concerns.
A He offered them a compromise:He offered them a compromise:
-- colonial loyalty & mil. colonial loyalty & mil. cooperation--> Britain would cooperation--> Britain would reimburse colonial assemblies for reimburse colonial assemblies for their costs.their costs. -- Lord Loudoun would be Lord Loudoun would be removed.removed.
RESULTS?RESULTS? Colonial morale Colonial morale increased by 1758. increased by 1758.
1757 1757 William Pitt William Pitt Becomes Foreign Becomes Foreign
MinisterMinister
1757 1757 William Pitt William Pitt Becomes Foreign Becomes Foreign
MinisterMinister
BritishBritish
• March in formation or March in formation or bayonet charge. bayonet charge.
• Br. officers wanted toBr. officers wanted to take charge of colonials. take charge of colonials.
• Prima Donna Br. Prima Donna Br. officers with servants officers with servants & tea settings. & tea settings.
• Drills & toughDrills & tough discipline. discipline.
• Colonists should payColonists should pay for their own defense. for their own defense.
• Indian-style guerillaIndian-style guerilla tactics. tactics.
• Col. militias servedCol. militias served under own captains. under own captains.
• No mil. deference orNo mil. deference or protocols observed. protocols observed.
• Resistance to risingResistance to rising taxes. taxes.
• Casual, Casual, non-professionals. non-professionals.
Methods ofMethods ofFighting:Fighting:
MilitaryMilitaryOrganization:Organization:
MilitaryMilitaryDiscipline:Discipline:
Finances:Finances:
Demeanor:Demeanor:
British-American British-American Colonial TensionsColonial TensionsBritish-American British-American Colonial TensionsColonial Tensions
ColonialsColonials
** By 1761, Sp. has become an ally of Fr.By 1761, Sp. has become an ally of Fr.
1758-1761 1758-1761 The Tide The Tide Turns for EnglandTurns for England
1758-1761 1758-1761 The Tide The Tide Turns for EnglandTurns for England
Amherst and Wolf stem the French tide in America
France --> France --> lost her Canadian lost her Canadian possessions, most of her empire in possessions, most of her empire in India, and claims India, and claims to lands east of the Mississippi to lands east of the Mississippi River.River.Spain -->Spain --> got all French lands west got all French lands west of the Mississippi River, New of the Mississippi River, New Orleans, but lost Florida to Orleans, but lost Florida to England.England.England -->England --> got all French lands in got all French lands in Canada, exclusive rights to Canada, exclusive rights to Caribbean slave trade, and Caribbean slave trade, and commercial dominance commercial dominance in India.in India.
1763 1763 Treaty of Treaty of ParisParis
1763 1763 Treaty of Treaty of ParisParis
North America in North America in 17631763
North America in North America in 17631763
1.1. It increased her colonial It increased her colonial empire in the Americas.empire in the Americas.
2.2. It greatly enlarged It greatly enlarged England’s debt.England’s debt.
3.3. Britain’s contempt for Britain’s contempt for the colonials created bitter the colonials created bitter feelings.feelings.
Therefore, England felt that aTherefore, England felt that amajor reorganization of her major reorganization of her
American EmpireAmerican Empire was necessary! was necessary!
Effects of the War Effects of the War on Britain?on Britain?
Effects of the War Effects of the War on Britain?on Britain?
1.1. It united them against aIt united them against a common enemy for the first common enemy for the first time. time.
2.2. It created a socializing It created a socializing experience for all the experience for all the colonials who participated. colonials who participated.
3.3. It created bitter feelings It created bitter feelings
towards the British that towards the British that would only intensify. would only intensify.
Effects of the War on Effects of the War on the American the American
ColonialsColonials
Effects of the War on Effects of the War on the American the American
ColonialsColonials
Peace Treaties Lead to War
• Question: Who is especially unhappy about the French loss?
• The Native Americans.
• British Trappers and Settlers refuse to pay Native Americans for the use of the land.
• Chief Pontiac puts together a Native American Alliance and strikes back at the British.
• Pontiac fails to capture key terrain.• Pontiac’s War ends in 1765.
17631763 Pontiac’s Pontiac’s RebellionRebellion
Fort DetroitFort Detroit
British “gifts” of smallpox-British “gifts” of smallpox-infected blankets from Fort Pitt.infected blankets from Fort Pitt.
The Aftermath: The Aftermath: Tensions Along the Tensions Along the
FrontierFrontier
The Aftermath: The Aftermath: Tensions Along the Tensions Along the
FrontierFrontier
Pontiac’s Rebellion Pontiac’s Rebellion (1763)(1763)
Pontiac’s Rebellion Pontiac’s Rebellion (1763)(1763)
British British ProclamationProclamation Line of 1763. Line of 1763.
Colonials Colonials Paxton Boys Paxton Boys (PA)(PA)
BACKLASH!BACKLASH!BACKLASH!BACKLASH!
British Government measures British Government measures to prevent smuggling:to prevent smuggling:
James Otis’James Otis’ case case
Protection of a citizen’sProtection of a citizen’s private property must private property must bebe held in higher regard held in higher regard than a parliamentary than a parliamentary statute. statute.
A 1761 1761 writs of assistancewrits of assistance
He lost He lost parliamentary parliamentary law and custom had law and custom had equalequalweight.weight.
Rethinking Their Rethinking Their EmpireEmpire
Rethinking Their Rethinking Their EmpireEmpire
1.1. Sugar Act - 1764 Sugar Act - 1764
2.2. Currency Act - 1764 Currency Act - 1764
4.4. Stamp Act - 1765 Stamp Act - 1765
3.3. Quartering Act - 1765 Quartering Act - 1765
George Grenville’s George Grenville’s Program, 1763-1765Program, 1763-1765George Grenville’s George Grenville’s
Program, 1763-1765Program, 1763-1765
Real WhigsReal Whigs
Q->Q-> What was the extent of Parliament’sWhat was the extent of Parliament’s authority over the colonies?? authority over the colonies??
Absolute?Absolute? OR OR Limited?Limited?
Q->Q-> How could the colonies give or How could the colonies give or withhold consent for withhold consent for parliamentaryparliamentary legislation when they did not legislation when they did not havehave representation in that body?? representation in that body??
Theories of Theories of RepresentationRepresentation
Theories of Theories of RepresentationRepresentation
Loyal NineLoyal Nine - 1765- 1765
Sons of LibertySons of Liberty – – began in began in NYC:NYC:Samuel Samuel Adams Adams
Stamp Act CongressStamp Act Congress – 1765– 1765 ** Stamp Act ResolvesStamp Act Resolves
Declaratory ActDeclaratory Act – – 17661766
Stamp Act CrisisStamp Act CrisisStamp Act CrisisStamp Act Crisis
Costs of Costs of Colonial Colonial
ResistanceResistance
Costs of Costs of Colonial Colonial
ResistanceResistance
17671767 William Pitt, P. M. & Charles William Pitt, P. M. & Charles Townshend, Secretary of Townshend, Secretary of the Exchequer. the Exchequer.
A Shift from paying taxes for Br. Shift from paying taxes for Br. war war debts & quartering of troops debts & quartering of troops paying col. govt. salaries. paying col. govt. salaries.A He diverted revenue collection He diverted revenue collection from from internal to external trade. internal to external trade.A Tax these imports Tax these imports paper, paint, paper, paint, lead, glass, tea. lead, glass, tea.
A Increase custom officials at Increase custom officials at American ports American ports established a established a Board of Customs in Boston. Board of Customs in Boston.
Townshend Duties Townshend Duties Crisis: 1767-1770Crisis: 1767-1770Townshend Duties Townshend Duties Crisis: 1767-1770Crisis: 1767-1770
1.1. John Dickinson John Dickinson 1768 1768 ** Letters from a Farmer inLetters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania Pennsylvania..
2.2. 1768 1768 2 2ndnd non-importation non-importation movement: movement: ** “Daughters of Liberty”“Daughters of Liberty” ** spinning beesspinning bees
3.3. Riots against customs Riots against customs agents:agents: ** John Hancock’s ship, the John Hancock’s ship, the
LibertyLiberty.. ** 4000 British troops sent 4000 British troops sent to Boston. to Boston.
Colonial Response to Colonial Response to the Townshend the Townshend
DutiesDuties
Colonial Response to Colonial Response to the Townshend the Townshend
DutiesDuties
The Boston Massacre?
• The Boston Massacre was the killing of five colonists by British regulars on March 5, 1770. It was the culmination of tensions in the American colonies that had been growing since Royal troops first appeared in Massachusetts in October 1768 to enforce the heavy tax burden imposed by the Townshend Acts.
Road to War
• The boston Massacre markes the first step in a road to war!
What do you see in this picture?