The French and Indian War. Competing European Claims In the middle of the 18th century, France and...

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The French and The French and Indian War Indian War

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Page 1: The French and Indian War. Competing European Claims In the middle of the 18th century, France and England had competing claims for land in North America.

The French and The French and Indian WarIndian War

Page 2: The French and Indian War. Competing European Claims In the middle of the 18th century, France and England had competing claims for land in North America.
Page 3: The French and Indian War. Competing European Claims In the middle of the 18th century, France and England had competing claims for land in North America.

Competing European Competing European Claims Claims

In the middle of the 18th In the middle of the 18th century, France and century, France and England had competing England had competing claims for land in North claims for land in North America. America.

The French held trapping The French held trapping and trade routes in the Ohio and trade routes in the Ohio Valley.Valley.

The English colonies were The English colonies were encroaching on French encroaching on French territory are the population territory are the population grew.grew.

They also competed over They also competed over trade issues with the Native trade issues with the Native Americans in the disputed Americans in the disputed region. region.

Page 4: The French and Indian War. Competing European Claims In the middle of the 18th century, France and England had competing claims for land in North America.

North America in North America in 17501750

North America in North America in 17501750

Page 5: The French and Indian War. Competing European Claims In the middle of the 18th century, France and England had competing claims for land in North America.

BritishBritish FrenchFrench

Fort Necessity Fort DuquesneFort Necessity Fort Duquesne ** George Washington George Washington ** Delaware & Delaware & ShawneeShawnee Indians Indians

The The Ohio ValleyOhio Valley

1754 1754 The First The First ClashClash

1754 1754 The First The First ClashClash

Page 6: The French and Indian War. Competing European Claims In the middle of the 18th century, France and England had competing claims for land in North America.

The Battle of Fort The Battle of Fort NecessityNecessity

The French set up forts to The French set up forts to protect their fur trading protect their fur trading interests. interests.

Some of these forts Some of these forts conflicted with English conflicted with English claims.claims.

Virginia Governor Virginia Governor Dinwiddie dispatched a Dinwiddie dispatched a young George Washington young George Washington in 1753 to deliver a in 1753 to deliver a protest to the French. protest to the French. This protest was ignored. This protest was ignored.

The British sent a party to The British sent a party to construct a fort on the site construct a fort on the site of modern Pittsburgof modern Pittsburg. .

Young George Washington

Page 7: The French and Indian War. Competing European Claims In the middle of the 18th century, France and England had competing claims for land in North America.

The Battle of Fort The Battle of Fort NecessityNecessity

The force was driven off by the French who, in turn, constructed The force was driven off by the French who, in turn, constructed Fort Duquesne on the site. Fort Duquesne on the site.

The next year, Dinwiddie turned to Washington to expel the The next year, Dinwiddie turned to Washington to expel the French from the site. Washington was quickly overwhelmed by French from the site. Washington was quickly overwhelmed by superior French and Native American numbers. superior French and Native American numbers.

Washington had to retreat to the hastily constructed Fort Washington had to retreat to the hastily constructed Fort Necessity, which he had to surrender shortly there after. This Necessity, which he had to surrender shortly there after. This incident was a prelude to the French and Indian War. incident was a prelude to the French and Indian War.

A re-creation of Ft. Necessity.

Page 8: The French and Indian War. Competing European Claims In the middle of the 18th century, France and England had competing claims for land in North America.

The Albany CongressThe Albany Congress Governing of the Governing of the

coloniescolonies The council would be The council would be

comprised of elected comprised of elected representatives representatives

political union political union unlikely and British unlikely and British government would not government would not have supported the have supported the plan.plan.

"Join or Die" (1754) published by Franklin is considered the first political

cartoon of the colonies.

Page 9: The French and Indian War. Competing European Claims In the middle of the 18th century, France and England had competing claims for land in North America.

9. That the assent of the President-9. That the assent of the President-General be requisite to all acts of the General be requisite to all acts of the Grand Council, and that it be his office Grand Council, and that it be his office and duty to cause them to be carried and duty to cause them to be carried into execution. into execution.

10. That the President-General, with the 10. That the President-General, with the advice of the Grand Council, hold or advice of the Grand Council, hold or direct all Indian treaties… and make direct all Indian treaties… and make peace or declare war with Indian peace or declare war with Indian nations. nations.

11. That they make such laws as they 11. That they make such laws as they judge necessary for regulating all Indian judge necessary for regulating all Indian trade. …trade. …

15. That they raise and pay soldiers and 15. That they raise and pay soldiers and build forts for the defence of any of the build forts for the defence of any of the Colonies… Colonies…

16. That for these purposes they have 16. That for these purposes they have power to make laws, and lay and levy power to make laws, and lay and levy such general duties, imposts, or taxes… such general duties, imposts, or taxes…

““[the President]…he shall take care [the President]…he shall take care that the laws be faithfully that the laws be faithfully executed…”executed…”

““[the President]…shall have power, [the President]…shall have power, by and with the advice and consent by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, to make treaties, of the Senate, to make treaties, provided two thirds of the Senators provided two thirds of the Senators present concur…”present concur…”

““[Congress will] regulate [Congress will] regulate Commerce with foreign Nations, Commerce with foreign Nations, and among the several States, and and among the several States, and with the Indian Tribes…”with the Indian Tribes…”

““[Congress will] raise and support [Congress will] raise and support Armies…To provide and maintain a Armies…To provide and maintain a Navy…”Navy…”

““The Congress shall have Power To The Congress shall have Power To lay and collect Taxes, Duties, lay and collect Taxes, Duties, Imposts and Excises…”Imposts and Excises…”

From the Albany Plan of Union (1754)

From the Constitution

(1787)

Page 10: The French and Indian War. Competing European Claims In the middle of the 18th century, France and England had competing claims for land in North America.

Gen. Edward Braddock Gen. Edward Braddock evict the evict the French from the OH Valley & Canada French from the OH Valley & Canada (Newfoundland & Nova Scotia)(Newfoundland & Nova Scotia)

A Attacks OH Valley, Mohawk Attacks OH Valley, Mohawk Valley,Valley, & Acadia. & Acadia.A Killed 10 mi. from Ft. Duquesne Killed 10 mi. from Ft. Duquesne by 1500 French and Indian by 1500 French and Indian forces.forces.Only Br. Success Only Br. Success expelled expelled

France France from Louisiana. from Louisiana.

CAJUNSCAJUNS

1755 1755 Br. Decides Br. Decides to Eliminate Fr. to Eliminate Fr. Presence in No. Presence in No.

Amer.Amer.

1755 1755 Br. Decides Br. Decides to Eliminate Fr. to Eliminate Fr. Presence in No. Presence in No.

Amer.Amer.

Page 11: The French and Indian War. Competing European Claims In the middle of the 18th century, France and England had competing claims for land in North America.

Braddock’s DefeatBraddock’s Defeat In July 1755, the In July 1755, the

British sent a force British sent a force from Virginia to from Virginia to attack Fort Duquesne. attack Fort Duquesne.

force defeated force defeated Braddock, and the Braddock, and the

French commander French commander Beaujeu, were killed. Beaujeu, were killed.

23 year old George 23 year old George Washington won Washington won accolades accolades

Page 12: The French and Indian War. Competing European Claims In the middle of the 18th century, France and England had competing claims for land in North America.

Native American tribes Native American tribes exploited both sides! exploited both sides!

Lord Lord LoudouinLoudouin

Marquis Marquis de Montcalmde Montcalm

1756 1756 War Is War Is Formally Formally

Declared! Declared!

1756 1756 War Is War Is Formally Formally

Declared! Declared!

Page 13: The French and Indian War. Competing European Claims In the middle of the 18th century, France and England had competing claims for land in North America.

The Seven Years War in The Seven Years War in EuropeEurope

The European phase of the war lasted The European phase of the war lasted from 1757 to 1763from 1757 to 1763..

Page 14: The French and Indian War. Competing European Claims In the middle of the 18th century, France and England had competing claims for land in North America.

BritishBritish

• March in formation March in formation or or bayonet charge. bayonet charge.• Br. officers wanted toBr. officers wanted to take charge of take charge of colonials.colonials.

• Prima Donna Br. Prima Donna Br. officers with officers with servantsservants & tea settings. & tea settings.

• Drills & toughDrills & tough discipline. discipline.

• Colonists should payColonists should pay for their own defense. for their own defense.

• Indian-style Indian-style guerillaguerilla tactics. tactics.• Col. militias servedCol. militias served under own captains. under own captains.

• No mil. deference orNo mil. deference or protocols observed. protocols observed.

• Resistance to risingResistance to rising taxes. taxes.

• Casual, Casual, non-professionals non-professionals..

Methods ofMethods ofFighting:Fighting:

MilitaryMilitaryOrganizationOrganization::MilitaryMilitaryDiscipline:Discipline:

Finances:Finances:

Demeanor:Demeanor:

British-American British-American Colonial TensionsColonial TensionsBritish-American British-American Colonial TensionsColonial Tensions

ColonialsColonials

Page 15: The French and Indian War. Competing European Claims In the middle of the 18th century, France and England had competing claims for land in North America.

Fortunes ReverseFortunes Reverse In 1757, expansion In 1757, expansion

advocate William Pitt advocate William Pitt became the British Prime became the British Prime Minister and vowed to lead Minister and vowed to lead country to victory. country to victory.

Pitt concentrated on:Pitt concentrated on: expelling the French from expelling the French from

North AmericaNorth America buying the cooperation by buying the cooperation by

the colonists by stimulating the colonists by stimulating the North American the North American economy with a massive economy with a massive infusion of British currencyinfusion of British currency

buying the support of the buying the support of the Native Americans with Native Americans with promises of fixed territorial promises of fixed territorial boundaries. boundaries.

Page 16: The French and Indian War. Competing European Claims In the middle of the 18th century, France and England had competing claims for land in North America.

Fortunes Reverse Fortunes Reverse

devastated the Cherokee to the South and began capturing devastated the Cherokee to the South and began capturing strategic French forts and cutting off their supply lines. strategic French forts and cutting off their supply lines.

The British conquered Quebec in 1759. The British conquered Quebec in 1759. In 1760, they captured Montreal. In 1760, they captured Montreal. In the final years of the war, the British defeated the In the final years of the war, the British defeated the

French Navy and took French colonies in the Caribbean. French Navy and took French colonies in the Caribbean.

Page 17: The French and Indian War. Competing European Claims In the middle of the 18th century, France and England had competing claims for land in North America.

French Defeat: Treaty of French Defeat: Treaty of Easton Easton

The Treaty of Easton, The Treaty of Easton, signed in 1758 signed in 1758

British promised the British promised the Six Iroquois Nations Six Iroquois Nations to stop settlements to stop settlements west of the west of the Alleghenies in Alleghenies in exchange for their exchange for their neutrality in the war. neutrality in the war.

French abandon Fort French abandon Fort Duquesne and, by Duquesne and, by 1760, Detroit and 1760, Detroit and MontrealMontreal

Page 18: The French and Indian War. Competing European Claims In the middle of the 18th century, France and England had competing claims for land in North America.

The Treaty of ParisThe Treaty of Paris

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France --> lost her Canadian France --> lost her Canadian possessions, most of her empire in possessions, most of her empire in India, and claims India, and claims to lands east of the Mississippi to lands east of the Mississippi River.River.Spain -->Spain --> got all French lands west got all French lands west of the Mississippi River, New of the Mississippi River, New Orleans, but lost Florida to Orleans, but lost Florida to England.England.England -->England --> got all French lands in got all French lands in Canada, exclusive rights to Canada, exclusive rights to Caribbean slave trade, and Caribbean slave trade, and commercial dominance commercial dominance in India.in India.

1763 1763 Treaty of Treaty of ParisParis

1763 1763 Treaty of Treaty of ParisParis

Page 20: The French and Indian War. Competing European Claims In the middle of the 18th century, France and England had competing claims for land in North America.

North America in North America in 17631763

North America in North America in 17631763

Page 21: The French and Indian War. Competing European Claims In the middle of the 18th century, France and England had competing claims for land in North America.
Page 22: The French and Indian War. Competing European Claims In the middle of the 18th century, France and England had competing claims for land in North America.

Pontiac's Rebellion Pontiac's Rebellion Unrest culminated in Unrest culminated in

a rebellion by Pontiac a rebellion by Pontiac with the goal of with the goal of expelling the British. expelling the British.

The uprising lasted The uprising lasted from 1763 to 1766.from 1763 to 1766.

Massacres and Massacres and atrocities occurred on atrocities occurred on both sides— most both sides— most notably, British notably, British General Jeffrey General Jeffrey Amherst gave the Amherst gave the Native Americans Native Americans blankets infested with blankets infested with smallpox. smallpox.

Page 23: The French and Indian War. Competing European Claims In the middle of the 18th century, France and England had competing claims for land in North America.

Chief Pontiac: Address to Ottawa, Huron, and Chief Pontiac: Address to Ottawa, Huron, and Pottawatomie Indians Pottawatomie Indians

(May 5, 1763)(May 5, 1763)

““It is important … that we exterminate from our lands this It is important … that we exterminate from our lands this nation which seeks only to destroy us. You see as well as I nation which seeks only to destroy us. You see as well as I do that we can no longer supply our needs, as we have done do that we can no longer supply our needs, as we have done from our brothers, the French. The English sells us goods from our brothers, the French. The English sells us goods twice as dear as the French do, and their goods do not last. twice as dear as the French do, and their goods do not last. ……

When I go to see the English commander and say to him When I go to see the English commander and say to him that some of our comrades are dead, instead of bewailing that some of our comrades are dead, instead of bewailing their death, as our French brothers do, he laughs at me and their death, as our French brothers do, he laughs at me and at you. If I ask for anything for our sick, he refuses with the at you. If I ask for anything for our sick, he refuses with the reply that he has no use for us. …reply that he has no use for us. …

Are we not men like them? … What do we fear? It is time.”Are we not men like them? … What do we fear? It is time.”

Page 24: The French and Indian War. Competing European Claims In the middle of the 18th century, France and England had competing claims for land in North America.

The Royal Proclamation The Royal Proclamation of 1763of 1763

Page 25: The French and Indian War. Competing European Claims In the middle of the 18th century, France and England had competing claims for land in North America.

1.1. It increased her colonial empire It increased her colonial empire in in the Americas. the Americas.

2.2. It greatly enlarged England’s It greatly enlarged England’s debt.debt.

3.3. Britain’s contempt for the Britain’s contempt for the colonials colonials created bitter feelings. created bitter feelings.

Therefore, England felt that aTherefore, England felt that amajor reorganization of her major reorganization of her

American EmpireAmerican Empire was necessary! was necessary!

Effects of the War Effects of the War on Britain?on Britain?

Effects of the War Effects of the War on Britain?on Britain?

Page 26: The French and Indian War. Competing European Claims In the middle of the 18th century, France and England had competing claims for land in North America.

1.1. It united them against aIt united them against a common enemy for the first common enemy for the first time. time.

2.2. It created a socializing It created a socializing experience for all the experience for all the colonials who participated. colonials who participated.

3.3. It created bitter feelings It created bitter feelings

towards the British that towards the British that would only intensify. would only intensify.

Effects of the War on Effects of the War on the American the American

ColonialsColonials

Effects of the War on Effects of the War on the American the American

ColonialsColonials

Page 27: The French and Indian War. Competing European Claims In the middle of the 18th century, France and England had competing claims for land in North America.

1.1. Sugar Act - 1764 Sugar Act - 1764

2.2. Currency Act - 1764 Currency Act - 1764

4.4. Stamp Act - 1765 Stamp Act - 1765

3.3. Quartering Act - 1765 Quartering Act - 1765

George Grenville’s George Grenville’s Program, 1763-1765Program, 1763-1765George Grenville’s George Grenville’s

Program, 1763-1765Program, 1763-1765

Page 28: The French and Indian War. Competing European Claims In the middle of the 18th century, France and England had competing claims for land in North America.

Real WhigsReal Whigs

Q->Q-> What was the extent of Parliament’sWhat was the extent of Parliament’s authority over the colonies?? authority over the colonies??

Absolute?Absolute? OR Limited?OR Limited?

Q->Q-> How could the colonies give or How could the colonies give or withhold consent for withhold consent for parliamentaryparliamentary legislation when they did not legislation when they did not havehave representation in that body?? representation in that body??

Theories of Theories of RepresentationRepresentation

Theories of Theories of RepresentationRepresentation

Page 29: The French and Indian War. Competing European Claims In the middle of the 18th century, France and England had competing claims for land in North America.

Loyal NineLoyal Nine - 1765 - 1765

Sons of Liberty – Sons of Liberty – began in began in NYC:NYC:Samuel Samuel Adams Adams

Stamp Act Congress – 1765Stamp Act Congress – 1765 ** Stamp Act ResolvesStamp Act Resolves

Declaratory Act Declaratory Act – – 17661766

Stamp Act CrisisStamp Act CrisisStamp Act CrisisStamp Act Crisis

Page 30: The French and Indian War. Competing European Claims In the middle of the 18th century, France and England had competing claims for land in North America.

17671767 William Pitt, P. M. & Charles William Pitt, P. M. & Charles Townshend, Secretary of Townshend, Secretary of the Exchequer. the Exchequer.

A Shift from paying taxes for Br. Shift from paying taxes for Br. war war debts & quartering of troops debts & quartering of troops paying col. govt. salaries. paying col. govt. salaries.A He diverted revenue collection He diverted revenue collection from from internal to external trade. internal to external trade.A Tax these imports Tax these imports paper, paint, paper, paint, lead, glass, tea. lead, glass, tea.

A Increase custom officials at Increase custom officials at American ports American ports established a established a Board of Customs in Boston. Board of Customs in Boston.

Townshend Duties Townshend Duties Crisis: 1767-1770Crisis: 1767-1770Townshend Duties Townshend Duties Crisis: 1767-1770Crisis: 1767-1770

Page 31: The French and Indian War. Competing European Claims In the middle of the 18th century, France and England had competing claims for land in North America.

1.1. John Dickinson John Dickinson 1768 1768 ** Letters from a Farmer inLetters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania Pennsylvania..

2.2. 1768 1768 2 2ndnd non-importation non-importation movement: movement: ** “Daughters of Liberty”“Daughters of Liberty” ** spinning beesspinning bees

3.3. Riots against customs Riots against customs agents:agents: ** John Hancock’s ship, the John Hancock’s ship, the

LibertyLiberty.. ** 4000 British troops sent 4000 British troops sent to Boston. to Boston.

Colonial Response to Colonial Response to the Townshend the Townshend

DutiesDuties

Colonial Response to Colonial Response to the Townshend the Townshend

DutiesDuties

Page 32: The French and Indian War. Competing European Claims In the middle of the 18th century, France and England had competing claims for land in North America.
Page 33: The French and Indian War. Competing European Claims In the middle of the 18th century, France and England had competing claims for land in North America.

Slide 2: http://www.clements.umich.edu/Exhibits/g.washington/case.07/07e.jpg Slide 3: http://www.teachkidshistory.com/revolutionary-war/french-indian-war.jpgSlide 4: http://www.georgewashington.si.edu/life/chrono_military.html Slide 5: http://www.fortedwards.org/cwffa/f-i-series/part5-27.jpg Slide 6: http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/us.capitol/one.jpgSlide 7: http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/amerdoc/albany.htm http://www.law.cornell.edu/constitution/constitution.articleii.html#section2Slide 8: http://www.csulb.edu/~aisstudy/nae/chapter_1/001_002_1.46.jpgSlide 9: http://www.historyteacher.net/APEuroCourse/Maps/map-7YrsWar-1756-1763.jpg Slide 10: http://www.britishempire.co.uk/images3/chatham.jpgSlide 11: http://faculty.evansville.edu/rl29/art105/img/west_deathwolfe.jpgSlide 12: http://content.answers.com/main/content/wp/en/thumb/1/1f/350px-FortDuquesne.jpgSlide 13: http://www.geo.msu.edu/geo333/images/british-era-1763-75.jpg Slide 14: http://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h598.htmlSlide 15: http://asp1.umbc.edu/newmedia/sites/chetah/pdf/r2.pdfSlide 16: http://classes.maxwell.syr.edu/his101/pix/proc.jpgSlide 17: http://www.hfcsd.org/marozell/images/bloody%20pond.jpg

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