The French and IndianThe French and Indian WarWar

“England and France compete in

North America”

What happens when What happens when there is more than one there is more than one

High School in a High School in a community?community?

North America in North America in 17501750

North America in North America in 17501750

French and Indian WarFrench and Indian War

Students will analyze Students will analyze the French and Indian the French and Indian

war in order to war in order to evaluate the reactions evaluate the reactions

of colonial America.of colonial America.

• How does war affect a country’s economy?

• Are these cost dependent upon whether you win or lose?

Benjamin Franklin published this political cartoon in the Pennsylvania Gazette on May 9, 1754. Soon after, delegates from some of the colonies were going to meet in Albany, New

York to discuss steps they could take to protect themselves from the French

The Albany CongressThe Albany Congress• In 1754, war was inevitable.• The colonies sent delegates to

Albany to discuss strategy for common defense.

• They approved a document written by Benjamin Franklin promoting a substructure of government below British authority to govern the colonies.

• The council would be comprised of elected representatives from each colony and headed by a President-General appointed by the crown.

• The colonies were not ready for political union and it is unlikely that the British government would have supported the plan.

"Join or Die" (1754) published by Franklin is considered the first political

cartoon of the colonies.

French and English French and English CollideCollide

• The “French and Indian War”, the colonial part of the “Seven Years War” that ravaged Europe from 1756 to 1763

• The French and Indian War was part of a larger conflict between England and France in their competetion to control world trade.

• bloodiest American war in the 1700’s.

• It took more lives than the American Revolution, involved people on three continents, including the Caribbean.

• Britain spent millions of pounds to defeat the French.

• In 1763 England was 2.5 million pounds in debt($395 million)

• King George was faced with trying to pay for the war.

You will examine the components of the French and Indian War by reading in the American

Journey and completing the chart below

Causes Role of the Colonists

Results

• The war was the product of a clash between the French and English over

colonial territory and wealth. • In North America, the war can also be

seen as a product of the local rivalry between British and French colonists.

• Tensions between the British and French in America had been getting worse for some time, as each side wanted to gain more land.

• In the 1740s, both England and France traded for furs with the Native Americans in the

Ohio Country.

• By the 1750s, English colonists, especially the investors in the Ohio Company, also hoped to convert the wilderness into good farmland.

• Each side tried to keep the other out of the Ohio Country.

• In the early 1750s, French soldiers captured several English trading posts and built Fort Duquense (now called Pittsburgh) to defend their territory from English incursions.

• In 1754, George Washington and a small force of Virginia militiamen marched to the Ohio Country to drive the French out.

• Washington hoped to capture Fort Duquesne but soon realized the fort was too strong, so he retreated and when chased by the French, quickly built Fort Necessity.

• If he could not drive the French from the area, they would at least have to reckon with the English fortifications.

• He also hoped to convince native people that England was the stronger force, so that they would ally with the British rather than the French.

BritishBritish FrenchFrench

Fort Necessity Fort DuquesneFort Necessity Fort Duquesne ** George Washington George Washington ** Delaware & Delaware & ShawneeShawnee Indians Indians

The The Ohio ValleyOhio Valley

1754 1754 The First The First ClashClash

1754 1754 The First The First ClashClash

• A combined force of French soldiers and their native allies overwhelmed Fort Necessity on July 3, 1754, marking the start of the “French and Indian War” in North America. The French permitted Washington and his men to return to Virginia safely, but made them promise they would not build another fort west of the Appalachian Mountains for at least a year. England did not officially declare war until 1756, although the conflict had actually begun two years earlier at Fort Necessity.

BritishBritish

• March in formation or March in formation or bayonet charge. bayonet charge.

• Br. officers wanted toBr. officers wanted to take charge of colonials. take charge of colonials.

• Prima Donna Br. Prima Donna Br. officers with servants officers with servants & tea settings. & tea settings.

• Drills & toughDrills & tough discipline. discipline.

• Colonists should payColonists should pay for their own defense. for their own defense.

• Indian-style guerillaIndian-style guerilla tactics. tactics.

• Col. militias servedCol. militias served under own captains. under own captains.

• No mil. deference orNo mil. deference or protocols observed. protocols observed.

• Resistance to risingResistance to rising taxes. taxes.

• Casual, Casual, non-professionals. non-professionals.

Methods ofMethods ofFighting:Fighting:

MilitaryMilitaryOrganization:Organization:

MilitaryMilitaryDiscipline:Discipline:

Finances:Finances:

Demeanor:Demeanor:

British-American British-American Colonial TensionsColonial TensionsBritish-American British-American Colonial TensionsColonial Tensions

ColonialsColonials

Treaty of Paris 1763Treaty of Paris 1763• The Treaty that officially ended the French and Indian

War. • The British gained control over the area west of the 13

British Colonies all the way to the Mississippi River. • The French agreed to give up any colonies in North

America, including all of Canada. • Since Spain had helped the French, the Spanish were

also forced to give up Florida. But the Spanish still held their territory west of the Mississippi River and in Central and South America.

France --> France --> lost her Canadian possessions, most of her empire in India, and claims to lands east of the Mississippi River.

Spain -->Spain --> got all French lands west of the Mississippi River, New Orleans, but lost Florida to England.

England -->England --> got all French lands in Canada, exclusive rights to Caribbean slave trade, and commercial dominance in India.

1763 1763 Treaty of Treaty of ParisParis

1763 1763 Treaty of Treaty of ParisParis

North America in North America in 17631763

North America in North America in 17631763

The end and a new warThe end and a new war• By September 1760, the British controlled all of the

North American frontier; the war between the two countries was effectively over.

• The 1763 Treaty of Paris, which also ended the European “Seven Years War”, set the terms by which France would capitulate. Under the treaty, France was forced to surrender all of her American possessions to the British.

• Although the war with the French ended in 1763, the British continued to fight with the Indians over the issue of land claims. "Pontiac's War" flared shortly after the Treaty of Paris was signed

1. 1. It increased her colonial empire in the Americas.

2. 2. It greatly enlarged England’s debt.

3. 3. Britain’s contempt for the colonials

created bitter feelings.

Therefore, England felt that amajor reorganization of her

American Empire was necessary!

Effects of the War Effects of the War on Britain?on Britain?

Effects of the War Effects of the War on Britain?on Britain?

1. It united them against a common enemy for the first time.

2. It created a socializing experience for all the colonials who participated.

3. It created bitter feelings towards the British that would only intensify.

Effects of the War on Effects of the War on the American the American

ColonialsColonials

Effects of the War on Effects of the War on the American the American

ColonialsColonials

Lasting effectsLasting effects• The results of the war

effectively ended French influence in North America.

• England gained massive amounts of land and vastly strengthened its hold on the continent.

• It hurt relationships between the English and Native Americans; and, though the war seemed to strengthen England's hold on the colonies, the effects of the “French and Indian War” played a major role in the worsening relationship between England and its colonies that eventually led into the Revolutionary War.

Pontiac's RebellionPontiac's Rebellion • Native Americans quickly grew

disenchanted with the British. • The British exhibited little

cultural sensitivity, traded unfairly, and failed to stop encroachments on Indian land.

• This unrest culminated in a rebellion by Pontiac, a Native American leader who united various tribes with the goal of expelling the British.

• The uprising lasted from 1763 to 1766.

• Massacres and atrocities occurred on both sides— most notably, British General Jeffrey Amherst gave the Native Americans blankets infested with smallpox.

Chief Pontiac: Address to Ottawa, Huron, and Pottawatomie Indians

(May 5, 1763)

• “It is important … that we exterminate from our lands this nation which seeks only to destroy us. You see as well as I do that we can no longer supply our needs, as we have done from our brothers, the French. The English sells us goods twice as dear as the French do, and their goods do not last. …

When I go to see the English commander and say to him that some of our comrades are dead, instead of bewailing their death, as our French brothers do, he laughs at me and at you. If I ask for anything for our sick, he refuses with the reply that he has no use for us. …

Are we not men like them? … What do we fear? It is time.”