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![Page 1: The free flow of information and the flow of free information: Open access and challenges to academic libraries in the US Johannes Britz.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070406/56649e005503460f94ae994d/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
The free flow of information and the flow of free information:
Open access and challenges to academic librariesin the US
Johannes Britz
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Structure
Brief overview of open access
The moral imperative
The economic paradigm
The reality check - USA
The challenge
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Nutshell: Open Access – Peter Suber 2007
DigitalOnlineFree of chargeFree of IP restrictions
Legal basisConsent of @holder
orpublic domain
“Royalty free literature”Access to taxpayer funded
research
Cost recovery
Peer-
revi
ew
ed
Vehicles of delivery•OA journals•OA archives•OA repositories
•Filte
rin
g &
Cen
sors
hip
•Lan
gu
ag
e•C
ost
& c
on
necti
vit
y•H
an
dic
ap
ped
access
No new business model
Barriers
Beneficiaries
AuthorsReadersLibrariesGovernmentsFunding agenciescitizens
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Sen
Human Development
Human Well-being
Become who I want to be
Capabilities
Opportunities
Human Freedom
THE MORAL IMPERATIVE
Open Access
Education
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Of
Economics of Information
Economic paradigm allowing open access
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$0-50 $1500 – 2 000
Unbundled realityDematerialized economy
Reach
Richness
Reach interactivity
Richness
bandwidth
customization
Economics of Information
control
update
customization
interactivity
bandwidth
reproduction
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60 000 tracks
200 albums – 90% sales 1, 5 million tracks (2006)
2 million tracks (2007)
4 million tracks (2008)
versus Long tail
80/20 versus 98%
Bell curve
Music industry/journal industry
Information based products & services
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“We shelf what we sell”Cost: shelf, store, distribution, marginal
60 000 tracks and 1% of albums that are available
Limit to 10 mile radius where people live Economics of Things/hard copies
“We sell what we shelf”
“Somewhere, someone in the world will by one of our tracks” – no more 10 mile radius
Nearly no shelf-cost, zero marginal cost no distribution cost
Long tail – 98% of what we shelf will sell (we still sell tracks of the top 900 000)
Economics of Information/e-journals
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Economics of Information - publishing
Reach
Richness
interactivity
bandwidth
customization
RichnessReach
control
update
customization
interactivity
bandwidth
reproduction
$1500 – 2 000 – copy right
Bread analogy
$0 – creative commons
$3000+ license
Feed Starve
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USA?
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The legal landscape
Publishers
Partnership for ResearchIntegrity in Science and Medicine (PRISM)
NIH
Open access movement
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The cost factor…
10% per year past 3 decades
6X rate of inflation
2 ½ times healthcare cost
1975 – 2005 Cost of journals in Chemistry & Physics $76.84 - $1879.56
(Petrol)55c to $ $1.82 p/g [same % increase: $12. 43p/g]
Journals
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Libraries do…?
Less…
More…
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Higher Education:State support [tax $$] increased 55% from 1997 – 2007Twice the rate of inflation – but less the half than rate of Increase of journal prices
Other priorities for universities – than libraries
“If the cost of any other product had risen at this rate, we would have long ago found a cheaper substitute. Unfortunately, in the past therehas been no good substitute for subscription – based scholarly journals.Now, fortunately, there is: open access” (Lewis: 2008)
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East West
Lead
“American Libraries, the flagship magazine of the American Library Association (ALA), celebrated the first Open Access Day, Oct. 14, by opening up its content on the Web and making its companion weekly e-newsletter, American Libraries Direct, available to anyone for the asking”.
ALA
Time for change
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Harvard
Feb 2008: Faculty of Arts and Science
February 13, 2008From Berkman Fellow Melanie Dulong de Rosnay...
Yesterday, Harvard University’s Faculty of Arts and Sciences (FAS) unanimously voted a motion on open access policy. FAS Faculty members now grant to the university a non-exclusive, irrevocable, worldwide license to distribute their scholarly articles, provided it is for non commercial uses. An opt-out mechanism allow Faculty members to waive this mandatory assignment upon request for some articles, for instance in the case of incompatible rights assignment to a publisher...http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/node/3462
Harvard Law votes Yes on open access
May 07, 2008The faculty of Harvard Law School has unanimously approved a motion for open access: articles will be made freely available in an online repository. With the success of this motion, Harvard Law becomes the first law school to make an institutional commitment of this sort to open access to its faculty's scholarly publications. [full text of the motion for an opt-out open access policy] http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/node/4273
May 2008: Faculty of Law
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Stanford University – School of Education
June 10 2008 – at a retreat in a hotel near the ocean…“ …before we had been at it for half an hour, people were saying let’s justdo it. Let’s pass an open access motion for the School of Education, and let’s do it right here and now. I was taken aback by the ease with which this idea garnerednods and shrugs of assent” (Willinsky, Sept 2008)
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What’s happening at UWM?
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Extend your rights…addendum…use, reproduce, distribute and create derivative works…
Exercise your rights: once the article is published…Published version in digital format …website underControl of author or employer…
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Mora
l im
pera
tive
Legal fr
am
ew
ork
Eco
nom
ic r
ealit
y
Univ
ers
ity e
xpect
ati
on
s
MotivationFollow the leadersMarketing strategy
Join OA lobbying & other groupsUnderstand Publishers’ lobbyingUnderstand IPAdvice – faculty on contracts
Cost of publicationsBudget – base $$Marginal costs
Support from Top ManagementFaculty supportTake the leadTenure /peer reviewRepository & digitize own collection
What can academic libraries do?
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Conclusion
Moral imperative Legal landscape Economic paradigm
Faculty & University Reality