The Foundations of Engineering and Architecture002*ANTIQUITY *

FIRST PART

Author Aleš Student, Klára Frolíková Palánová translation Klára Frolíková Palánová

Prehistory (500 000-1 000 000 years BC – 3 000-1 000 years BC)

 

Antiquity (till 476 a. d.)

Mesopotamia

Egypt

Aegean culture

Ancient Greece

Etruscan architecture

Ancient Rome

 

The Middle Ages (from the year 476 a. d. till 1492 a. d.)

The early Christian architecture

Byzantine architecture

Pre-Romanesque architecture

Romanesque architecture

Gothic

 

modern period (from the year 1492 till today)

Renaissance

Baroque

Classicism, Romanticism, Empire

Historicism

building in 20. Century

the current building

Antiquity till 476 a.d.

Mesopotamia

Egypt

Aegean culture

Ancient Greece

Etruscan architecture

Ancient Rome

MESOPOTAMIA

4.000 years b.c. to 6th century b.c.

the fertile lowland between the rivers Eufrat ang Tigris in the area of today's Iran and Iraq

•1*Sumers culture - 4000 years b.c. - City-States Ur, Uruk, Akkad (3200 years b.c. - picture font)

• 2*Akkadsko-sumer State - 2369 years b.c. -unification of City-States under the Akkadska Empire (Cuneiform)

• 3*Old-babylón Empire- 18. to 12th century b.c.

• 4*Asyrská empire - 9. to 7.st.b.c. in the northern part

• 5*New-babylon empire - 7. to 6th century BC in the southern part of the

Caspian Sea

Persian Gulf

Cyprus

Mediterraneansee

Egypt

TYPES OF BUILDINGS

PALACE - mostly, the Royal Palace (serail -Royal residence, harem - private part and chán - the economic part of the Palace), built from durable materials

TEMPLE - the Shrine had derived from a House floor plan (own shrine, cell, and the portico), It later developed the temple terrace and of them zikkurrat

HOUSE – townhouse (admission to the Hall, inner courtyard, a wide room open to the courtyard, staircase to the roof, sometimes even

bathroom and toilet)

THE FORTIFICATIONS – each sietch has been entrenched, masonry walls completed turrets

CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS – aqueducts, water treatment plant, bridges and roads

THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE MESOPOTAMIA

Architectural shapes are derived from the original construction of the Reed and the Brick

The Monuments

Disposition of the House (the three basic parts: the entrance to the Hall, inner courtyard, great room open to the courtyard - íván)

BUILDING MATERIALS

CLAY – compress clay, dried bricks, baked and glazed bricks. Joining by lime-sand mortar, plaster mortar and asphalt also

TIMBER – mostly from palm wood beams for suspended floor, rare cedar and cypress only on imports

STONE – only exceptionally to exceptional buildings

REEDS – reed mats joining by clay mortar and for interlacing of bricks walls to increase the strength of walls

PALM WOOD– beams for suspended floor

ASPHALT – on joining the brick, Road base, impregnation of wood and reeds

CONSTRUCTION

VERTICAL MOUNTING

WALLS – brick

COLUMNS AND PILLARS– minimum used

HORIZONTAL MOUNTING

ARCHES

WOODEN SUPPORTING BEAMS

SIGNIFICANT BUILDINGS

(a selection of some of the buildings)

001 * magasin - the beginnings of arch technologyBlind arch (diagonal intermediate joints are liaison, not loading)

002 * reconstruction of Babylon, at the bottom of the floor plan of the Royal Palace

Hanging gardens

courtyards

process path

Ishtar gate

Temple of goddes Nin-mach

Seven Wonders of the World

003 * reconstruction of the Babylonian ziggurat

004 * Chšajárchšá (Xerx) gate of propylaeum (Persepole, Persie – Ancient Iran)

005 * columns at PersepolePersian column at that time had no counterpart– He was taller and slimmer than

the Egyptian

006 * Darajavahuš Palace in Persepole Maintained only a stone wall, because the Building was predominantly of

bricks dried in the Sun

EGYPT5000 b.c. to 1 century b.c.

Upper Egypt, Lower Egypt the Valley of the Nile River and delta

TYPES OF BUILDINGS

FUNERARY BUILDINGS – the mastaba, the step pyramid, angled pyramid, the classic pyramid, the tomb in the rocks

TEMPLE -the symbol of the divine order of the world. Naos (cella) - custom (dark) shrine, behind her is a small Hall with four pillars and around rooms. Hypostyl (pillared Hall) - the inner pillars taller than the outer-lighting. The columned courtyard- the largest and lightest room of the temple. Pylon - in front of two blocks with the portal in the middle of. Avenue of Sphinxes.

HOUSE -the Palace, village houses, town houses, the workers ' houses (It contained the main foyer, lounge room, sometimes there is one smaller residential room, the kitchen and the cellar)

THE FORTIFICATIONS – the fortress on the border of the country

CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS – irrigation systems, dam, canals, bridges and roads

THE CHARACTERISTICS

The monumental stone architecture

Stacking masses by adding (Djoser pyramid)

Sophisticated composition of religious buildings

Using Hypostyle and architrave system

the transition from the clay to stone building materials

BUILDING MATERIAL

CLAY – poor clay, dried or burned bricks

TIMBER – mostly from date palm, import of cedar and ebony

STONE – limestone, sandstone, granite, basalt, quartzite syenite.

CONSTRUCTIONVERTICAL

MASONRY – from bricks or stones

COLUMN – three parts

PILLAR – monolithic, later brick, square or rectangular plan

HORISONTAL

ARCH – not often used

WOODEN CEILING – for common buildings

STONE CEILING – for important buildings – architrave system

TEORIE

Taking geometry (right angle, the circular geometry)

Building plans with complex mathematical calculations, stone and clay models of buildings

SIGNIFICANT BUILDINGS

(selection of some buildings)

001 * Djoser pyramid in SakkařeDesigned by Imhotep (vizier and architect) – high 60 m

002 * Raachef pyramid in Giza

003 * Menkaurev, Raachef and Chufew pyramid in Giza – highest one is Chufev (146 m).

004 * up – Chufew pyramiddown – Abusir – reconstruction of group of piramid on the banks of the Nile

004a * cut Pharaoh's burial chamber – architrav system

006 * temple of the queen Hatšepsowet in Dér el-BahríArchitect Senenmút

Temple Ramesseum on the left bank of the river Nil on the west of Wesetdedicated to God Amón.

009 * temple in Luxor

010 * temple in Luxor - plan

011 * temple in Luxor

012 * Temple of Horus at Edfu

013 * Temple of Horus at Edfu

014 * Temple of Horus at Edfu

015 * Temple of Horus at Edfu

THE AEGEAN ARCHITECTURE

• Cretan culture * 3500 – 1200 BC

• Mycenae * 1550 – 1150 BC

Culture of Cretan, Mycenaean, Troy, time concurrent with the Egyptian culture, constitute an excellent basis for later the emerging culture of ancient Greece.

area

TYPES OF BUILDINGS

PALACES

large monumental buildings high skirting without holes

hundreds of rooms around the great court

lighting by other smaller courtyards

sanitation (toilets ), water pipe (bathroom)

RESIDENTIAL HOUSES

basic megaron

the Palace, the village houses, town houses, workers ' houses

include the foyer, the main residential room, Sometimes one more smaller residential room, the kitchen and the cellar

TYPES OF BUILDINGS

THE FORTIFICATIONS

the massive masonry walls in the Peloponnese and Asia Minor (Troy)

cyclopean masonry up to 7 m wide, and up to 8 m high

THE TOMB

shaft tombs and the dome tombs - tholos

THE CHARACTERISTICS

The secular character of the buildings

the architecture was based on the human being, the intimate nature of the architecture

Later robust, warlike nature

BUILDING MATERIALS

CLAY – mud bricks on masonry

WOOD – most of the beams from olive wood, shaft columns

STONE – carved stone

STUCCO –plastering wall

MORTAR -binding of walls

CONSTRUCTION

VERTICAL

MASONRY BRICK– mud-brick wall intertwined olive beams

STONE MASONRY-cyclopean, regular from rectangular blocks,

WOODEN COLUMNS

HORIZONTAL

ARCHES – blind arch

WOODEN CEILINGS- for common buildings

ARCHITRAVE SYSTEM

SIGNIFICANT BUILDINGS

(the selection of certain buildings)

001 * Palace in KNOSSOS

002 * Palace in KNOSSOS

003 * Palace in KNOSSOS-floor planArea cca 20.000 m2, the orientation N-S, the building is built around a central

courtyard long 50 m – only two entrances North and South, two floors.

004 * The lion gate at Mycenaecyclopean walls and behind them the Acropolis

004a * cyclopean masonry and blind arches

005 * the tomb of Atre – entrance - Mycenae

006 * Tolos – the tomb