THE FOUNDATION OF PHYSICS THE FOUNDATION OF PHYSICS

TOM GEHRELSTOM GEHRELS

UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONAUNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA

THE LEADING QUESTIONTHE LEADING QUESTION

““WHERE DOES ALL THIS COME FROM ?”WHERE DOES ALL THIS COME FROM ?”

““HOW DID OUR PHYSICS ORIGINATE”HOW DID OUR PHYSICS ORIGINATE”

OVERVIEWOVERVIEW

• EQUATIONS:EQUATIONS: FROM PLANCK, FROM PLANCK, CHANDRASEKHARCHANDRASEKHAR

• TESTED WITHIN OUR UNIVERSETESTED WITHIN OUR UNIVERSE

• DISCOVERY:DISCOVERY: FINITE MASS OF OUR UNIVERSEFINITE MASS OF OUR UNIVERSE

DISCOVERY:DISCOVERY: MANY UNIVERSESMANY UNIVERSES

•• FUTURE WORKFUTURE WORK

THE PLANCK DOMAINTHE PLANCK DOMAIN

LENGTH = (Gh/cLENGTH = (Gh/c33))0.50.5

MASS = (hc/G)MASS = (hc/G)0.50.5

UNIVERSAL MASS = (hc/G)UNIVERSAL MASS = (hc/G)αα, IN H, IN H

•• UNIFIED - COSMIC - PHYSICSUNIFIED - COSMIC - PHYSICS •• ORIGINSORIGINS

MAX PLANCKMAX PLANCK

•• COSMOLOGICAL UNITS OF MEASUREMENTCOSMOLOGICAL UNITS OF MEASUREMENT

• • HIS AIM: HIS AIM: COSMOS’COSMOS’ UNIFIEDUNIFIED PHYSICS PHYSICS

•• h QUANTUM, c RELATIVITY, G GRAVITY, h QUANTUM, c RELATIVITY, G GRAVITY,

H ATOMIC PHYSICSH ATOMIC PHYSICS

MAX PLANCK’S h CONSTANT, 1899MAX PLANCK’S h CONSTANT, 1899

……OFFERS THE POSSIBILITY OFFERS THE POSSIBILITY

OF ESTABLISHING UNITS OF ESTABLISHING UNITS

FOR LENGTH, MASS, TIME AND TEMPERATURE,FOR LENGTH, MASS, TIME AND TEMPERATURE,

WHICH… MAINTAIN THEIR MEANINGWHICH… MAINTAIN THEIR MEANING

FOR ALL TIMES AND FOR ALL CULTURES,FOR ALL TIMES AND FOR ALL CULTURES,

INCLUDING EXTRATERRESTRIAL INCLUDING EXTRATERRESTRIAL

AND NONHUMAN ONES… AND NONHUMAN ONES…

THE COSMOS IS THE COSMOS IS QUANTIZED QUANTIZED

M(M(αα) = (hc/G)) = (hc/G)αα

THEORY TYPE OF OBJECT OBSERVED THEORY TYPE OF OBJECT OBSERVED αα M( M(αα)) αα

2.00 1.1 x 102.00 1.1 x 107878 Baryonic Universe 1.998-2.008 Baryonic Universe 1.998-2.008 1.50 3.5 x 101.50 3.5 x 105858 Early-type star 1.49-(1.53) Early-type star 1.49-(1.53)

0.50 3.3 x 100.50 3.3 x 101919 Planck mass Planck mass

0.00 10.00 1 Proton mass Proton mass

THERE THERE ISIS A MULTIVERSE A MULTIVERSE

(hc/G)(hc/G)αα IS OPEN TO ALL VALUES OF IS OPEN TO ALL VALUES OF αα

• • ORIGIN OF OUR FINE-TUNED PHYSICS ORIGIN OF OUR FINE-TUNED PHYSICS

• • SUPPLY PROBLEMSUPPLY PROBLEM

• • UNIFORMITY PROBLEMSUNIFORMITY PROBLEMS

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE MULTIVERSECHARACTERISTICS OF THE MULTIVERSE

•• QUANTIZATION HIERARCHY QUANTIZATION HIERARCHY

•• SAME MASS, SAME PHYSICSSAME MASS, SAME PHYSICS

•• TRIAL-AND-ERROR EVOLUTIONTRIAL-AND-ERROR EVOLUTION

SUMMARY AND COMING NEXTSUMMARY AND COMING NEXT

EQUATIONSEQUATIONS

TABLE: PROTON, P.MASS, STAR, UNIVERSE TABLE: PROTON, P.MASS, STAR, UNIVERSE OBSERVATIONS, NUCLEOSYNTHESISOBSERVATIONS, NUCLEOSYNTHESIS

QUANTIZATION HIERARCHY,THEIRS & OURSQUANTIZATION HIERARCHY,THEIRS & OURS

…………………………………………………………………………………………………… LEADING QUESTION:LEADING QUESTION:

HOW DO NEW UNIVERSES COME HOW DO NEW UNIVERSES COME

FROM THE MULTIVERSE?FROM THE MULTIVERSE?

A MODEL THAT MAY IMPROVE OR A MODEL THAT MAY IMPROVE OR REPLACEREPLACE

BIG-BANG, INFLATION, STRING BIG-BANG, INFLATION, STRING THEORIESTHEORIES

PRELIMINARY DRAFTPRELIMINARY DRAFT

TOM GEHRELSTOM GEHRELS

UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONAUNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA

LEADING QUESTIONLEADING QUESTION

HOW DO NEW UNIVERSES COME HOW DO NEW UNIVERSES COME

FROM THE MULTIVERSE ?FROM THE MULTIVERSE ?

NOT BASED ON THE EQUATIONSNOT BASED ON THE EQUATIONS

BUT ON UNDERSTANDING OF:BUT ON UNDERSTANDING OF:

1. INTER1. INTERSTELLARSTELLAR MEDIUM MEDIUM

AND OFAND OF

2. PRESENT BIG BANG THEORY 2. PRESENT BIG BANG THEORY

OVERVIEWOVERVIEW

AGING & DECAY OF OUR UNIVERSEAGING & DECAY OF OUR UNIVERSE

INTER-UNIVERSAL MEDIUM INTER-UNIVERSAL MEDIUM

NOTNOT AA BIG BANG ATBIG BANG AT t t = 0 SECS = 0 SECS

BUT A PROTON BANG LATER BUT A PROTON BANG LATER

DECAYDECAY

SAKHAROV - HEAVIER ELEMENTS FASTERSAKHAROV - HEAVIER ELEMENTS FASTER

SUB-ATOMIC PARTICLES SUB-ATOMIC PARTICLES T < 10 K, PHOTONS, NEUTRINOS, GALAXIES,T < 10 K, PHOTONS, NEUTRINOS, GALAXIES,

DARK MATTER AND ENERGY?DARK MATTER AND ENERGY?

ISM ANALOGIES, SWEEPING, CLOUDSISM ANALOGIES, SWEEPING, CLOUDS

I U MI U M

THE INTER-UNIVERSAL MEDIUMTHE INTER-UNIVERSAL MEDIUM

STARS AND GALAXIES AGE BY TRANSITION TO STARS AND GALAXIES AGE BY TRANSITION TO HEAVIER ELEMENTSHEAVIER ELEMENTS

ACCRETION ACCRETION

AS IN ISM, BUT ON LARGER, LONGER SCALESAS IN ISM, BUT ON LARGER, LONGER SCALES

BIG BANG BIG BANG PROTON BANG PROTON BANG

•• SUPPLY SUPPLY

• • PHYSICSPHYSICS

•••• UNIFORMITY, GALAXIESUNIFORMITY, GALAXIES

• • DEGENERATEDEGENERATE

• • ENERGY ENERGY RECOMBINATION RECOMBINATION

•• DARK MASSDARK MASS

t t = = 0 0 10 10-6-6 s, s, 10101818 KG/MKG/M33, , 10101313 K, 0.6 AU K, 0.6 AU

FUTURE WORKFUTURE WORK

• MODELING AND CHECKINGMODELING AND CHECKING

•• ROLE OF DARK MATTER ROLE OF DARK MATTER

CONFIRMATION CONFIRMATION DISCOVERY DISCOVERY

SIZE OF UNIVERSE, PLANCK DENSITY, 10SIZE OF UNIVERSE, PLANCK DENSITY, 109595 KG M KG M-3-3

(hc/G)(hc/G)22 H H1-2α1-2α / c / c55/hG/hG22 THIRD ROOT : h/cH THIRD ROOT : h/cH

R = 8.197 3725 x 10R = 8.197 3725 x 10-16-16 m OBSERVED: 6<R<10 m OBSERVED: 6<R<10

IF OUR UNIVERSE WERE EVER AT PLANCK DENSITY,IF OUR UNIVERSE WERE EVER AT PLANCK DENSITY,

ITS SIZE WAS THAT OF THE PROTONITS SIZE WAS THAT OF THE PROTON