The First Americans
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Transcript of The First Americans
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The First AmericansKey Terms
• Bering Land Bridge• Salmon & Cedar• Longhouse• Iroquois• Hiawatha• Tipi• Wigwam• Columbian Exchange• Virgin Soil Epidemics• Horse
I. OriginsII. Pacific Northwest Coast
A. EconomyB. Society
III. Eastern Great LakesA. Confederacy/PoliticsB. Society/Women
IV. New EnglandA. NorthernB. SouthernC. Land Use
V. European Contact
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Today’s Lecture Themes
• Origins • Diversity• Changing nature of Indian societies before and
after European contact
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Native Americans & Origins
• Numerous theories and beliefs…
• Many Anthropologists and Historians agree humans lived in North America 30-35,000 years ago.
• How did they arrive…?
Bering Land Bridge
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Indians Of The Pacific Northwest
They were hunter/gatherers, but also INCREDIBLY “wealthy.”
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Cedar: The Backbone Of PNW Coast Technology
Can reach 250 feet high & 18 feet in diameter
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Cedar: The Backbone Of PNW Coast Technology
• Baskets/boxes• Clothing• Canoes• Homes = Longhouse
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Salmon: The Backbone Of PNW Coast Diet
Fish Traps (1894)
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Rank In Society
Top
(Most Wealth)
Bottom
(Least Wealth)
Free men and women
Slaves
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PNW Coast Society
Two Classes of People:
2. Free
1. Slaves
Society was VERY highly stratified
- Their “rank” was determined primarily by wealth
Key Concept:
In some cases, occupation influenced rank
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Iroquois: A Confederation Of Five Separate Tribes In Eastern Great Lakes
• Mohawks• Oneidas• Onondagas• Cayugas• Senecas
“Sauvage” Iroquois (1796)
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Who Started The Confederation?
Hiawatha-
A Mohawk Sachem created the confederacy to end inter-tribal warfare about 1450.
Hiawatha & Iroquois chief
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Political Structure
Council Government:
1. Each tribe in the confederacy sent delegates or representatives to council meetings (50 total)
2. Tribes brought issues to the Council; action was taken by consensus
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Iroquois Society
3. Division of labor between men/women:
a) Men-hunted/fished & were warriors
1. Homes-Longhouses (not very mobile)
2. Property was owned communally
b) Women-farmed & gathered and raised children
• 2/3 of their diet came from farm products
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Women In Iroquois Society
1. Descent was matrilineal; Longhouses were headed by women
2. Divorce was the prerogative of the wife
3. Selected ALL delegates to the Iroquois Council & influenced policy
4. Responsible for child rearing—their practices differed from Europe’s
An Iroquois woman & child
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Homes: New England
Homes• Tipi: common among
hunting communities; made of animal skin.
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New England Indians
Northern New England•Vermont, New Hampshire, Maine
•Hunter-gatherers-VERY mobile; moved seasonally
•15,000-20,000 pop. in 1600
Southern New England•Connecticut, Rhode Island, Massachusetts
•Hunted AND farmed (2/3 of diet)
•55,000-80,000 pop. in 1600
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Homes: New England
Homes• Tipi: common among
hunting communities; made of animal skin.
• Wigwam: common among farming communities; made of grass, bark, woven mats.
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Farming Methods(Indians in Southern New England)
• Fields were cleared by girdling & with fire.
• Corn, beans & squash were planted together.
• Fall = Harvest & abundant food.
Corn, Beans & Squash
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Indians Planting Corn, Beans & Squash
Indians living in Southern New England impacted the land more so than those in the North.
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Columbian Exchange
• The range of items exchanged between Europeans and Native Americans following European settlement.
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Columbian Exchange: Crops
Native American Plants Taken to Europe
Old World Plants Brought to America
Beans Apple
Bell & hot pepper Beet
Maize (corn) Cabbage
Papaya & pineapple Olive
Pumpkin & squash Sugarcane
Tomato Lemon
Wild rice Grapefruit
Sweet potato & white potato Plum
Tobacco
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Before Access To HorsesContentment = full stomach & fire
6 Miles
6 Miles
6 Miles
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After Access To Horses(Ideas about contentment change)
36 Miles
36 Miles
36 Miles
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1492
500,000
Native American Population(North of Mexico)
10-12 Million
1900
These figures are approximate.
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Impact Of Diseases
Diseases brought by Europeans caused more deaths destroyed more of Indian society than any other single factor.
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Why So Deadly?
1. Virgin Soil Epidemics
a) A disease that hits a population which previously had no contact with that disease.
2. Multiple diseases often hit Indian populations at the same time.
3. These were tough diseases!
a) Small pox, chicken pox, influenza, measles, whooping cough are some examples.
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The First AmericansKey Terms
• Bering Land Bridge• Salmon & Cedar• Longhouse• Iroquois• Hiawatha• Tipi• Wigwam• Columbian Exchange• Virgin Soil Epidemics• Horse
I. OriginsII. Pacific Northwest Coast
A. EconomyB. Society
III. Eastern Great LakesA. Confederacy/PoliticsB. Society/Women
IV. New EnglandA. NorthernB. SouthernC. Land Use
V. European Contact