THE FIELDS OF LINGUISTICS AUG. 26, 2015 – DAY 2 Brain & Language LING 4110-4890-5110-7960 NSCI...

THE FIELDS OF LINGUISTICSAUG. 26, 2015 – DAY 2

Brain & LanguageLING 4110-4890-5110-7960NSCI 4110-4891-6110Fall 2015

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Course organization• http://www.tulane.edu/~howard/BrLg/• Fun with https://www.facebook.com/BrLg15/

8/26/15 Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University

http://www.tulane.edu/~howard/BrLg/

http://www.tulane.edu/~howard/BrLg/

https://www.facebook.com/BrLg15/

https://www.facebook.com/BrLg15/

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LINGUISTICS & NEUROLINGUISTICS


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THE FIELDS OF LINGUISTICS


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What are the parts of the sentence below?

• Flying planes can be dangerous.


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Speech sounds• 'Flying planes can be dangerous.'• [flaɪiŋ pleɪnz kæn bi deɪnʤəɹəs]• Practice

• What is the phonetic transcription of ‘flies’, ‘ban’, ‘bank’ and ‘judge’?

• [flaɪz], [bæn], [bæ˜ŋk], [ʤəʤ]• What is the graphemic transcription of [næt], [ʤiɹ], [keɪn], [bəs] and

[ɹiŋ]?


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The cognition of speech: phonology• Practice• Decide which of the following words have nasalized

vowels:• ‘mop’, ‘mod’, ‘bone’, ‘bass’, ‘bond’, ‘bad’, ‘nab’

• Can you think of a rule or generalization that predicts whether a vowel is nasalized or not?


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A table of contextsN+V V+O V+N‘mop’ [map] ‘dodge’ [daʤ] ‘Don’ [dãn]

‘nod’ [nad] ‘bass’ [bæs] ‘bone’ [bõn]

‘nab’ [næb] ‘bad’ [bæd] ‘bond’ [bãnd]


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FrenchGraphemic Phonetic Meaning‘sa’ [sa] his/her

‘sans’ [sã] without

‘beau’ [bo] handome

‘bon’ [bõ] good


How does nasalization of a vowel affect a word in French?Can you think of a rule or generalization that predicts whether a vowel is nasalized or not?

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English vs. FrenchGraphemic Phonetic Phonemic‘dodge’ [daʤ] /daʤ/

‘Don’ [dãn] /dan/

‘sa’ [sa] /sa/

‘sans’ [sã] /sã/


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Phonetic vs. phonemic organizationProperty Phonetic Phonemicunit allophone phoneme

notation [] //

representation physical mental

distribution complementary contrastive


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The parts of words• Practice• Divide the following words into morphemes. Can you tell

what each morpheme does?• ‘morphology’, ‘blackberry’, ‘cranberry’, ‘transport’, ‘blacken’,

‘disassemble’, ‘run’• What is the longest word in English? Post your longest

word to our Facebook page. Divide it into morphemes, on your own, not necessarily on Facebook.


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Putting words together• Our sample sentence is ambiguous:

• Flying planes can be dangerous. That’s why I would never fly one.• Flying planes can be dangerous. One crashed just the other day.• To fly a plane can be dangerous. That’s why I would never fly one.• Planes up in the air can be dangerous. One crashed just the other

day.• Notation

• [NP [ADJ flying][N planes]] can be dangerous. That’s why I would never fly one.

• [NP [V flying][N planes]] can be dangerous. One crashed just the other day.


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How to know a phrase when you see one

1a. What can be dangerous? Flying planes. b. What planes can be dangerous? Flying. c. but: What planes can be dangerous? Flying ones.2a. What can be dangerous is flying planes. b. What planes can be dangerous is flying.3a. It is flying planes that can be dangerous. b. It is flying that planes can be dangerous.4a. Flying planes which are overloaded can be dangerous. b. Flying which planes are overloaded can be dangerous.5a. Flying planes can be dangerous. They are everywhere. b. Flying can be dangerous. They planes are everywhere.


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Practice: Crash blossoms


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Meaning• Try to identify the semantic relationships that hold

between the words of each line:1. violin, fiddle2. hot, cold3. finger, hand4. wood, chair5. virus, epidemic6. car, plane, train7. I stowed my gear in the trunk. vs. I stowed my gear in

the asparagus.


Summary of the fields of linguistics

Field Observations

graphemics the study of writing systems; a little with visual language

auditory phonetics yes

articulatory phonetics yes

phonology yes

prosody the study of stress and intonation; yes

morphology yes

syntax yes

semantics yes

pragmatics a little

lexicography the study of words; implicit in some of the others

language development the study of how children learn language; maybe

bi- or multilingualism the study of people who speak more than one language; a little

sociolinguistics the study of how language varies by social group; no

dialectology the study of the language of specific (usually geographically defined) social groups; no

historical linguistics the study of how languages change; no, neuroscience can’t study dead people, but …

evolution of language the study of how humans acquired language; maybe – what fun! almost pure speculation

anthropological linguistics the study of how language varies by social group, usually pre-industrial or non-Western; no

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THE MACROSTRUCTURE OF THE BRAIN


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The three axes of brain organization


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The four cerebral lobesWhich way is forward?


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Which way is forward?


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Cortex: grey vs. white matter


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Functions


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Up and down in the brain


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The two hemispheres


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NAMING CONVENTIONS


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Gyri & sulci


NEXT TIMEAspects of linguistic competence, Ingram §2.Read the study questions on the last page of the chapter before you read the chapter.

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THE FIELDS OF LINGUISTICS AUG. 26, 2015 – DAY 2 Brain & Language LING 4110-4890-5110-7960 NSCI...

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