The Field of Communication Early Communication Study Development of Speech and Journalism ...
-
Upload
geoffrey-casey -
Category
Documents
-
view
219 -
download
0
Transcript of The Field of Communication Early Communication Study Development of Speech and Journalism ...
The Field of Communication
Early Communication StudyDevelopment of Speech and Journalism
Interdisciplinary GrowthIntegration
Growth and SpecializationThe Information Age
Communication Study Today
Communication is one of the oldest yet newest disciplines
Early greeks saw communication theory and practice as critical
The populary of communication is a mixed blessing
Communication is an activity, a social science, a liberal art, and a proffesion
Early Communication Study
Communication can be traced back to Babylonian and Egyptian writings prior to the fifth century B.C.
Early Communication Study
Rethoric & Speech Journalism
Early Communication Study
RHETORIC AND SPEECH The initial contribution to
communication study came from scholars in what was termed RHETORIC.
They viewed communication as the practical art of persuasion.
Early Communication Study
RHETORIC AND SPEECH ARISTOTLE and PLATO,
who were particularly significant to early communication study, saw rhetoric and the practice of public speaking not only as an art but also as a legitimate area of study.
The first theory communication was developed in Greece by Corac -- refined by Tisias --rhetoric
Aristotle ( 385 – 322 B.C), Plato (427-347 B.C) --central figures in early communication study
Corax & Tisian: develop the concept of message organization, suggesting that a message should have three parts corresponding to today’s concepts of introduction, body, & conclusion.
Georgias of Leontini-- use of emotional appeals in persuasive speeches : style & use of appropriate of speech
Isocrates : orator -- should be trained in liberal arts & should be a good person
Cicero & Quintilian : rethorical theories and communication saw as both an academic and practical matter
Communication was so comprehensive -- considered the domain of the social sciences
Sir Francis Bacon : ethical basis for communication, the function of true rhetoric
George Campbell : Elocutionist - wrote on the philosophical aspects of rhetoric
Purposes of rhetoric : to enlighten, to please the imagination, to move a passions, or to influence the will
Early Communication Study
JOURNALISM The other field that contributed
significantly to the heritage of communication study is JOURNALISM.
Journalism dates back several thousand years.
Journalism
The practice of journalism began some 3700 year ago in Egypt
Julius Caesar had an official record of the news of the day posted in a public place,and copies of it were made and sold.
Early newspaper were a mixture of newsletters, ballads, proclamations, political tracts, & pamphlets describing various events
Early Communication Study
Along with the rhetoric and speech, journalism also contributed to the heritage of communication study.
As with rhetoric, journalism initially was concerned primarily with practical rather than theoretical matters.
Early Communication Study
By the beginning of the twentieth century, rhetoric and speech were clearly established as discipline in their own right; and journalism began to take shape as a field as well.
The Popularity of Communication
The 1900s- 1930s Development of Speech and Journalism
In the early twentieth century, speech emerged as a disclipine in its own right.
1909, Eastern States Speech Association-was formed
The National Association of Academic Teachers of Public Speaking -- the Speech Association of America and the Speech communication Association - The National Communication Association- was formed in 1914.
1915 the Quarterly Journal of Public Speaking
1934 Communication Monographs began publication.
The advent of radio in 1920s and television in the the early 1940s resulted in the wider application of journalistic concepts.
Interest in communication was no limited to speech and journalism
In philosophy, scholars wrote about the nature of communication & its role in human life
Anthropologist, psychologist, and sociologist focuse on communication & its role in individual and social process.
The 1940s and 1950s: Interdisciplinary Growth The scope of the field of communication
broadened substantially A number of scholars from the various
behavioral & social science develop theories of communication which extended beyond boundaries of their own fields.
Antrophology : concerned with body positioning & gestures
Psychology : focused on persuasion, social influence, specifically, attitudes - how they form, change, their impact on behaviour & the role of communication in these dynamics
The 1940s and 1950s: Interdisciplinary Growth
Research : issues of persuasion, propaganda, public opinion, how the developing media contributed to persuasive efforts
Kurt lewin : research program on group dynamics Carl Hovland & Paul Lazarsfel : mass communication Sociologist & political scientist :studied the nature of
mass media in various political & social activities : voting behaviour
Zoology : communication among animal Linguistics : general semantics, semiotics -- the nature
of language& its role in human activity.
The 1940s – 1950sInterdisciplinary Growth
Rhetoric & Speech (1940s and 1950s) : oral interpretation, voice & diction, debate, theater, physiology of speech, speech pathology.
Journalism & mass media studies 1950s : newspapers, magazines, radio
& television -- replaced : the nature & effects of mass media & mass communication
These developments set the stage for the rapid growth of communication as an independent discipline.
The 1960s: Integration
Scholars synthesized thinking from rhetoric & speech, journalism and mass media, and the other social science disclipines
1966 : the term communication was linked to speech and rhetoric in basic book on the field -- Speech Communication: A Behavioral Approach, An Introduction to Rhetorical Communication.
In the nid -1960s, major volumes also linked communication with culture and persuasion - Interpersonal Communication
The 1960s: Integration
Communication was interest in many disciplines during 1960s
Sociologists focus on group dynamics, social relations, and the social origins of knowledge
Political Scientist wrote about : the role of communication in government, governance, public opinion,propaganda, political image building.
The 1970s and Early 1980sGrowth& Specialization 1970s : Interpersonal communication became an
increasingly popular area -- non verbal interaction. Rhetoric, public speaking, debate, theater, speech
pathology, journalism, mass media,photography, advertising, PR continued to grow.
Academic Journal, journals of speech & journalism. A number of new department of communication were
formed Some programs in speech changed their name to
speech communication /communication Journalism ---to mass communication,
communication/communications
The Popularity of Communication
. Attention on importance
and relevance of communication
Brought individuals with various perspectives & backgrounds to the field
The 1970s and Early 1980s:Growth and Specialization
THE POPULARITY OF COMMUNICATION One factor that contributed to the ambiguity
of the term during this period of increasing popularity was the use of a single term to refer to a field of study, a set of activities, and a profession.
Another factor adding to the confusion was the use of communication and communications.
Communication and Communication Traditionally, communications --- to refer to
media or to specific messages being transmitted through these media.
Historically, communications -- to refer the activity of sending and receiving messages (through media or face to face)
Interchangeably ---- communication technology
The Late 1980s and 1990s: The Information Age A period in which communication &
information technology came to play an increasingly important role in our age
Information as a commodity : information communicated via messages as an economic good or commodity.
Message can be bought , sold and in technologies by which this commodity is created, distributed, stored, retrieved and uses
Communication & information became central in the telecommunication, publishing, internet & computer industries.
The Late 1980s and 1990s:The Information Age Converging Media
The growth of Internet, information storage, transmission, and retrieval system using computers.
Medium for the mass distribution : Internet, DVDs, personal photos, interactive video games, cable system.
The infamous”Information Age” brought new labels, new & hybrid media, extended concepts of comm & information, changing economic realities, new jobs for an increasing number of comm & information workers
The Information Age greatly heightened attention to the pervasive role of technology in our lives and its impact on human behavior.
The 21st Century:Communication Study Today
At the opening of the 21st century, the discipline of communication and the phenomena it studies are center stage in human affairs.
The 21st Century:Communication Study Today
Ancient and Newly Emergent The core of modern communication study
has its origins in the work of the early Greek philosophers.
The newest of the disciplines concerned with the study of human behavior.
The 21st Century:Communication Study Today
Discipline and Interdisciplinary Link In communication studies, we approach
issues such as these from the perspective of the creation, transmission, interpretation, and use of information by individuals in relationships, groups, organizations, cultures, and societies.
The 21st Century:Communication Study Today
Personal and Professional Applicability The importance attached to communication in
contemporary life can also be seen in the extent to which the phenomenon is regarded as essential to our personal as well as our occupational roles.
The 21st Century:Communication Study Today
Old and New Technology Speaking and listening are as basic to
communication and human behavior at the dawn of a new millennium as they were at the time of the ancient Greek.
The 21st Century:Communication Study Today
Old and New Technology In the present period, we benefit from any
number of technologically enhanced forms of communication, which give permanence and portability to the messages of face-to-face communication.
The 21st Century:Communication Study Today
Problem and Solution In such conversations, communication – or,
more precisely, the lack of there of – is seen as the fundamental problem.
And yet, as John Peter has pointed out, communication also seen as the essential solution.
Paradoxically, communication is seen as both a chasm and a bridge.
The 21st Century:Communication Study Today
Practical Skill and Fundamental Life Process The focus of the field of communication is at
once on some of the most practical skills, and on the most fundamental of life processes.
The 21st Century:Communication Study Today
Discipline and interdisciplinary Cognitive pschology & neuroscience: focus on
perception, thinking, interpretation, memory and use information.
Cultural and critical studies : focus on the historical, social, political & cultural influences on message creation, transmission, interpretation, impact, and use
Economics: focus on the production & consumption of information as an economic resource
Computer science & electrical engineering : focus on the storage, retrieval, manipulation, transmission of information
Information science. Focus on information classification, management, and storage
Journalism. Focus on information sources, content, public communication, mass media
Literature : Focus on the creation and reader interpretations of textual material
Marketing. Focus on user needs & preferences in relation to adoption & use of messages, products & services.
Philosophy. Focus on ethical dimensions of the communication process involving both individuals and the mass media.