The Ferritic Solution En

8/3/2019 The Ferritic Solution En

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I t ti St i ss St F (ISSF)Founded in 1996, the International Stainless Steel Forum (ISSF) is a non-proft

research organisation that serves as the world orum on various aspects o the

international stainless steel industry. Whilst having its own Board o Directors,

budgets and Secretary General, ISSF is part o the International Iron and Steel

Institute (IISI). ISSF now comprises some 67 company and a fliated membersin 24 countries. Jointly, they are responsible or around 85 percent o worldwide

stainless steel production. A ull list o members can be ound on the ISSF

website: www.worldstainless.org.


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S ummary T he F erriTic S oluTion by J ean -y veS GileT 5F oreword : a STeel whoSe Time haS come by icda 6w haT They re SayinG abouT FerriTicS 9The FabulouS FerriTicS 13c orroSion reSiSTance properTieS 21m echanical and phySical properTieS 27F orminG FerriTic GradeS 31J oininG FerriTic GradeS 37p roducTS and applicaTionS 45

a ppendiceS :

The chemical compoSiTion oF FerriTic STainleSS STeelS 59S urFace FiniSheS 63r eFerenceS 64iSSF memberShip 66a cknowledGemenTS 67

Contents


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Structural Steelwork or

highway bridge in durban,

South a rica, o painted

erritic StainleSS Steel.


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SummaryTHE FERRITIC SOLUTIONBy Jean-yves Gilet, Chairman of the issf market Development Committee (mDC)

ISSF frst discussed a project to promote erritic grades inFebruary 2004, many members having pointed out that no joint industry e ort was being made in this direction.

Under the guidance o the Market DevelopmentCommittee, an international group o experts, led by Philippe

Richard, started by gathering market statistics on erriticgrades and applications. They received contributions romall around the world especially Japan, where the erriticsmarket is the most developed.

The ICDA soon proposed to join the initiative and co-und the project. This we accepted with great pleasure, as

a concrete example o cooperation between internationalbusiness organisations.

During the projects start-up phase, nickel prices hitthe roo and interest in more price-stable grades increaseddramatically. ISSF then gave the project highest priority!I am now proud to present the results, which will hit themarket at just the right time.

I strongly believe that erritic stainless steels can andshould be much more widely used. The purpose o this

publication is to bring about more extensive use o thesegrades.

Stainless steels are stainless because their chromiumcontent gives them remarkable resistance to corrosion.Ferritic grades, containing only chromium and possiblyother elements (Mo, Ti, Nb, etc.), are no exception. Well-known standard erritic grades 409, 410 and 430 are readilyavailable all over the world. Very success ully used inimportant applications, such as washing-machine drumsand exhaust systems, they actually have much broaderapplication potential, in numerous felds.

More recently-developed erritic grades, such as 439and 441 meet an even broader range o requirements. Theycan be ormed to more complex shapes and joined usingmost conventional joining methods, including welding.

Thanks to the addition o molybdenum, the resistance oerritic grade 444 to localised corrosion is at least equal tothat o austenitic grade 316.

Since erritic grades do not contain nickel, their cost islower and more stable than that o austenitic stainlesssteels. They can there ore:

complement type 304 within the stainless steel amily(although 304 remains a versatile and commonly used

grade);be an alternative to the 200 series (o ering generallybetter usage properties);substitute or other materials in many areas (e.g. carbonsteel, Cu, Zn, Al, plastic, etc.), thanks to their specialtechnical properties the drivers or replacement being,usually, technical and Li e Cycle Cost benefts.

Ferritic stainless steels magnetism is not a negativequality, somehow associating it with ordinary carbon steel.On the contrary, magnetism is a special asset o theseexcellent stainless steels, marking them out rom otherstainless steel grades.

To get the best results rom erritics, it is essential that:new users be trained in orming and joining techniques;the user consult his stainless steel producer regarding

correct grade selection;the user acquire his material rom a reliable source,able to o er proven guarantees as to the grade, qualityand origin o the material supplied.

The high quality o the teams e orts and the strong supporto the ICDA allow us today to present a re erence documentor our stainless steel business. It bene its rom highly

interesting testimonials rom customers, showing a livelyinterest in new developments. ISSF is grate ul or all thesecontributions.

Jean-Yves GiletChairmanMarket Development CommitteeISSF


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FA Steel whoSe time hAS Comeby FrIedrIch Teroerde oF The InTernaTIonal chromIum developmenT aSSocIaTIon

i m s s iSS v icda t S s

v s j m m.t icda s s p s, 1990,

s s s m 96 M m s m 26 s ss 5

s. o m ss s s vs m m.

c m m s s s s sss s. i s ss s , m m s s . i s m m ss ss s s ss, v s m s

s s . c m m s v s s s ss s m, s

v m .as s m m s,

s s s s v v m m s . c m m s v s .

t M d v m c mm icda s m m j s mm s s ss s iSS s m s. c m m s

s m m s s ss s v v 18 . t s m

s ss s s s m 5 m s s s m

s , v , m m vs s .

y , s s s ss s s s s j s f s,

s m s. i , s s, s s v s,

s s s.s, s m s ss s s,

. t , v , m m. i v m , v

s ss s m , s

s s s, s m .

w iSS s s ss j v m

s. t m m s j s vs s s ss s m s s.

l m v s, s m s ss s s s

s s v s m s 100 s! t s s iSS . iv s ss m s,v s s s v s mm s. i s m s

m s s s s s s ss s s.

i s , icda s v s s m j m s ss s s s. w s s s s m s

s v s s. i s s , s s v s

s v s, s ss s s s sm s m .

t s s s ss s s s s s

s.

Friedrich TeroerdeChairmanMarket Development CommitteeICDA


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erritic StainleSS Steel

iS ideal or the external

Sur aceS o pro eSSional

kitchen equipMent.


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9/68

Stefan Raab

dIrecTor corporaTe purchaSIng oF producT maTerIalS,bSh boSch und SIemenS hauSgeraTe gmbh, munIch, germany

w s s ss s s. o s s s

m s , s s s s s , s . t s s ss

s s m 50 sm . o s s s,

m s v s s m s s ss s ms s s , m s, m s m . w

s s v s s s

m .

RobeRta beRnaSconi

manager, global Technology maTerIalS,WhIrlpool corporaTIon, caSSIneTTa dI bIandronno, ITaly

as m m s, s s s s m s vv s s

s s s s. t sv s s m s s s s s m s s

m m s s s.w s s ss

m s s m s s v - , , s s v . w m , s ,

w a y say a f csThe economic advantages and technical merits o erritic grades have beenappreciated by certain market sectors or a number o years. The ollowingtestimonials, representing both existing and evolving markets, show that thesebenefts are becoming more widely understood.

s - . t m s m m v s s s.w m s , v

s , , s , s s s s.

Jean-LouiS LaLba

markeT buyer For groupe Seb, (TeFal, roWenTa, krupS,moulInex, arno, all clad, panex, eTc.), rumIlly, France

w s 15,000 m s s ss , s m 40

s . o s s s,

, s m

z s s v s s. t s s s, s s s s s

s s - s .o , s s, s s s , s s s s

v v v s s m s.t s s v m m

-s v m s m s s, ms m s s

ms s ss . a s v j s s s m s! h v , s s m s s.

i , m s ss s ss s . a , s , s s

s .g v s, s s.


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10

in the Sugar induStry,


haS proVed Superior

to carbon Steelon eVery leVel.


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1

cLoviS tRaMontina preSIdenT, TramonTIna, So paulo, brazIl.

as m j b z m s s s,

s v , t m s s 850 s

s ss s m , m s 30 s . t

s m s s ms , s s s s.w v s s s 1974, s s s v s s . o

m s s s s s m , s s s v s s s s.

i ms - m m , s s - s s,s s s s s s

m ss. h v , i s s s ss s s , s /

. b s m , ms . i s s s m s s ss

s s s v v s s s s.t s m , s v s m

m . i , s s s m m s

v .


welded tubeS haVe a dynaMic

uture in the tube Market,

due to the technical and

econoMic MeritS

o theSe gradeS.

W h a T T h e y r e S a y I n g a b o u T F e r r I T I c S


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1

t fa s f csIn the ace o an explosion in raw-material costs, erritic stainless steels areemerging as a use ul solution in many applications where cost-saving material substitution has become an imperative.

i s, s m s s s m m,, z v . S ss s

s s s, , v f s . n

s s s s (300-s s)s ss s s.

S ss s s v v sm , s v s s

s z s - s. t s

s s s m s s s s s s m s s ss s s m s v -s v s s

.t s s s s s s ss

s , m v s ss s s ss ss s .

LoweR coSt, StabLe pRicet s s (400-s s) s ss s

s s s m ss v s s s,

v v m m s s s - s.

c , s s s s m m (m . 10.5%). t m m

m s s ss s s ss s s s v s . c

s m s, s sm m, s s.

s ss s s s m s m s - s s s ms v s s, s s, v m v

s s s s. w v ?

us s , m m

s s ss s s s s

. s

m s sss s s.

Why pay or nickeli you dont have to?

50,00048,00046,00044,00042,00040,00038,00036,00034,00032,00030,00028,00026,00024,00022,00020,00018,00016,00014,00012,00010,000

8,0006,0004,0002,000

0

00 00 00 00 00 00 01 01 02 02 02 03 03 04 04 04 05 05 05 05 06 07 07

LME CASH NiCkEL Pr iCE 1999-2007 (US $ / T )

P r o

e s s

i o n a

l g r i

d d l e

, i n g r a

d e

4 3 0 .

C a n o p y ,

i n g r a

d e

4 4 6 M

, S

. K o r e a .


14/68

1

the 5 feRRitic faMiLieS s v s m s

s s s s. b s s s, ms

m s, s ss. S s ss s s ,

, s s m m s.

g 1 ( y 409/410l) s s m m s ss s s s s s s v . t s

- - s v v m s s s s s s .

t 409 s s m v s -s s m s s ( s -s v s vv m s). t 410l s s s, s s s , , lcd m m s.

g 2 ( y 430) s m s s m s. h v m m , g

2 s s s s s vm s s 304. i s m s, s

s s 304 s s. t s s

s -m ms, s, . t430 s s s 304 s s s,s s s, s s. m s

s s, s . 38.

g 3 s y s 430t , 439, 441, c. c m g 2, s s s

m . t v s v , m s s s, 304 s s. t s

s s, s ( s s , ,.), s s s ms ( 409) s s m s. g 3 s

v 304 s s s v -s .

Types 409, 410, 420Cr content: 10%-14%

Type 430Cr content: 14%-18%

Types 430Ti, 439, 441, etc.Cr content: 14%-18%.

Include stabilising elementssuch as Ti, Nb, etc.

10%-14% 14%-18% 14%-18%stabilised

30% 48% 13%

sTANd Ard fe r r IT IC g rAd e s91% o tota vo m in 2006

Group 1

Group 2 Group 3

Standard erritic stainless steelsare totally satis actory and

entirely appropriate or many

demanding applications.

Types 434, 436, 444, etc.Mo content above 0.5%

Cr content: 18%-30%or not belonging

to the other groups

Added Mo Others

7% 2%

sp e C IAl fe r r IT IC g rAd e s9% o vo m in 2006

Group 4 Group 5

C o n

t a i n e r s ,

i n g r a

d e s

4 0 9 L a n

d 4 1 0 L .


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1

g 4 s y s 434, 436, 444, c. t s sv m m, s s s .

t s s, s s, v s s s s s ms, -

m v v m s, m v m s, . t 444s s - s s v

s m 316.

g 5 ( y s 446, 445/447 c.) s m m s m m, s s ( ) s s . t s s s

316 s s s. t s s s s s v

v m s. t s s s JiS 447 s m m .

iMpReSSive RefeRenceSam s ss s s s ss s s,

m m s s . s, s v v s v s m m s: m v s

s s ms s -m ms.

e s s s ms s m s s v v m s. t s s ss

s ( ) m s ss

s s.w s -m ms v s s

v s m v m . i s ,v , s s m ss .

c s s s s s s s m s

ms s s s ms. m s ss, ss m j m

v s s m s sss v s .

o s s s m m vms , m v

m, s s, s,

- s, s, .

M s m .

todayS exceLLent feRRiticSt - s ss s s v s s m

s m s v s v ms m s

v .t m -

s. S , , s s s s s m m s , s s s. g 430 s

v , s s m v

v s s s s s , s, s s s m s v s. i v ,

s , s m s, s s s .

s m v m !

s s

v s s s

v s , ms s s, ms s. Ss s

m s s s, s s s s s . t j s s s .

in many cases, erritics areemerging as a better choice than

more expensive materials.

1

O v e r p a s s n o

i s e - a

b s o r b

i n g p

l a t e

, J a p a n .

S o

l a r w a

t e r

h e a

t e r ,

T a i w a n .


16/68

1

i , m s s, s m s m s v m s. t m m

s m s , v j s s ss ,

m , m .

fine foR foRMinGev s m s s , s

s m s m s. t ssm s s ss s s, v

s, m s s s s v -s .

c s s ss s m sv m v . o , ,

m s s s s m ( . . s) ss s

s ss s s. g v , ss s s m m s s.

pRoud to be MaGnetica m s s s s m s ss s s s

s . t s s s s . p s s

m s , s m s ss s s m

s m . c s s s s m ms m m s

m m . M sm s .i , m sm s s

m s m j ss s, v m s s s v s, m s m m s

s v s m m m s.i , s ss s s

m , s ss v v s s s m .

SpeciaL technicaL advantaGeSS ss s s s , -mm , s l c c s v s v

s . i s s 100% : v 60% s ss s s m m m s .S ss s s m s s mm s ss:

s s ss s s s

(m s eu r hS m s)

s

s ss s s s v s s ss s s v v s s ms ss s , l c c s v . i ,

v s v s s s, ss, j s s s ss. s

s s s s v s s.

A widely held misconception isthat because erritics are magneticthey are not real stainless steels

and will rust like carbon steel.This is nonsense.

M i l k t a n

k e r , c l a

d d i n g

i n g r a

d e

4 3 0

, S

. A r i c a .

R e

r i g e r a

t o r , c l a

d d i n g

i n g r a

d e

4 3 0

.


17/68

1

FerritiC SpeCiAl trump CArdS

s a c .

s v a x a s ( ss s s ).

s v xc - a

x a s s a c ( ss s s s).

s v a c c y ( m v s s).

s s s m v xcc s s a c ( m ss s s s s - m s ss s).

s as c a

s s ( ss m m s

).

s s ss s ac s s, m .

s v y s (s m s s)

304 s s.

s, s s, s ss c s c ac .


18/68

1

peRfection iS MatchinG the Speci m s, s s ss , v , v v -s s s v .

h s , s 304 s m s v v s ss s ,

s m s ss . t s s ss s s, s , s s 304,

.c s s m

-s v s v m v s

m s s s, - s .

S m m s, s -s v m m s ( . .v s - s s s s )

s s s v mm s -

.

a SteeL whoSe tiMe haS coMeg v s s, v s s m s, s

s ss s s s m m .

t s s m s ss s , s m v s mms. i s m s s s ss

s s s ss m s s - s s. t s s s ss ss v s s s s .

t s m s ss, s v s m s

m s s s s s.

Todays erritic stainless steel grades, properly specifed, can

o ten be substituted or 304,to excellent e ect.

C l a d d i n g p a n e

l s , i

n c o a

t e d g r a

d e

4 3 0

, I t a

l y .

K i t c h e n

l i n e - u p ,

i n g r a

d e 4 3 0

, S

. A r i c a .


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1

in certain enVironMentS

erritic StainleSS SteelS

proVide an aeSthetic,

durable and econoMical

Solution or urban

urniture requireMentS.


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21/68

1

C s s s a c s Stainless steels are stainless because their chromium content gives themexceptional resistance to corrosion.

a m s s s s s v s s s 304

s m m s s s s s - ( s )s m m j m s.

t v s s m m- s v s ( ) s

s s 304. h v , s s ss, s s 304, s v

v s s s .

a s s s , v s. S sss s, v , s m s s s

s s, m m .c m m ( , s s s m m s m ) s

s s s s ss s s.

LocaLiSed coRRoSion ReSiStanceS ss s s m s m -

, s m s s, m ( m v s s, m ) m ss , s s -

s v .t s s s s ss s s s m

m m m s s m s . i , ms s s s ,

s s s s s s ss s m s.

PRE 10 16 17 18 20 24

410L

409

430

441

439

304

fERRi t i c /aus tEni t i c LocaLisEdcoRRosion REsis tancE

444

316

436

G1 G2 G3 G4

-

c o r r

o s

i o n

r e s

i s t a n c e

+

erritics and austenitics canbe seen as two interchangeable

stainless steel amilies.

M o

i s t u r e s e p a r a

t o r r e

h e a

t e r

i n g r a

d e

4 3 9

, E u r o p e .

P a r t

i a l l y

4 4 4 b u

i l d i n g c l a

d d i n g ,

B r a z i

l .

R a

d i a t o r g r

i l l a n

d t r i m

, i n g r a

d e

4 3 6

.


22/68

g 1 s s s -s v s,s s s m ( m s

s s ) s s s m s s s

. i s s, s s s s ,.

g 2 s v s v vm , -s v s.

g 3 s s s m s s

g 2 s, s .

g 4 s m s s s 304 s v s s.

g 5 s, m , s v m m 29% c , s 4% M ,

m s m s s s s s s m

m .

The pre FacTort pre p r s s e v m s m s v s s s s ss s - v m .t s pre v , m s s s

.

t pre m s s s vs s m

s s s .i mm s s m pre m

pre=%c +3.3%M , m m (M ) s ss s 3.3 m s m v m m s s . h v , m m s s ss

v s s s s . M m s s m m m s ss

s s, s s s s s .n s s m , s

m s s s s s s .

avoIdIng corroSIon

S ss s s ss v (s . 59) s m . a

m s s v s

s, s .

p sm v .

35

30

25

20

15

0

316

304

444

436

430

409

439

AUSTENITIC FERRITIC

SEA wATER 20C

CoASTAl ENv. 20C

PURE wATER

317lN 446/447

PREN = %Cr = 3,3 x % Mo + 16 x %N

AustENit iC/fERRit iC PRE CoMPARisoN

Nickel plays no role in resistance

to pitting corrosion.

S t o r a g e

t a n

k ,

i n g r a

d e

4 4 4 , B r a z i

l .

B a r b e c u e a n

d t r o

l l e y ,

i n g r a

d e

4 3 0

, I t a l y

.


23/68

CorroSion riSk FACtorS

m s

s s s

s s

s s s

s (s s, s , .)

s m

s (s s)

s v m

CorroSion-preventing FACtorS

s

sm s

- ss v s

s

s ( . . )

m m

s s (o 2 s )

m m


24/68

c s s s h s v( h = ). t h v s m ss s .

t s s m s s 0 14.

atMoSpheRic coRRoSiont s s s s s , ,

m m m m s. i s s s

s m s s v m .t s , m , s s

m , m m s .

d v m s (400-s s) s (300-s s)s, s s m s s . i s , s m v m s,

s m s ( ) s m , s.

choIce oF grade s s m s v m s

v s v s v . a m s -s v s s s s

s .

i s s s s ( s ), m , s m

v m , - s m m .

RuLeS of thuMb

i s ss v v m ,s m m

/ m m .

av s s s v - s s r v .

o m z s s ( . . m .15 s - s s).

av v - m s.

k s , s , v s s m .

Atmospheric corrosion res is tAncemarine

coastal

industrial

city

rural

indoor

all a abl u

409 410 430 439 304 444 316 447 a all

u u a abl

Ferritic grades can be usedin atmospheric environments

o widely varied corrosive severity.

R a

i l w a y s t a t

i o n s a

e t y b a r r

i e r ,

i n S U S 4 3 0 J 1 L

, J a p a n .

E l e c t r i

f c a t

i o n

b o x ,

i n p a

i n t e d g r a

d e

4 1 0 , S

. A r i c a .


25/68

oxidation ReSiStanceu v s s , - m

s s m s (>500c) z m s s, m .

w s ss s s , m m ms v m m s s s . t s m s s v m s v , s s s , s s v s

m . t s

s s v m s ,ss v s , s m s s.

t s m s , s m ss s s

- m s . w s s , s . t ss v s s s

s s ms, s s s s ms, m s.

bRoad appLication poSSibiLitieSt s s s - s s s

m s ss s s s. t , v , s s m m s s.

c s m s s s v s. S m s s s s m , m s , s

.

p s ss s s s m s s s s s v s ss

s s v !

Life cycLe coStinG: an invaLuabLe Guidet v l c c s s

s ss . S s v s ss s s s s s s - s ,v - m.

S ss s s s s s m s ,ss m , s v , ,. i s v z ss . a s s m , v s ms s m v s ss s s m .

a s s , s ss s s v . t m s -

v s s, v , m ss s s s s.

erritic grades are much less prone than austenitic alloysto high-temperature cyclic

oxidation scaling.

the lower investment cost o erritic grades can be

the clinching argument inavour o stainless steel

M a n

i o

l d , i n g r a

d e

4 4 1

.

B u r n e r ,

i n

g r a

d e

4 3 0 .

G y m n a s i u m

r o o

, i n g r a

d e

4 4 5

, S

. K o r e a .


26/68

SeunG tae baekTeam leader WaShIng machIne procuremenT,lg elecTronIcS, korea.

w s s ss s s m s

s -m ms v s m s v m m s

m s. i , 2006, ss m 15,500 s s, s2,500 s s, s s

86 s sss s m .

t v s s s m s v vs s m s ss s s s. t , v s m v m - s m s s v s ss s s. c s ss m s s s s m v s s ss.

h v , s s s s s v ms .


induction cooking requireS

the Magnetic propertieS

o erritic gradeS.


27/68

erritics and austenitics canbe seen as two interchangeable

stainless steel amilies.

s v m s, m s s s m

s ss s m s. t v

s s s, ms v s s s. ts s s s - m s s: m s m v .

MechanicaL pRopeRtieSg s , m s

m s s m s m ss, s , , s , . t

m s mm s v ms s :

S : s s m m . t v s s :

s , s ss m s j m s m

s; s s , s ss s j

/ .

ha ss : s s .

t ss : s m .

d c y ( as c y) : m s .

S m s s m s ss . t s s ss-s v s m ss

m s (yS), m s s (utS) (e). t s s s s

s ss-s v m m s s v s s.

utS s m s Mp (1M = 1n/mm 3 = 145pSi = 0.1 /mm 3) s sm m m s s . yS s s s ,

s s s ss s m v .

t s ss-s v s s 430s s m s, ms s m s.

m c a ca a ys ca sFerritic stainless steel grades are abrication- riendly and suitable or a very wide range o applications.

600

500

400

300

200

100

0

4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 48 EI

MARTENSITICSTAINLESS STEELS

HSLA STEELSFERRITICS

STAINLESS STEELSTYPE 430

AUSTENITICSSTAINLESS STEELS

TYPE 304/316

UTS

UTS

YS

YS

CARBON STEELS

A36

FERRITIC STAINLESS:EQUIVALENT TOCARBON STEEL

AUSTENITICS:EASIER TO FORM

INTO COMPLEX SHAPES

S T R E S S ( M P a

)

S T R E S S ( K s

i )

STRAIN

E s c a

l a t o r s t e p s ,

i n g r a

d e

S U S 4 3 0 , J a p a n .

B u s

b o

d y

r a m e ,

i n g r a

d e

4 1 0 , S

. A r i c a .


28/68

s ss s s v s ss-s v s s m s s s. w m

s ( s s),m m s s

m , .

t v ss s s ms u.S., J s e s s,m s s s 304. rm = m s

s , r 02 = s a5/a80 = .

phySicaL pRopeRtieSt s s m m s , , s , .

s m . t s v s m

s v s v s s. t mv , s , s . t s m s

s m v m sm s s s s s

s ( s s).t m s s ss

s s s s m s m s s ss s . as s , s

s ss .

t m s s s ( 20c) s s 304 s .iS s: / m 3 = / m 3 J/ c = J/ k w/m c = w/m k 10-6/c =10-6/k n/mm 3 = Mp . S o

l e p

l a t e o e

l e c t r i c

i r o n ,

i n b u

e

d g r a

d e

4 3 0

.

B o

i l e r i n n e r

t u b e , i

n g r a

d e

4 4 4

, S .

K o r e a .

Mechanica l ProPert ies (cold rol led)

ASTM A 240 JIS G 4305 EN 10088-2

Rm

minR

p02min

A5

minR

mmin

Rp02

minA

5min

Rm

Rp02

minA

80min

409 380 170 20 -- -- -- -- X2crti12 1.4512 380-560

220 25

410s 415 205 22 sUs410

440 205 20 X2crni12 1.4003 450-650

320 20

430 450 205 22 sUs430

420 205 22 X6cr17 1.4016 450-600

280 18

434 450 240 22 sUs434

450 205 22 X6crMo17-1 1.4113 450-630

280 18

436 450 240 22 sUs436

410 2 45 20 X 6c rMo nb 17- 1 1 .45 26 4 80-560

300 25

439 415 205 22 -- -- -- -- X2crti17 1.4520 380-530

200 24

439 415 205 22 -- -- -- -- X2crti17 1.4510 420-600

240 23

441 415 205 22 -- -- -- -- X2crMonb18 1.4509 430-630

250 18

s44400(444)

415 275 20 sUs444

410 2 45 20 X2c rM ot i1 8-2 1 .45 21 4 20-640

320 20

304 205 515 40 sUs304

520 205 40 X5crni1-80 1.4301 540-750

230 45

Type ofstainless

steel

Density Electricresistance

Specifcheat

Thermalconductivity

Thermal expansioncoe fcient

Youngsmodulus

x103

g/cm3 mm2/m 0 ~ 100CJ/kg C

100CW/m C

0~200C 0~600C10-6/C

N/mm2

409/41010%-14% Cr

7.7 0.58 460 28 11 12 220

43014%-17% Cr

7.7 0.60 460 26 10.5 11.5 220

Stabilised430Ti, 439,

441

7.7 0.60 460 26 10.5 11.5 220

Mo > 0,5%434, 436, 444

7.7 0.60 460 26 10.5 11.5 220

Others17%-30% Cr

7.7 0.62 460 25 10.0 11.0 220

304 7.9 0.72 500 15 16 18 200

Carbon steel 7.7 0.22 460 50 12 14 215

Ph YSi C a l P ro PErTi ES


29/68

aS Strong aS carbon Steel,

low-chroMiuM erritic gradeS

are alSo corroSion reSiStant.

erritic rail ore wagonS

there ore haVe a lower

li e cycle coSt (lcc).


30/68

0

ZhanG SendIrecTor oF STaInleSS STeel purchaSIng, QIngdao haIerInTernaTIonal TradIng co. lTd., peopleS republIc oF chIna

as s s m -m s, h g s s

s s, s m s, s

s s , s s , s m v v s.

h v s s s s 2000, s 14,500 m s s

, s 85% s ss ss m . s ss s s

s s s s.

c m s 304, s s m - m s v ss s s s v m s, v s m s s. h v , m m s m s ,

ms m , s s v s. S

s.w z , s

s s s ss s v s s . rs s s s -m

s s s s v s s s s v m .i s s s s s m

s s ss s m , s ss-ss m s s.


aeSthetic and hygiene

actorS Make erritic

an ideal Material

or gaS hobS.


31/68

1

F f c a sThanks to their good drawing characteristics, erritic stainless steels can meetthe challenges o complex, three-dimensional designs.

S s m s s s m m s s s , s s

v s, s s s m s.

c m s s s ss s j m s s . t m

v v s m m s s m ss v , s m s m s.

a v ss s s, s m s

( m-s s , 17% m m s) s m .

dRawinG feRRitic GRadeSd s ss m s mm s m

j s m s . t v s ss s s,

s v , m s m m .

hoW draWIng WorkSi ss, s s v

ss f s v , m s . t m s s, s m s s .

t s s m s - m m , s s .

some erritic grades show excellent drawing per ormance.

Deep Drawin g

S t a m p e

d t o p a n

d b o

t t o m

o b o

i l e r s ,

i n g r a

d e

4 4 1 , S

. A r i c a .

S i n k

, i n g r a

d e

4 3 0

, J a p a n .


32/68

SucceSSfuL dRawinG MeanS t s

e s s

M m m m s m

h v

l

The ldr FacTort l m d r (ldr) s m -

m .

l m d r (ldr) s

m m m m (d) s m .ldr = d/ .

s v ldr v s s s, m s m s .

StRetch-foRMinG feRRitic GRadeS s s s s -

m .

i s - m , m s .

t m s s m v s s d m s m m m

m ( s j s ) s .

D

d

Limited drawing ra t io (Ldr)

LDR g RaDe co mp aRiso n

2.20

2.15

2.10

2.05

2.00

409 430 439 441 304

l i m

i t e

d d r a w

i n g r a t i o

( L D R )

Ferritics have higher LDR valuesthan austenitics,

which makes them particularly suitable or drawing.

Stre tch fo rming

St r e t ch - f o r ming pe r f o r manceDome height (K50) for different stainless steels

35.0

30.0

25.0

20.0

15.0

409 430 439 441 304

d o m e

h e

i g h t

( K 5 0 ) i n m m

M i c r o w a v e o v e n , i

n g r a d e

4 3 0 , B A f n i s h

, S . K

o r e a .

Tit i t bili d d 430Ti


33/68

3 3

forming limit curves

In practice, industrial orming operations involve acombination o both pure drawing and pure stretch- ormingde ormation, in a series o passes.

Forming limit curves are a use ul guide to maximumde ormation be ore ailure, in both deep drawing andstretching processes. Established or the principal stainlesssteel grades, they can be used to analyse a ormingoperation.

These curves defne local de ormations during and a terorming in terms o two principal true strains: longitudinal(major strain) and transverse (minor strain). The curvesplot the e ects o the various combinations o these twostrains, up to the point o racture. The higher the positiono its curve the better a grades ormability.

How ferritics beHave

Generally, the work hardening and elongation characteristicso erritic stainless steels are comparable to those o high-strength carbon steels. They are not the same as those oaustenitic grades.

Design, construction and abrication parameters and

the material properties o the erritic grade concerned mustbe considered together, in order to get the best out o thedrawing process.

ridging

A ter certain orming operations, erritic grades aresometimes prone to sur ace phenomena known as ridgingand roping.

This de ect takes the orm o a series o lines or ridges,

parallel to the sheet rolling direction. Ridging describesthe overall profle o the de ormed sur ace and includesboth the microgeometry modi ications and the ropingundulations caused by the de ormation.

The addition o a stabilising element, such as titanium, willbring improvement here. Titanium-stabilised grade 430Ti gives remarkableresults in this regardand is thus o ten chosento replace an austeniticin applications involving

deep drawing.

Titanium-stabilised grade 430Ti is often chosen to replace

an austenitic in applicationsinvolving deep drawing.

0,7

0,6

0,5

0,4

0,3

0,2

0,1

0

-0,5 -0,4 -0,3 -0,2 -0,1 0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4

minor strain2

m a j o r s t r a

i n

1 439 460 409436 441 434304

S t a m p e

d c a

t a l y t i c c o n v e r t e r

h o u s i n g , i n g r a

d e

4 4 1

.

S t a m p e

d m

a n

i f o

l d ,

i n g r a

d e

4 4 1

.

W i t h o u

t s u r f a c e

d e

f e c t .

D r y e r

d r u m :

4 0 9 w e

l d e

d s h e e

t , f o r m e

d b y e x p a n s i o n .


34/68


35/68

the caSe foR feRRiticSw s v s s s s

s , v , ms m , sv s s s v s. v

m , s , s m s s. i , s s s s s s s s v

s s.us s s s ss s s

s s ms . S ss s s s s s

, s s s m s

s m s s s v .

avouring drawing allowsexceptionally wide use o

erritic grades.


36/68

beRnhaRd bLaeSeRdIrecTor, macadamS bakIng SySTemS (pTy) lTdSouTh aFrIca

M m m s v s v s. w s s s s s s s ,m s s v m v m

ss m v m s ss s .t s s s s - s,

s v s, m . as s v s s v, v s s s . i ss

, m s s s s s s s

s, s ss s .

W h a T T h e y r e S a y I n g a b o u T

F e r r I T I c S

increaSingly Stringent

anti-pollution regulationS

pluS technical and econoMic

requireMentS Make erritic

the baSic Material or

exhauSt SySteMS.

J f


37/68

Ferritic grades have some use uladvantages over austenitics,when it comes to welding

J f c a sFerritic grades are well suited to all the numerous methods o joining stainless steels.

w : v m j mm s m -s

s m s. S : j m s m

s m ( s s sm ) s m s s < 450c. b az : s m s s s s > 450c. m c a ca j : s , s m , v

m s s. A s : v ss , vs s

s s , m .

weLdinGo m ss s v s s

s s ss s s s m s v m s :

, s s , , s - m .w s m s s s j

m s. t ss m s ss s s ( m s m s), j s

mm m s v s s f .t s s s ss s s m m s , m s

s s. s v s m sv s v s s m s , s

m s , s s v m v .

STabIlISed and unSTabIlISed FerrITIc gradeSo v , s ss s s ss

s s s s m .

Adhesive bonding Mechanical joining

Soldering/Brazing Welding

Joining methods

t s s s s s s,


38/68

stabilised erritic gradesare virtually immune to

intergranular corrosion.

, s m s, s s m (t )

m (n ). t s s , ss, v m m m

m m m . w s m m s v , s s

s v mm s .t s m s s , t m s v

m s , n s t m s m s . S m m s,

s m v s , m z .

u s s s t n s s s

z , m m m . t s s s s s . i s s m

v .t s s s s s s s s ,

v , s , m

600-800c.

overmaTchIng FIl ler meTalSt s s s s ,

m s s s v m m s s m ms c , M , t / n m s. t s s s s ss m z . a v , s

m s , v m c M m s.

proTecTIve gaSeSb m m, s sss s z m s . i

m ss,m m s s m, s s ss s s s s

. p s s s s v s s s

s . t s s s s (a ) m (h ) m a h .

s, s s s s s - m m s. a -

m s, s s s, s

m m j , s s. a s m s mm m s ( ). n

m s s s.

TroubleShooTIng FerrITIc WeldIng problemSas s s s v , s

s s m m s m

s m s. t s s s m s .

Extra-low (C + N)+ stabilisationi.e. 430Ti, 409L

Low (C + N)i.e. 410L

Typical typei.e. 430

D e g r e e o

f s e

n s i t i s a t i o n

Grade weldability

E x h a u s t s y s t e m

w e

l d i n g ,

g r a

d e

4 3 9 , S

. K o r e a .

W e

l d e

d t a n

k ,

g r a

d e

4 4 4

, E u r o p e .

W E l d in G f E R R i t i C S t E E l S: R E M E d i E S


39/68

aRc weLdinGa s m m s mm m

s.

gaS TungSTen arc WeldIng (gTaW or TIg/WIg)

i s ss ( s s t s w mi g s ss), m m ss s

.

S ss s s s s -dc m ( v ),

m s . i m s s , s

m s (m ) ( m ).

gaS meTal arc WeldIng (gmaW or mIg)u gtaw ss, gMaw ( s s Mi g s ss), s s m . t ss m .t s s, j ,

, s s 2% 3% , m m m s m s m s.S s ss m s m ,

s v m s m s s m s m .

t s - v ss s m m gtaw s s ss s .

ReSiStance weLdinGi s s , s ss

s j s s s s.

Stainless steelgroup

Special feature Phenomenon Cause How to avoid

Unstabilised grades Sensitisation Poor cor rosionresistance inwelded zone

Cr-carbideprecipitation ingrain boundary

Annealing intemperature range

600-800C

Stabi li sed g rades Grain coarsen ing Poor toughness inwelded zone

Excessive graingrowth due to high

temperature

Minimising the heatinput of welding

High Cr-Mo grades 475Cembrittlement

Embrittlementoccurs at

400~500C

Sigma () phaseformation

due to decompositionof phase

Reheating at 600Cand cooling rapidly

Hig h C r-M o g rad es S ig ma () phaseembrittlement

Embrittlementoccurs at

550~800C

Sigma () phaseformation

Reheating above800C and cooling

rapidly

Unstabilised grades Martensitic phaseembrittlement

Embrittlementoccurs in lower Crand higher-C types

Martensitic phaseformation due to

faster cooling

Removing themartensitic phaseby long annealingin the 600-700C

range

W e

l d e

d t a n

k ,

g r a

d e

4 4 1 , S

. A r i c a .

F e r r

i t i c t u b e m

i l l , B r a z i

l .

W e

l d e

d s t r u c t u r a

l r a m e

i n g r a

d e

1 . 4 0 0 3 .

S v s s s s , m s t v s s j s


40/68

0

mm s s m . i s s, m j v s s s :

m m m s

z s (haZ); v s s , s s

; v v s s s

; m , s s j s s.

c m m s m s , ms ss m s s ss s

m s j s s ( m v s)

s.

otheR pRoceSSeSo ss s s ss

s s s m .

SoLdeRinG and bRaZinGS z ss s j mm s s s m s s

m s m s sm s. S m s s s m

s 450c, s z s m m s.

v s:t - m s .J s m m .

d ss m m s j .t s s .p s v ss s j .r m s s .t ss .

i s s z s s j , s v

s m j .i s s, j , s ss

s s s m m .S s s m s

s s s.

pickLinG, paSSivationand decontaMination

t s s s m s m m s m m .

p s s

(10%hno3 + 2%h ) s s s ss s.i ss v m

m ss v (s . 59) m m v m s s ( -s). t ss v v s mm s

20%-25% .l ss v z s s

m s s ss v s s.

S o

l d e r i n g

a g u

t t e r ,

t i n - c o a

t e d g r a

d e

4 3 0 T i .

B r a z i n g w e

l d e

d t u b e s , g r a

d e

4 4 1

.

MechanicaL JoininG rIveTIng


41/68

1

M j s s s s s ss s s ss s s.

M j s v s:d ss m m s s j .t s z (haZ).p s v ss s j .t s m s .

c s s , v , v m s m j s m v

ss s, s s m s

j s. t j m ms -s ss.

i s v s s s s v .

t v s s , s j s m m s m s ss s v .c s s, s, s s v s s s ss s .

ScreWIng and bolTIngS ss s s s s v

s. w 17% c s ss s m ss v v m s,

s s s - m s 1% 1.5% m m.

t s s s m m ,s v s m m m m 5 mm. i ss mm j s s s

v s s s .

clInchIngt s v j

s ss s s, s . b m ss, s s s m

s .S s s j m s v , s

s m s v ,

m s j , v s v s .t s s m v s.

SeamIngi s m s -j , s s s 180, s m. as ,

m s j m , s .

p - j s v s, s s m

m s s.

Mechanical joining of stainless steels

Mechanical fasteners Without anyadditional part Riveting

Screws

Self-piercing andthread-forming screws

Clinching

SeamingSelf-piercing rivets

E x p

l o d e d

d i s p

l a y o

w a s h

i n g - m a c h

i n e

i n t e r i o r .

A u

t o - r

i v e

t i n g o n

4 3 0 , 1

. 5 m m .

adheSive bondinG i s s ss sm -s s ss s( )


42/68

a s v m m j s, s j s ss ss s.

t v s s v :t s m s ,

m m s ss m s.d ss m m s j s

s .c s , j s v s .t m v m , s

s .p s v ss j .

p s s , v , s j s v m m

200c v s s v m s .a s v j s s s s j s

z . s s m s s j s, s v s m s ss s.

( s ) v s vs.

a , s s s v ,

. t ss ss s s s s v .

as m s v , s m s s m s sss s s s, 1.4003/410.t s (s / ss) s s v s

m . t s s s v s s s .

B o n

d i n g o

g u

t t e r i n g ,

t i n - c o a

t e d 4 3 0 T i .

W i n d o w s

b o n

d e

d t o a

1 . 4 0 0 3 t u b u l a r

r a m e .


43/68


44/68

nick McdonaLdmarkeTIng manager, lIncaT lImITed,lIncoln, uk

es s 1971, ls

m ss m 36 s.

g 430 s ss s , v s m s ,

s s .

t s m s s s s s m j v s

s ss s , s m

s . i ,430s v m s s s s - m s.

w m v v 430 , s mm s, s s s - s-m ,

s s 304. o s , s s v s 430 s

s m s s .S s s m s s, v s s , s . g 430 s ss

. w s m s v s s .

W h a T

T h e y r e S a y I n g a b o u T F e r r I T I c S

p c s a a ca s


45/68

p c s a a ca sFerritics are o ten associated with decorative trim, sinks and car exhausts. Their actual and potential use ulness extends ar beyond these narrow confnes

s ss s s s m m s s, . t s s s ,

s s s ss s , sm s , s

v s. t v v s s ss s - , s s s.

t s s s - s s s m ss

s s s m s. t v s sm m s s m m s .t s ms s s s

s ss s s s s , s sss. i ms s s

m m s m m m s v m m .

AutomotiveexhauST SySTem

componenTS

g 1.4509/441, s , p 607,

exhauST SySTemcomponenTS

g 1.4509/441,m ,


g 1.4512/409, s ,, S. k


g 304 & 441, s , e c ss

M s,


g SuS430J1l v s , m 20%c -5%a


g 1.4509/441, v ,

decoraTIve TrIm

g SuS430, S. k

decoraTIve TrIm

g SuS430J1l, J

decoraTIve TrIm decoraTIve TrIm decoraTIve TrIm S.u.v. FronT elemenT

t i v e


46/68

g SuS430, S. k g 1.4016/430, - m, uSa

g 1.4113/434, uSa g 1. 4513, p som m,

car booT SIll

g 1.4510/430t ,p 307,

headlIghT

g 1.4513, - m, i

Truck

g 1.4113, v m, uSa

clampS

g s 1.4509/441 1.4016/430

FIlTerS

g 1.4512/409l, t

brake dIScS

g 1.4028/420

ThermoSTaT

g 1.4512/409,

paddle Wheel

g 1.4512/409,1.5 mm ,

A u t o m o t

building & ConStruCtionacceSSorIeS


47/68

Ironmongery WIndoWhIngeS & FaSTenerS

g 1.4016/430, e

guTTerIng

g 1.4510/430t ,- , e

guTTerIng

g 1.4521/444, e

chImney ducT

g 1.4521/444, e

conSTrucTIon

SQuare-Tube exTerIorInSulaTIng memberS

g Suh 409l (1.4512/409),JSSa, J

emergency houSIng

g 1.4016/430,, VerneSt c i , i

communIcaTIon-SySTemShelTer

g SuS 436l (1.4526/436),JSSa, J

FacTory buIldIng

g 1.4003, c m s s m , S.a

rooF STrucTure

r -s : s.

buIldIng

g 445J1l &445J2, n S

b ., 1996, J

buIldIng

r s SuS445J2,p r s , 1994, J

buIldIng

o s SuS445J1, SuS304, n s

M s b ., 2005, J

cIvIl conSTrucTIon

noISe-abSorbIng plaTeFor overpaSS

STrucTural STeelWorkoF brIdge

Inner Wall oF Tunnel Inner Wall oF Tunnel i o

n


48/68

g SuS 436 (1.4526/436),JSSa, J

g 1.4003/410 ,SaSSda, S a (

s v v 8 s).

g SuS 430J1 (1.4016/430),JSSa, J

g 1.4016/430, ,M M t ,

c i , i

WIndbreaker Fence

g SuS 445J2, JSSa, J

plaTForm Screen door

g 1.4510/439, -s , koSa, S. k

elecTrIFIcaTIon maSTS

g 1.4003 ( s m j 1982,

s s 10m m s , s ), S. a

poWer generaTIon

g 1.4003/ 410, x- , S.a

claddIng

buIldIng Faade claddIng

g SuS 445M2,- f v m s ,

aSSda, a s


g 1.4521/444 s. 4 ( z s),V v b , r

J , n i , b z( s v m )


g SuS 445J2, S M s m,

JSSa, J


g 1.4526/436, u& a z S S v c ,

a M S ss,k , p

b u i l d i n g

& C

o n S t r u

C t

lIFTS

eScalaTor STepS lIFT panelS

rooFIng

medIadome rooF School rooF b u il


49/68

g SuS 430lx(1.4016/430), J

g 1.4510/439 g SuS445J2, k sM m (

p .)1998, J

g 430t (ss m ), u

& a z, a s

gymnaSIum rooF

g 445, koSa, S. k

canopy

g 446, koSa,S , S. k .

chaleT rooF

g 1.4510/430t (s -s m ), u & a z,

g m .

aIrporT rooF

g SuS 447J1, k sa m ( r z p ),

JSSa, os , J

urban FurnITure

lamp poST

g 1.4510/439, -s ,

koSa, S , S. k

poST boxeS

g 1.4003/410, ,SaSSda, S a .

u s

, ss s m .

TIckeT machIne onraIlWay plaTForm

g 1.4003/410, (15s s v ), SaSSda, uk

elecTrIFIcaTIon boxeS

g 1.4003/410, (15 s s v ), SaSSda,

S a

i l d

i n g & C

o n

S t r

u C t i o n

bakery oven gaS cookIng eQuIpmenT coFFee Server heaTed merchandISer

Food CommerCiAl eQuipment


50/68

0

g 430, M ms bS s ms (pty) l , S. a

g 430, l , uk g SuS430J1, JSSa, J g 430, l , uk

conveyor ToaSTer

g 430, l , uk

mIcroWave oven

g 430 ( ), JSSa, J

burner range

g 430 ( s ),poSco, S. k

reFrIgeraTor

r s - SuS 430J1l , JSSa, J

coFFee machIne

g 430, l , uk

reSTauranT Trolley

g 430

dISplay merchandISer

g 430, l , uk

Wall cupboard

g 430, l , uk

home & oFFiCei s, (400-s s) s s s s , s s ,

s s s s, m s m sm (


51/68

1

, ( ). t s s m v s v m s.

domeSTIc cookIngeQuIpmenT

gaS cooker

koSa, S. k

varIouS

tkn, g m

mIcroWave oven

g SuS430J1, JSSa, J

gaS cookIng Top

tSSda, t

barbecue

g 1.4016/430, s z , c m c i , i

barbecue

g 1.4016/430, uSa

cookWare and poTS

Wok

InducTIon cookWare

g Seb (t )

preSSure cooker

g 430, g Seb

panS

g 430, poSco, S. k

dIShWaSherS

dIShWaSher

g 430

dIShWaSher

r s SuS430J1l , JSSa, J

F i C e

dIShWaSher

elecTrIcal applIanceS

mIxer mIxer elecTrIc rIce cooker


52/68

h o m e & o F

g 430 ( ), h , prc

g 1.4513, tkn, i g 430 r s SuS430,JSSa, J

elecTrIc keTTle

r s SuS430,JSSa, J

eQuIpmenT

ShelveS

g 1.4016/430, zs v s, g

c i , i

rubbISh conTaIner

g 1.4016/430, g c i , i

parTITIon

g 430, poSco, S. k

handraIl

g 430

lcd Frame

g 410, poSco, S. k

hoodS

kITchen hood

g 430, b ,tkn, g m

kITchen hood

g 430, m ,n i , b z


53/68

induStrY s s v s m s s v m ss .


54/68

dam ouTleT pIpeS

p 1.4003/410,c m s, S. a

Flood conTrol gaTeS

p 1.4003/410,c m s, S. a

TankS

g SuS430J1l, -s (

j ), JSSa, J

FracTIonaTIng column

g 410S, e

conveyor belT

g 410S, e

burnerS

burnerS

g 1.4509/441 ( s s )

burner

g SuS430, s, JSSa, J .

boIlerS

boIler Inner Tube

g 1.4521/444,koSa, S. k

hydroboIl InSTanTboIlIng WaTer heaTer

g 1.4521/444,Zip i s s aSSda, a s

boIler

g 444, e

hoT WaTer Tank

g 1.4521/444, e

hoT WaTer Tank

g SuS444, JSSa, J


55/68

TankS

WaTer TankS & pIpeS WaTer Tank WaTer Tank WaTer Tank

S t r Y


56/68

g 444, b z.

g 444, koSa, S. k p SuS 444,s . 4, JSSa, J

p SuS 444,s . 4, JSSa, J

FermenTaTIon andSTorage Tank

g 444, n i ,b z . S i s

s ss s

s 7 s.

FermenTaTIon andSTorage Tank

g 444, n i , b z

moTorcycle exhauST

g 1.4512/409l,yuSco, t

moTorcycle exhauST

g 1.4509/441, c i ,i . t V s et2s

s .

i n d u

moTorcycle exhauST

g 409l

moTorcycle exhauST

g 409l, a s , b z

dISc brake roTor

g SuS410SM1,JSSa, J

varIouS

g 420 s, 1.4113v m, i

motorCYCle

trAnSportAtionbuS & coach body Frame buS & coach body Frame buS body Frame conTaIner


57/68

conTaIner

g 1.4003/410, ( m s)

coal Wagon

g 1.4003/410 ( s),c m s, S. a . i

s v v 20 s.

coal Wagon

g 1.4003/410 ( s),c m s, S. a . i

s v v 15 s.

coal WagonS

g 1.4003 ( v s), SaSSda, S. a

g 1.4003/410, c m s,S. a .

g 1.4003/410 ( ), c m s, S. a .

g 1.4003 s , S s

b s & c c . p

g 1.4003/410 ( m s), poSco, S. k

coal Wagon

g 1.4003/410,, e

coal Wagon

g 409/410, ,tiSco, prc

coal Wagon

g 1.4003,SaSSda, S. a

TramWay

g 1.4003/410 ( m s), e


58/68


59/68

StandardS: - aStM a 280 - 06c, n v. 2006

- en 10088-2, S . 2005


60/68

0

group 1

group 2

10%-14%c

aISI, aSTm c i t (m i w i t %) St r f.c Si m p S c m Ti n c a n ni

403(m) 0.15 0.5 1.0 0.04 0.03 11.5-13.0 JiS SuS4030.12-0.17 1.0 1.0 0.04 0.015 12.0-14.0 en 1.4024

405 0.08 1.0 1.0 0.04 0.03 11.5-14.5 0.1-0.3 0.6 unS S405000.08 1.0 1.0 0.04 0.015 12.0-14.0 en 1.40000.08 1.0 1.0 0.04 0.015 12.0-14.0 0.1-0.3 en 1.40020.08 1.0 1.0 0.04 0.03 11.5-14.5 0.1-0.3 JiS SuS405

409l 0.03 1.0 1.0 0.04 0.02 10.5-11.7 6x(C+n)-0.5 0.17 0.03 0.5 unS S409100.03 1.0 1.0 0.04 0.02 10.5-11.7 8x(C+n)-0.5 0.1 0.03 0.5 unS S409200.03 1.0 1.0 0.04 0.02 10.5-11.7 [0.08+8x(C+n)]-0.75 0.03 0.5 unS S409300.03 1.0 1.0 0.04 0.02 10.5-11.7 0.05-0.2 0.18-0.4 0.03 0.5 unS S409450.03 1.0 1.0 0 .04 0.02 10.5-11.7 6x(C+n)-0.75 0.03 0.5-1.0 unS S409750.03 1.0 1.5 0.04 0.015 10.5-12.5 0.03 0.3-1.0 unS S409770.03 1.0 1.0 0.04 0.015 10.5-12.5 6x(C+n)-0.65 0.5 en 1 .45120.08 0.7 1.5 0.04 0.015 10.5-12.5 0.05-0.35 0.5-1.5 en 1.45160.03 1.0 1.0 0.04 0.03 10.5-11.75 6xC-0.75 0.6 JiS Suh409l

410(m) 0.08-0.15 1.0 1.0 0.04 0.03 11.5-13.5 0.75 unS S410000.08-0.15 1.0 1.5 0.04 0.015 11.5-13.5 0.75 en 1.4006

0.15 1.0 1.0 0.04 0.03 11.5-13.5 JiS SuS410

410l 0.03 1.0 1.5 0.04 0.03 10.5-12.5 0.03 1.5 unS S410030.03 1.0 1.0 0.04 0.03 12.0-13.0 9(C+n)-0.6 0.03 0.5 unS S410450.04 1.0 1.0 0.045 0.03 10.5-12.5 0.1 0.6-1.10 unS S410500.03 1.0 1.0 0.04 0.03 11.0-13.5 JiS SuS410l

0.03 1.0 1.5 0.04 0.015 10.5-12.5 0.3-1.0 en 1.4003

410S(m) 0.08 1.0 1.0 0.04 0.03 11.5-13.5 0.6 unS S410080.08 1.0 1.0 0.04 0.03 11.5-13.5 0.6 JiS SuS410S

420J1(m) 0.16-0.25 1.0 1.0 0.04 0.03 12.0-14.0 JiS SuS420J10.16-0.25 1.0 1.5 0.04 0.015 12.0-14.0 en 1.4021

420J2(m) 0.26-0.40 1.0 1.0 0.04 0.03 12.0-14.0 JiS SuS420J20.26-0.35 1.0 1.5 0.04 0.015 12.0-14.0 en 1.40280.36-0.42 1.0 1.0 0.04 0.015 12.5-14.5 en 1.40310.43-0.50 1.0 1.0 0.04 0.015 12.5-14.5 en 1.4034

14%-18%c


420 0.08 1.0 1.0 0.045 0.03 13.5-15.5 0.2-1.2 0.3-0.5 1.0-2.5 unS S420350.08 1.0 1 .0 0.04 0.015 13.5-15.5 0.2-1.2 0.3-0.5 1.0-2.5 en 1.4589

429 0.12 1.0 1.0 0.04 0.03 14.0-16.0 unS S429000.12 1.0 1.0 0.04 0.03 14.0-16.0 JiS SuS429

429J1(m) 0.25-0.4.0 1.0 1.0 0.04 0.03 15.0-17.0 JiS SuS429J1

430 0.12 1.0 1.0 0.04 0.03 16.0-18.0 0.75 unS S430000.08 1.0 1.0 0.04 0.015 16.0-18.0 en 1.40160.12 0.75 1.0 0.04 0.03 16.0-18.0 JiS SuS430

1.4017 0.08 1.0 1.0 0.04 0.015 16.0-18.0 1.2-1.6 en 1.4017

440(m) 0.6-0.75 1.0 1.0 0.04 0.03 16.0-18.0 JiS SuS440A

- JiS g 4305, 1991

group 3aISI, aSTm c i t (m i w i t %) St r f.

c Si m p S c m Ti n c a n ni430J1l 0 .025 1.0 1.0 0.04 0.03 16.0-20.0 8x(C+n)-0.8 0.3-0.8 0.025 JiS SuS430J1l

430lX 0.03 0.75 1.0 0.04 0.03 16.0-19.0 0.1-1.0 0.6 JiS SuS430lX


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1

group 4

group 5

ot s


445 0.02 1.0 1.0 0.04 0.012 19.0-21.0 10X(C+n)-0.8 0.3-0.6 0.03 0.6 unS S44500

445J1 0.025 1.0 1.0 0.04 0.03 21.0-24.0 0.7-1.5 0.025 JiS SuS445J1

445J2 0.025 1.0 1.0 0.04 0.03 21.0-24.0 1.5-2.5 0.025 JiS SuS 445J2

446 0.06 0.75 0.75 0.04 0.02 25.0-27.0 0.75-1.5 0.2-1.0 0.2 0.04 unS S446260.01 0.4 0.4 0.02 0.02 25.0-27.5 0.75-1.5 0.05-0.2 0.2 0.015 0.5 unS S44627

0.025 0.75 1.0 0.04 0.03 24.5-26.0 3.5-4.5 [0.2+4(C+n)]-0.80 0.035 3.5-4.5 unS S446350.03 1.0 1.0 0.04 0.03 25.0-28.0 3.0-4.0 6x(C+n)-1.0 0.04 1.0-3.5 unS S446600.01 0.4 0.4 0.03 0.02 25.0-27.5 0.75-1.5 0.015 0.5 JiS SuS Xm27

447 0.01 0.2 0.3 0.025 0.02 28.0-30.0 3.5-4.2 0.15 0.02 0.15 (C+n) 0.025 unS S447000.03 1.0 1.0 0.04 0.03 28.0-30.0 3.6-4.2 6x(C+n)-1.0 0.045 1.0 unS S44735

0.025 1.0 1.0 0.03 0.01 28.0-30.0 3.5-4.5 [4x(C+n)+0.15]-0.8 0.045 en 1.45920.01 0.4 0.4 0.03 0.02 28.5-32.0 1.5-2.5 0.015 JiS SuS 447J1

448 0.01 0.2 0.3 0.025 0.02 28.0-30.0 3.5-4.2 0.15 0.02 2-2.5 (C+n) 0.025 unS S44800

14%-18%cst i is

430lX 0.03 0.75 1.0 0.04 0.03 16.0 19.0 0.1 1.0 0.6 JiS SuS430lX

439 0.03 1.0 1.0 0.04 0.03 17.0-19.0 [0.2+4x(C+n)]-1.10 0.15 0.03 0.5 unS S430350,05 1.0 1.0 0.04 0.015 16.0-18.0 [0.15+4x(C+n)]-0.8 en 1.4510

0.03 1.0 1.0 0.04 0.03 17.0-19.0 [0.2+4x(C+n)]-0.75 0.15 0.03 0.5 unS S439320.03 1.0 1.0 0.04 0.015 17.5-18.5 0.1-0.6 [0.3+(3xC)] unS S439400.03 1.0 1.0 0.04 0.015 16.0-17.5 0.35-0.55 en 1.4590

0.025 0.5 0.5 0.04 0.015 16.0-18.0 0.3-0.6 en 1.45200.02 1.0 1.0 0.04 0.015 13.0-15.0 0.2-0.6 en 1.4595

430t 0.05 1.0 1.0 0.4 0.015 16.0-18.0 0.6 en 1.4511

441 0.03 1.0 1.0 0.04 0.03 17.5-18.5 0.1-0.6 9xC+0.3-1 1.0 unS S441000.03 1.0 1.0 0.04 0.015 17.5-18.5 0.1-0.6 3xC+0.3-1 en 1.4509

a m

aISI, aSTm c i t (m i w i t %) St r f.C S m p S C m t n C A n n o

415 0.05 0.6 0.5-1.0 0.03 0.03 11.5-14.0 0.5-1.0 3.5-5.5 unS S41500

434 0.12 1.0 1.0 0.04 0.03 16.0-18.0 0.75-1.25 unS S434000.08 0.75 0.8 0.04 0.015 16.0-18.0 0.9-1.4 en 1.41130.08 1.0 1.0 0.04 0.015 16.0-18.0 0.8-1.4 [7x(C+n)+0.1]-1.0 0.04 en 1.45260.12 1.0 1.0 0.04 0.03 16.0-18.0 0.75-1.25 JiS SuS 434

436 0.12 1.0 1.0 0.04 0.03 16.0-18.0 0.75-1.25 8x(C+n)-0.8 0.025 unS S436000.025 1.0 1.0 0.04 0.015 16.0-18.0 0.9-1.4 0.3-0.6 en 1.45130.025 1.0 1.0 0.04 0.03 16.0-19.0 0.75-1.25 8x(C+n)-0.8 0.025 JiS SuS 436l

1.4419(m) 0.36-0.42 1.0 1.0 0.04 0.015 13.0-14.5 0.6-1.0 en 1.4419

1.4110(m) 0.48-0.60 1.0 1.0 0.04 0.015 13.0-15.0 0.5-0.8 v 0.15 en 1.4110

1.4116(m) 0.45-0.55 1.0 1.0 0.04 0.015 14.0-15.0 0.5-0.8 0.1 v 0.2 en 1.4116

1.4122(m) 0.33-0 .45 1.0 1 .5 0.04 0 .015 15.5-17.5 0 .8-1.3 1.0 en 1.4122

1.4313(m) 0.05 0.7 1.5 0.04 0.015 12.0-14.0 0.3-0.7 0.02 3.5-4.5 en 1.4313

1.4418(m) 0.06 0.7 1.5 0.04 0.015 15.0-17.0 0.8-1.5 0.02 4.0-6.0 en 1.4418

436J1l 0.025 1.0 1.0 0.04 0.03 17.0-20.0 0.4-0.8 8x(C+n)-0.8 0.025 JiS SuS 436J1l

444 0.025 1.0 0.7-1.5 0.04 0.03 17.5-19.5 1.75-2.5 0.2+4(C+n)-0.8 1.0 unS S444000.025 1.0 1.0 0.04 0.015 17.0-20.0 1.8-2.5 4x(C+n)+0.15-0.8 0.03 en 1.45210.025 1.0 1.0 0.04 0.03 17.0-20.0 1.75-2.5 8x(C+n)-0.8 0.025 JiS SuS 444


62/68

iMpreSSiVe uSe o erritic

welded tubeS in a power

Station condenSe r.

Appendices

sur a f h


63/68

6 3

Sur ace fnishing treatments applied to stainless steels can take many orms.The main fnishes are described below. Ferritic sur ace fnishes are the same asthose or austenitic and other grades.

Description ASTM EN 10088-2 Notes

Hot rolled 1 1E/1DA comparatively rough, dull sur ace produced by hot rolling tothe speci ed thickness, ollowed by annealing and descaling.

Cold rolled 2D 2DA dull, cold rolled nish produced by cold rolling to thespeci ed thickness, ollowed by annealing and descaling.May also be achieved by a nal light pass on dull rolls.

Cold rolled 2B 2B

A bright, cold rolled nish commonly produced in the same way asNo. 2D nish, except that the annealed and descaled sheet receivesa nal cold roll pass on polished rolls. This is a general-purposecold rolled nish and is more readily polished than No. 1 or No. 2D.

Bright Annealed BA 2RBA nish produced by per orming bright annealing in an inertatmosphere a ter cold rolling. Smoother and brighter than No. 2B.

Brushed ordull polished

No. 4 1J/2JA general-purpose bright polished nish obtained by nishingwith a 120-150 mesh abrasive, ollowing initial grinding withcoarser abrasives.

Satin polished(matt)

No. 6 1K/2K A so t satin nish having lower refectivity than brushed(or dull polished) nish. It is produced by a Tampico brush.

Bright polished(mirror)

No. 8 1P/2P

The most refective nish commonly produced. It is obtained bypolishing with successively ner abrasives then bu ng with a veryne bu ng compound. The sur ace is essentially ree o grit linescaused by preliminary grinding operations.

Electropolishedsur aces - -

This sur ace is produced by electrolytic attack. This electrochemicalprocess improves the sur ace nish by removing peaks o sur aceirregularity.

(NB: the above table is not o cial and should be used only as a guide)

2D 2B BA no. 4 no.6

AppendiCeS

r f c s


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M z , a., t , et al. e n p S S ss S s e v t m s.

ISIJ International V . 42, n . 8 (2002): 916-920.

M m , M, n. M s , et al. n -s m s s ss v s s ss s s. Corrosion

Science V . 48 (2006): 1307-1308.

p , J. h., d. S. k m, et al. i s c -16%cS ss S M s a m m d c mt m . AIST Transactions in Iron & Steel Technology Magazine V . 4, n . 1 (2007): 137-144.

p , S. h., k.y. k m, et al. ev M s t ass r S ss S s.icotoM 13, S , k (2002): 1335.

p , S. h., k. y. k m, et al. i v s M s t ev S ss S s,

ISIJ International V .42, n .1 (2002): 100.

p , S. h., k. y. k m, et al. e a p ss M s t ev t 430 S ssS . Journal of the Korean Institute. of Metals & Materials V .39, n . 8 (2001): 883.

p , S. h., k. y. k m, et al. e ss m s v -16%c

s ss s . Rex & GGa , g m (2001): 1203.

p , S. h., k. y. k m, et al. e s s m m

s z v s ss s s.

THERMEC 2000, l s V s, uSa (2000): 163.r , d. e m v s s m

s s -11 .% c . MaterialsScience and Technology n . 11 (1995): 985-993.

r , d. o f c m m v s s ss s s. Journalof Materials Science n . 31 (1996): 3839-3845.

b , l., p.-o. S , et al. e s -V s sb v S ss S aiSi 441-en 1.4509 m

m m 850c. Journal of ASTM International(JAI) Vol. 3, Issue 7 (2006).a s : Fatigue and Fracture Mechanics (s m s m), V . 35.

c , p -J . Working with Stainless Steels p s:

Sirpe, 1998.

ss v, a, d. r . a m s s m s s m

m s m c . ScriptaMetall. Mater V . 30 (1994): 1-6.

gm , p., n. a , et al. S m s k s sv sv s S pkw-a s .

Automobil technische Zeitschrift (ATZ) n . 4 (2004):350-356.

h , M.-y., J.-h. l , et al. e t -t ssM M -t g s r 17%c

S ss S S . Steel Research V . 76,n . 11 (2005): 797-806.

k m, d. S., J. h. p , et al. im v m c ss 16%c - S ss S aod p ss s,La Revue de Metallurgie n . 4, p s (2004): 291-299.

k m, k, y. k m, et al. poScos v m S ssS . The Second Baosteel Biennial Academic ConferenceV . 3,S , c (2006).

l , S.-b., M.-c. J , et al. e n m n

S h c m m S . ISIJ International V . 42 (2002): 603-608.

l , S.-b., J.-h. c , et al.a m m d e m l -16 p c a . Metallurgical and Materials

Transactions B, V . 36b (2005): 414-416.

M z , a., J. h s , et al. d v m h h -r s s S ss S h m , rMh-

1, a m v e s M s. Kawasaki Steel TechnicalReport n . 48 (2003): 328.


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r , d. M s s m s s m s z . Stahl und Eisen n . 120 (2000):

7378.

r , d, k. l . i f s s zs s ss s s. Steel Research n . 63

(1992): 457-464.

r , d, k. l . t s s ss s s.Materials Science and Technology n . 9 (1993): 302-312.

S , p.-o., l. b , et al. t m m s ss s s m v s s s ms. La Revue

de Mtallurgie n . 1, p s (J . 2006): 37-42.

S , p.-o., o. c z s, et al. d s s ss

s m v s m s. La Revue de Mtallurgien s. 7-8, p s (J -a . 2004): 615-620. a s : JSae p n .20037127 (2003).

S m , J.-h., . c ss , et al. S m r t s n m S ss S s. Proceedings of the

symposium Recent Advances of Niobium Containing Materials inEurope, dss (20 M 2005): 137.

S , c. w., J.-d. M , c s z m s s ss

s s . Proceedings of 2nd International Conferenceon Recrysta ll izat ion & Grain Growth, a , (30 a .3 S . 2004): 317.

S , c.w., J.-d. M , et al. r s z S z S ss S S , Metallurgical andMaterials Transactions a, V . 36a (n v. 2005): 3205.

V h , b t m p S ss S Materials and Applications Series V . 8, e i (2006).

t s , , a. g , et al. r s o k s c m m d s S ss S s. Materials Science

Forum V s. 461-464 (2004): 45-52. o .s ..

y z , y., y. k , et al. d v m S ss S e d d a m v s.

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y z , y., M. M , et al. e c m m c r s b -v {111} r s zt S . ISIJ International V . 43, n . 10 (2003):1647-1651.

y z , y., y. oz , et al. d v m s ss ss s {111} s z

. JSAE Review n . 24 (2003): 483.

Appendices

L t of m mb r


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6 6

Ugine & ALZUgitech S.A.Viraj GroupWalsin Lihwa CorporationYieh United Steel Corporation (YUSCO)Zhangjiagang Pohang Stainless Steel Co. Ltd. (ZPSS)

AffiliAted members

Australian Stainless Steel Development Association(ASSDA)British Stainless Steel Association (BSSA)CedinoxCENDICentro InoxEdelstahl-Vereinigung e.V.Euro InoxEUROFERInstitut de Dveloppement de lInox (ID Inox)Informationsstelle Edelstahl Rostfrei (ISER)Indian Stainless Steel Development Association (ISSDA)Japan Stainless Steel Association (JSSA)Jernkontoret

Korea Iron and Steel Association (KOSA)New Zealand Stainless Steels Development Association(NZSSDA)Nucleo InoxSouthern Africa Stainless Steel Development Association(SASSDA)Special Steel and Alloys Consumers and SuppliersAssociation (USSA)

Specialty Steel Industry of North America (SSINA)Stainless Steel Council of China Specialist Steel EnterprisesAssociation (CSSC)Swiss InoxTaiwan Steel and Iron Industries Association (TSIIA)Thai Stainless Steel Development Association (TSSDA)Union de Empresas Siderrgicas (UNESID)

CompAny members

Acciaierie ValbrunaAcerinox S.A.Acesita S.A.Aichi Steel CorporationArcelor MittalBaoshan Iron and Steel Co. (Stainless Steel Branch)

Cogne Acciai Speciali S.p.A.Columbus Stainless (Pty) LtdDaido Steel Co. Ltd.Deutsche Edelstahlwerke GmbHHyundai Steel CompanyIndusteelJFE Steel CorporationJindal Stainless Ltd.JSC DneprospetsstalNingbo Baoxin Stainless Steel Co., Ltd.Nippon Kinzoku Co., Ltd.Nippon Metal Industry Co. Ltd.Nippon Steel and Sumikin StainlessNippon Yakin Kogyo Co., Ltd.Nisshin Steel Co., Ltd.

North American StainlessOutokumpu OyjPanchmahal Steel Limited (PSL)POSCOPOSCO Specialty Steel Co., Ltd.Shanghai Krupp Stainless (SKS)SIJ - Slovenska industrija jekla d.d./Slovenian Steel GroupSteel Authority of India Ltd. (SAIL)

Sumitomo Metal Industries, Ltd.Taiyuan Iron and Steel (Group) Co. Ltd. (TISCO)Takasago Tekko K.K.Tang Eng Iron Works Co. Ltd.Thainox Stainless Public Company LimitedThyssenKrupp Acciai Speciali Terni S.p.A.ThyssenKrupp Mexinox S.A. de C.V.ThyssenKrupp Nirosta GmbH

Appendices

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Steel Association (JSSA), Tokyo, Japan; p. 16 (l): South A rica Stainless SteelDevelopment Association (SASSDA), Rivonia, South A rica; p. 16 (r) : Acesita(Arcelor Mittal Group), Brazil; p. 17 : Acesita (Arcelor Mittal Group), Brazil;p. 18 (l) : Ugine & Alz (Arcelor Mittal Group), France; p. 18 (tr) : Mac BrothersCatering Equipment, Cape Town, South A rica; p. 18 (br) : Centro Inox andThyssenKrupp Acciai Speciali Terni S.p.A., Italy; p. 19 : Acesita (Arcelor MittalGroup), Brazil; p. 20 (t) : BSH Bosch und Siemens Hausgerate Gmbh, Munich,Germany; p. 20 (b) : Faurecia, Nanterre, France; p. 21 (l) : Valtimet, Boulogne-Billancourt, France; p. 21 (c) : Ugine & Alz (Arcelor Mittal Group), France;p. 21 (r) : Acesita (Arcelor Mittal Group), Brazil; p. 22 (l) : Sander Inox andNucleo Inox, Brazil; p. 22 (r) : Ompagrill and Centro Inox, Italy; p. 23 : BSHBosch und Siemens Hausgerate Gmbh, Munich, Germany; p. 24 (tl & tr) :Japan Stainless Steel Association (JSSA), Tokyo, Japan; p. 24 (br) : ColumbusStainless [Pty] Ltd, S. A rica; p. 25 (l) : South Korea Iron & Steel Association(KOSA), Seoul, S. Korea;p. 25 (tc) : Ugine & Alz (Arcelor Mittal Group), France;p. 25 (tr) : Faurecia, Nanterre, France; p. 26 (t) : Group SEB, Rumilly, France;p. 26 (b) : LG Electronics, S. Korea; p. 27 (l) : Columbus Stainless [Pty] Ltd,S. A rica; p. 27 (r) : Japan Stainless Steel Association (JSSA), Tokyo, Japan;

p. 28 (l) : BSH Bosch und Siemens Hausgerate Gmbh, Munich, Germany;p. 28 (r) : South Korea Iron & Steel Association (KOSA), Seoul, S. Korea;p. 29 : Taiyuan Iron & Steel (Group) Company Ltd. (TISCO), Taiyuan, PRC;p. 30 (t) : ISSF China, PRC; p. 30 (b) : Qingdao Haier International Trading Co.Ltd., PRC; p. 31 (l) : SunTank, Pretoria, S. A rica; p. 31 (r ): Japan StainlessSteel Association (JSSA), Tokyo, Japan; p. 32 (box) : POSCO, Pohang, S. Korea;p. 33 (all) : Ugine & Alz (Arcelor Mittal Group), France; p. 34 (l) : Centro Inox,Italy; p. 34 (tr) : Faurecia, Nanterre, France; p . 34 (b) : all 4 photos Ugine & Alz(Arcelor Mittal Group), France; p. 35 : Acesita (Arcelor Mittal Group), Brazil;p. 36 (t) : ThyssenKrupp Nirosta GmbH, Kre eld, Germany; p. 36 (b) : MacadamsBaking Systems (Pty) Ltd, Cape Town, S. A rica; p. 37 (l) : Faurecia, Nanterre,France; p. 37 (r) : Ugine & Alz (Arcelor Mittal Group), France; p. 38 (l) :Faurecia, Nanterre, France; p. 38 (r) : Ugine & Alz (Arcelor Mittal Group),France; p. 39 (l) : SunTank, Pretoria, S. A rica; p. 39 (tr) : Acesita (ArcelorMittal Group), Brazil; p. 39 (br) : Solaris Bus & Coach Co., Poland; p. 40 (l) :Brandt Edelstahldach GmbH, Cologne, Germany; p. 40 (r) : Ugine & Alz (ArcelorMittal Group), France; p. 41 (tr) : Ugine & Alz (Arcelor Mittal Group), France;p. 41 (br) : ThyssenKrupp Nirosta GmbH, Kre eld, Germany; p. 42 (tl) : Willemde Roover, Ghent, Belgium; p. 42 (bl) : Faurecia, Nanterre, France; p. 42 (tr) :

Centro Inox, Milan, Italy; p. 42 (br) : Ugine & Alz (Arcelor Mittal Group), France;p. 43 : Hanjin, S. Korea; p. 44 (t) : Groupe SEB, Rumilly, France; p. 44 (b) :Lincat Limited, Lincoln, UK; p. 58 : ThyssenKrupp Nirosta GmbH, Kre eld,Germany; p. 62 : Valtimet, Boulogne-Billancourt, France; p. 63 : POSCO, Pohang,S. Korea.

ISSF is grate ul to Friedriche Teroerde (ICDA) or writing theForeword to this brochure and to Philippe Richard (ArcelorMittal Stainless, France), who coordinated a working groupconsisting o Jacques Charles (Ugine & Alz , France), Peir-Teh Huang (Yusco, Taiwan), Kwangyuk Kim (Posco, SouthSouth Korea), Jochen Krautschick (ThyssenKrupp Nirosta,Germany), Juan Antonio Simon (Acerinox, Spain) and

Hideaki Yamashita (JFE, Japan). Thanks also go to BenotVan Hecke (Euro-Inox, Belgium) or checking the text and toPaul Snelgrove, reelance consultant and English-languagewriter (Paris, France), or his invaluable help in preparingthe brochure.

Thanks are also due to de blauwe peer (Ghent, Belgium)or design and production, to MBCOM (Paris, France)or designing the cover and to Stevens Creative Printing,

Merelbeke, Belgium) or printing.

Photo credits

ISSF wishes to thank the companies and individuals whohave contributed photographs to this publication. In thosecases where the original source o a photograph used is notknown, ISSF extends its apologies to the copyright owner.

front cover : MBCOM, Paris, France; p. 2-3 : Ugine & Alz (Arcelor MittalGroup), France; p. 4 : Columbus Stainless [Pty] Ltd, S. A rica; p. 5 : Acesita(Arcelor Mittal Group), Brazil; p. 7 : Lincat Limited, Lincoln, UK; p. 8 : ISSFChina, PRC; p. 9 (tl) : BSH Bosch und Siemens Hausgerate Gmbh, Munich,Germany; p. 9 (bl) : Whirlpool Corporation, Cassinetta di Biandronno, Italy;p. 9 (r) : Groupe SEB, Rumilly, France; p. 10 : Acesita (Arcelor Mittal Group),Brazil; p. 11 (tl) : IKEA, Aelmhult, Sweden; p. 11 (bl): Yiu Heng InternationalCompany Limited, Macao; p. 11 (r) : Takara Standard Corporation, Japan;

p. 12 (t) : Acesita (Arcelor Mittal Group), Brazil; p. 12 (b) : Tramontina, So Paulo,Brazil; p. 13 (l) : Lincat Limited, Lincoln, UK; p. 13 (r) : South Korea Iron & SteelAssociation (KOSA), Seoul, S. Korea; p. 14 : POSCO, Pohang, S. Korea; p. 15 (l & c): Ugine & Alz (Arcelor Mittal Group), France; p. 15 (tr) : Suncue CompanyLtd. and Yieh United Steel Corp. (YUSCO), Taiwan; p. 15 (br) : Japan Stainless

disclaimer

Every e ort has been made to ensure that the in ormation presented in this publication is technically correct. However, thereader is advised that the material contained herein is intended or general in ormation purposes only. ISSF, its members,sta and consultants specifcally disclaim any liability or responsibility or loss, damage or injury resulting rom the use othe in ormation contained in this publication (in printed, electronic or other ormats).

DATE OF PUBLICATION APRIL 2007 - COPYRIGHT - ISBN 2-930069-51-1


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