The Female Human Reproductive System

8/7/2019 The Female Human Reproductive System

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THE FEMALE HUMAN

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEMAlice, Angela, Cindy, Jessica, Michelle, Natalie,

Natasha, Sonia, Violia /9E


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PARTS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS

Gonad: Ovaries

about 3 cm long, has bumps on the surface that

comprise a single egg cell surounded by layers of

cells. Also produce female sex hormones :oestrogen and progesteron.

Oogenesis is a process when ovary produces

ovum.

Tubes: Oviduct or Fallopian TubeAbout 10 cm long, connecting the ovary and

womb.


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Uterus

muscular structure that will expand in

pregnancy to support growing zygote or embryo,

supporting a bag of liquid.

y Endometrium

inner lining of uterus that supplied by many

blood vessels. Placenta will develop in this

organ.

y Cervix

neck of uterus that usually kept almost closed

but will relax when child birthing to allow

baby out of the uterus. Vagina

is where sperms are deposited and the canal

which the baby must pass during birth.


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MENSTRUAL CYCLE

Begins at puberty and is under the control of

hormones from the hypothalamus, pituitary

gland, and the ovary itself.

Stage 1

menstrual flow: loss of blood and endometrial

tissue from uterin wall.

Stage 2pituary gland responds the low level of hormones

oestrogen and progesteron by producing

hormones that simulate development of follicles

in the ovary.


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Stage 3

cells of the follicles multiply and secretes more and

more oestrogen, peaks about 12 days after stage 1begins.

Stage 4

growth of uterin lining and production of hormones

that stimulate follicle development. Stage 5

Ovulation: one or more developed oocytes erupts

through the surface of ovary, about 14-28 days after

stage 1. Stage 6

Remains of erupted follicle becomes corpus

luteum that produces hormone oestrogen and

progesterone, also stimulates further growth of

endometrium and prepare for possible fertilisation.


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Stage 7

if fertilisation is absent the corpus luteum will

degenerate after 14 days, results in drop ofoestrogen and progesterone that will result in

break down of tissues in the lining of

endometrium. This exits the body as menstrual

flow.Ovum can only be fertilised at most 24 hours after

it is released. Every female has their supply of

egg cells. Every day some of these die. When the

female reaches puberty, only 300 000 400 000

egg cells are left. Only 400 500 egg cells willovulate as a part of oocyte development.

When the number of oocytes in female body is

exhausted, the female reaches a phase of life

called menopause, usually in the age of 50s.


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PMS (PREMENSTRUAL SYNDROME) Consists of physical and emotional symptoms

that happened in female during the time before

the menstruation, and usually stopped when the

menstruation starts. Examples:

y Irritabilityy Depression

y Mood swings

y Headache and stomachache

These can be avoided by:y Exercise regularly

y Avoiding stress during menstrual period

y Controling the amount of magnesium, vitamin B and

calcium in the body.

y Eat a balanced diet


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AFTER FERTILISATION

Cleavage

is a process of cell division that occurs in the

zygote as it moves down to the uterus, happens

around 30 hours since the fertilisation happens.Unlike normal divisions, the cytoplasm of the

cells produced is split up into smaller and smaller

cells. 4 to 6 days after fertilisation, the ball of

cells called blastocyst reaches the uterus and

develop into every type of cell that are known asstem cells.


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Implantation

Outer layer of blastocyst releases enzymes to

help it stick to the uterus. If it sticks in places

other than the uterus than it is called ectopicpregnancy and it should be terminated, either

automatically by the body or surgically, because

of the danger posed to the mother.

From embryo to feotusfeotus is when in the end of third month of

embryo (about 4 cm long) and certain parts of the

body starts to grow so it can be recognised as

human.


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INTERESTING FACTS

4th week of pregnancy: embryo 5 mm in size

12th week of pregnancy: embryos eyelids and

eyes are still fused together

16th week of pregnancy: the mother can feel thebabys heartbeat

Menstrual flow in females can be affected by

factors such as diet, stress, health, and

travelling.

The largest cell in female body is ovum.

Female body is capable for giving birth to 35

children in one lifetime.


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INTERESTING FACTS

Female is born with all the ova (eggs) she will

ever haveabout 2 million. These are immature.

By puberty, she will have only about 400,000 ova,

the rest having dwindled away. During her

reproductive life, a woman will only ovulate

about 400 eggs. Which eggs are selected to

mature or ripen to ovulation is still a biological

mystery.

The Female Human Reproductive System

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