The Federalist EraThe Federalist Era

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SWBAT

• Describe the Internal and External troubles of the Federalist era (both George Washington’s and John Adams’s administrations).

• Contrast– Hamilton’s “Federalist” Party with – Jefferson’s “Democratic-Republican” Party.

• Explain two suggestions of GW gave upon his leaving office. Do we follow them today?

• Explain the “Alien and Sedition Acts”:– Why they were created – Who opposed them

GW takes Charge• April 30,1789 First

Presidential swearing-in• To Do List:

– Create Bureaucracy: a system to carry out laws

– Create Judicial System– Raise money (TAXES!) to

run federal govt.– Create Precedents

(routines other presidents will follow)

I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the office of President of the United States, and will to the best of my ability, preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the United States.--Presidential oath of office, Article II, Section 1, United States Constitution

Bill of Rights

• By SEP 1789 twelve amendments to the Constitution were submitted to the states.

• It took until 1791 for the ten amendments to be passed becoming the Bill of Rights.

• Main purpose of the Bill of Rights was to protect people (individuals) from the government.– How does it do that?

Bill of Rights – The real short version

1. Freedom of religion, speech, press, assembly, and petition.

2. Right to keep and bear arms in order to maintain a well-regulated militia.

3. No quartering of soldiers.

4. Freedom from unreasonable searches and seizures.

5. Right to due process of law, freedom from self-incrimination, double jeopardy.

6. Rights of accused persons, e.g., right to a speedy and public trial.

7. Right of trial by jury in civil cases.

8. Freedom from excessive bail, cruel and unusual punishments.

9. Other rights of the people – Just because it’s not in the constitution doesn’t mean it’s not a right.

10. Powers reserved to the states – states have powers, but cannot act like an individual country.

Judicial System

• Judiciary Act of 1789– Established the Supreme Court– Chief Justice and five associate judges– Sixteen lower federal courts– Also Attorney General, Prosecuting Attorneys &

Federal Marshalls

The very first Supreme Court Justice, John Jay,

Executive Branch

• Three most important Departments, each headed by a Secretary:– Department of State – Foreign

Affairs – Thomas Jefferson– Department of War – Military

matters – Henry Knox– Depart of the Treasury –

Financial Problems – Alexander Hamilton

• Originally thought to be individual advisors, came to be a counsel of advisors, including the Attorney General, called the Cabinet.

Hamilton’s Policies

• Pay off foreign debt ($80 million!) from the Revolutionary War

• “Funding” Buy up old Rev. bonds & issue new bond (money raised to pay for a large purpose – debt, buildings, roads, etc.)– Most Bonds were not with the original purchasers –

bonds can be sold bought and traded– Had been sold at low value to speculators– Ham’s plan would benefit the speculators

• Assume all State debts – put them all together• Establish a National Bank to manage nation’s finances

Whiskey Tax

• Levied specifically against Western PA– Corn was too bulky to transport, so to

make money and lower transportation costs it was converted to whiskey

– Western PA Refused to pay taxes on the whiskey

• Washington wanted to assert Federal power, so…– Gathered 15,000 militia, George W. & Ham led

the troops themselves in full dress• Rebellion scattered, Federal power was asserted

– you must follow the laws or be punished

Indian Relations

• North West territory claims were made by colonists

• Indians had not been represented at Treaty of Paris 1783 (at the ending of the Rev War)– Great Britain gave land W

of Apps, E of Mississippi to U.S., Indians were there but not considered

Indian Relations• Battles in 1790, 1792 won by Indians

• In 1794 Battle of Fallen Timbers won by “Mad” Anthony Wayne

Foreign Relations

• French Revolution was happening in France at this time– Initially it was popular and

supported by the U.S., especially by Jefferson

– But, as anarchy & blood reigned, opinion shifted

• French declared war on Great Britain in 1793, American opinion was divided

• George Washington’s policy was to stay Neutral (not help either side)

• America had problems with both countries

• We had a “Quasi War” with France – France’s naval vessels would attack our trade ships

Foreign Relations

Difficulties of the1st Administration

• Pass Bill of Rights to guarantee personal rights• Establish Fed Court system to run the Judicial branch of

Government• Select Executive Advisors, the Cabinet• Fund the new government through taxes and make sure

people paid these taxes• Foreign relations: problems with…

– Indians (fought over territory)– France and England (affected trade)

Foreign Affairs• The French

Revolution caused what in the US?

• The Fr & Br reactions to GWs declaration were:

• Issues w/Indians were settled by –

Origins of the Two Party System

• Two parties developed around the leadership and opinions of – Thomas Jefferson,

Republican-Democrats– Alexander Hamilton,

Federalists

Origins of the Two Party System

• Divide class in half.• One half will look at

Hamilton and his policies.• One half will look at

Jefferson and his policies.

• The two halves of the class will help each other learn the about their person.

??

George Washington’sFarewell Address

• Handout, abridged address & questions

• What event is approaching?• What is GW announcing?• What “Name . . . Belongs to you in your

national capacity”?• Which term best describes the problem of

#4,:– Geographical Regionalism– Ethnic racisim– Religious bigotry

George Washington’sFarewell Address

• Summarize advice.• Do we follow it today?• Write a 5 paragraph

PSSA essay answering: “Referring to GW’s Farewell Address, discuss three pieces of his advice considering 21st century affairs.”

John Adams’ Administration

• Election of 1796 very close– Northern Federalist - 70

electors– Southern Republicans -

68 electors

• Outcome: Adams is President (Federalist)

• Jefferson Vice-President (Republican – Democrat)

Bush Elections 2000 & 2004Red = Republican Bush

Blue = Democrat Gore/Kerry

• War? With France?– France was outraged over Jay Treaty w/Britain– France began seizing Am ships, “Quasi War”– Federalists wanted War– Republicans were generally considered “Francophiles”,

they liked the French• Adams sent negotiators to France

– Informed Adams a bribe was demanded– Adams kept it secret to NOT enflame war fever

• Reps thinking he wanted war and was keeping the “peace offer” secret demanded release of letter.– Letter released Fr listed as X, Y, Z (XYZ Affair) – “Millions for defense, not one cent for tribute!”

• Much War fever, but no actual outbreak

John Adams’ Foreign Affairs

John Adams’ Domestic Affairs• Loudest Critics of

Adams/Federalists were foreign born Republicans

• Dissent (speaking out against authority) was viewed by Federalists as unpatriotic

• In Congres they created Alien & Sedition Acts

• Republican response– VA & KY Acts– Said that states could write laws within

their own borders.John Adams is

a Jerk!

Election of 1800, War of Words

• *Adams was not being Federalist enough, and lost votes in the North

• *Final Electoral Tally– Thomas Jefferson – 73– Aaron Burr – 73– JA – 65

• *Hamilton hated Aaron Burr more (personal issues) than TJ, so he supported TJ

Alien and Sedition Acts

• Describe who favored the Alien and Sedition Acts, and why.

• Describe who opposed the Alien and Sedition Acts, and why.

JA & the Federalist’s Last Word

• The outgoing Adams’ administration and Federalist’s Congress increased the number of federal judges and all of those appointed were Federalists.

• The courts consistently interpreted laws as Federalists for next couple of decades.

• Most famous, Marbury v. Madison: established Judicial Review – allowed the Supreme Court to nullify (cancel) laws that were determined unconstitutional – this is the courts biggest check on presidential and congressional power.