The favoring of Bias - studyclix.blob.core.windows.net
Transcript of The favoring of Bias - studyclix.blob.core.windows.net
The favoring of one side over
another Bias
Prejudice Assumptions made without
knowing the facts
Appealing to people’s feelings to promote your point
of view
Propaganda
History The study of the past, based on
evidence
JC History – A Historian’s Work
Evidence from the
past, which can be in written, visual, aural, oral or tactile form
Source
Written sources
Sources that you can read, e.g. books,
Snapchat messages
Sources that you can see, e.g. video
recording of a concert, Instagram photos
Visual sources
Aural sources
Sources that you can hear, e.g. Voice
messages, all sounds from the past
JC History – A Historian’s Work
Sources that come from
human speech, e.g. interviews, Instagram
voice recordings
Oral sources
Tactile sources
Sources that you can touch, e.g.
historical buildings, ruins
Original source from time being studied, e.g. an original diary
Primary Source
Secondary Source
Source from after time being studied, based on
primary sources e.g. the film based on an original diary
JC History – A Historian’s Work
Objects made by humans E.g. coins, tools and pottery
Artefacts
Rescue Archaeology
Digging sites before a road or new building is
built to rescue historical objects
Dating objects based on the depth at which they were
found
Stratigraphy
Radiocarbon Dating
Dating once- living objects by
measuring carbon levels
JC History – Archaeology
Dating wooden objects by studying
their ring pattern
Dendrochronology
DNA testing Test used to examine skeletons, by taking
samples of DNA from bones
The protection and preservation of
ancient objects from decay
Conservation
JC History – Archaeology
Where historical
objects are maintained and
studied
Museum
Archives Where historical
objects are stored
Where historical books are often kept, ex. The Book of Kells in Trinity
College Dublin
Libraries
Interviews Eyewitnesses to historical
events and verbal accounts of such events can be recorded via interview
JC History – Archives & Museums
What happens in a
country after the colonial power
leaves
Post-colonial experience
Colonial Power
A European country that controlled an Asian or African
country
A country controlled by a colonial power
Colony
British East India Company
A company set up to control
trade with India
JC History – EU/WW 1960s
A political party that wanted Home
Rule for India
Congress Party
Muslim-League
A league set up to defend the rights
of Muslims in India
British India would be partitioned into
two countries, India, and Pakistan
Mountbatten Plan
Decolonisation When colonial powers give up
JC History – EU/WW 1960s
Space technology
competition between the US and
the USSR
Space Race
Sputnik The first satellite
sent into space, by the Russians in 1957
The first man to orbit the Earth Yuri Gagarin
Neil Armstrong
The first man to walk on the
moon
JC History – EU/WW 1960s
The US believed in 'containing' the
spread of communism
Policy of containment
President Johnson
US President during the
Vietnam War
Leader of the North Vietnamese
Army Ho Chi Ming
Racial segregation
The public separation of black people and
white people
JC History – EU/WW 1960s
Famous Civil Rights Leader, who delivered the ' I have a dream'
speech
Dr. Martin Luther King
Civil Rights Act 1964
Act banning voting efforts to discriminate against black people
American author who wrote 'The Feminine Mystique' criticizing the view that women should only be
housewives
Betty Friedan
National Organisation for
Women
Organisation aimed to stop discrimination employment
discrimination against women
JC History – EU/WW 1960s
Communist dictator
of the People's Republic of China in
1949
Mao Zedong
Cultural Revolution
Mao aimed to wipe out traditional and
capitalist elements of Chinese culture
Mao's communist
guards Red Guards
JC History – EU/WW 1960s
Name of schools in ancient Rome
Ludus
Insulae Apartment blocks
where most Romans lived
Private houses where wealthy Romans lived
Domus
Patricians Wealthy Romans
JC History – EU/WW Ancient/Medieval Civilisation
Marketplace in Rome city
centre
The Forum
Cena Main meal of the
day, in the evening
Underground cemeteries
Catacombs
Aqueduct Bridge carrying water over long
distances
JC History – EU/WW Ancient/Medieval Civilisation
Slaves who fought
other slaves or animals for
entertainment
Gladiators
Toga Garment worn by Roman men
A long woolen tunic worn by
Roman women Stola
Atrium An open courtyard with a pool in the
middle
JC History – EU/WW Ancient/Medieval Civilisation
Designs with tiles
Mosaics
Murals Wall paintings
Paintings done on wet plaster
Frescoes
Hypocaust Underground
heating system in wealthy Roman
houses
JC History – EU/WW Ancient/Medieval Civilisation
Free supply of grain supplied by the
Roman emperors Dole
Via Sacra Holy Road that ran through the middle
of the Forum
Building where the government
of Rome met
Senate
Tepidarium Warm room in the public bath
houses
JC History – EU/WW Ancient/Medieval Civilisation
Hot steam room
in the public bath houses
Caldarium
Frigidarium Cool room in the
public bath houses
Famous racetrack where chariot
races were held
Circus Maximus
The Colosseum
Famous stadium where gladiator
contests were held
JC History – EU/WW Ancient/Medieval Civilisation
Division of 5,000 soldiers in the Roman Army
Legion
The River Styx
Mystical river where a dead person’s spirit
was rowed to the next world
Common Roman people Plebeian
The Twelve Tables
The Roman written code of
Law
JC History – EU/WW Ancient/Medieval Civilisation
Executing every tenth soldier as
punishment Decimation
The Army Commander
Julius Caesar, famous for his role in the
Gallic Wars and The Civil War
Spartacus led a rebellion against
slavery
The Rebel Slave
Concrete Lime with
volcanic ash and rocks
JC History – EU/WW Ancient/Medieval Civilisation
A machine which planted seeds at equal
distances and at the correct depth
Seed Drill
Selective Breeding
Breeding from only the best animals to improve meat/milk
yield
Large buildings where poor people were given basic accommodation
and made to work
Workhouses
Urbanisation People leaving the countryside to live and work in towns
JC History – EU/WW Contribution of Tech
This act stated that all cities must install proper
sewage systems and water pipes
Public Health Act
Public Works Scheme
Scheme set up by the government to allow the poor to earn money to
buy food
Invented the Spinning Jenny
James Hargreaves
John Kay Invented the Flying Shuttle
JC History – EU/WW Contribution of Tech
Made improvements to the steam engine
James Watt
Abraham Darby
Used coke for smelting iron
instead of charcoal
Invented the Water Frame
Richard Arkwright
Samuel Crompton
Invented the Spinning Mule
JC History – EU/WW Contribution of Tech
Invented the power loom
Edmund Cartwright
Jethro Tull Invented the seed drill
Improved road surfaces
John McAdam & Thomas Telford
Richard Trevithick
Adapted the steam engine to run on an
iron track
JC History – EU/WW Contribution of Tech
Built the first train carrying
goods
George Stephenson
Thomas Newcomen
Built the steam engine
Most important engine in the
industrial Revolution
Steam engine
The Railway Age
The development of railways changed transport forever
JC History – EU/WW Contribution of Tech
Population
increase in Britain from 1850-1900
35 million
Sir Robert Peel
Founder of London's first professional
police force
Old method of responding to crime
with execution
The Bloody Code
Criminal Transportation
New method of punishment after the Bloody Code
JC History – EU/WW Contribution of Tech
Act separating prisoners by gender and crime category
Gaol's Act 1823
Pentonville Prison
First prison built with improved
living conditions
Discovered that germs cause
disease
Louis Pasteur
William Roentegen
Discovered the X-Ray
JC History – EU/WW Contribution of Tech
Vaccinating patients to
prevent disease Inoculation
Anaesthetics Prevented pain during surgery
Helped prevent infection Antiseptics
Florence Nightingale
Established Britain's first nurse
training school
JC History – EU/WW Contribution of Tech
Called on the British government to
improve public health conditions
Edwin Chatwick
Public Health Act 1848
Permitted local councils to improve their public health
conditions
JC History – EU/WW Contribution of Tech
Deliberately killing many people from a
different nationality or ethnic group
Genocide
Armenian Genocide
1.5 million Christian Armenians were killed
by the Turkish Government
From 1975-1979, 2 million people were killed by the Khmer
Rouge
The Khmer Rouge
Rwandan Massacre
In 1994, up to 800, 000 people were
killed in Rwanda by Hutu
extremists
JC History – EU/WW Genocide
From 1992-1995 Bosnian-Serb forces killed up to 100,000
people
Bosnian Genocide
Darfur Genocide
In the early 20th century, Sudanese militia killed up to 400,000 people
In War II, approximately 6
million Jews were killed by the Nazis
The Holocaust
Anti-Semitism Hatred of Jewish people
JC History – EU/WW Genocide
Violent ant-Semitic
riot, encouraged by the Nazis against
Jews
Pogrom
The Master Race
Nazi racial idea of the superior 'Master'
Aryan race
31 out of 32 countries refused to allow
Jewish immigrants into their countries
The Evian Conference
The Final Solution
The Nazi decision to exterminate all European Jews
JC History – EU/WW Genocide
Conference to organise the mass
killing of Jews
The Wannsee Conference
Zyklon- B Poisonous gas
used by the Nazis to kill Jews
The transportation of Jews at the end
of the war
Death marches
Roma Almost a quarter of a million Roma were killed by the Nazis
JC History – EU/WW Genocide
Persecution of Nazi leader war
crimes
The Nuremburg War Trials
Israel Israel was founded for displaced Jews post World War II
Generations of Germans would
struggle with Germany's dark past
Legacy
JC History – EU/WW Genocide
Hitler’s secret police
Gestapo
Nuremberg Laws
Laws introduced in Germany against
Jewish people
The German invasion of the Soviet Union
Operation Barbarossa
Squadristi Mussolini's
uniformed followers (The Blackshirts)
JC History – EU/WW Life in Fascist/Communist Country
Hitler’s plan to wipe out all the Jewish people
The Final Solution
The Night of Long Knives
When Hitler had the leaders of
the SA murdered
This act allowed Hitler to rule by
decree
The Enabling Act
Weimar Germany
The name given to the period of German
history between 1918 and 1933
JC History – EU/WW Life in Fascist/Communist Country
German parliament
Reichstag
Der Fuhrer Title of Hitler which meant
leader
Prisons used for political prisoners and
later the Jews in Europe
Concentration camps
Third-Reich Nazi-controlled
Germany between 1933
and 1945
JC History – EU/WW Life in Fascist/Communist Country
Hatred of and discrimination against
Jewish people
Anti-Semitism
Ghetto A part of a city where a minority group was
kept separate
Where a single dictator holds
most of the power
Fascism
Dictatorship When one person or a
small group have power, rule of a
minority
JC History – EU/WW Life in Fascist/Communist Country
When people elect their own government,
rule of a majority Democracy
Nationalism Believing one's
country is superior to all others
Believing one's race is superior to
all others
Racism
Censorship Limiting the power of free speech and
publication
JC History – EU/WW Life in Fascist/Communist Country
Leader of the
Nazi Party
Adolf Hitler
Joseph Goebbels
Hitler's Propaganda
Minister
The use of biased information to
influence people's views
Propaganda
The SS Hitler's feared paramilitary organization
JC History – EU/WW Life in Fascist/Communist Country
Head of the SS
Heinrich Himmler
Hermann Goering
Chief of the German Airforce
The German Airforce
The Luftwaffe
The People's Radios
Cheap radios provided by Goebbelsto
brainwash the German people
JC History – EU/WW Life in Fascist/Communist Country
Seeing someone as a god-like
figure
Cult of personality
The Führer What the Germans
called Hitler, meaning 'the leader'
Massive Nazi Party Propaganda
events
The Nuremburg Rallies
Triumph of the Will
Film covering 1934 Nuremburg
Rally
JC History – EU/WW Life in Fascist/Communist Country
Director of Triumph of the
Will, and Olympia
Leni Riefenstahl
Knight of the Long Knives
When Hitler ordered the SS to murder
opposing members of the Nazi Party
Nazi youth organisation for
boys 14-18
Hitler Youth
League of German Maidens
Nazi youth organisation of
girls 14-18
JC History – EU/WW Life in Fascist/Communist Country
Children, Kitchen, Church, the Nazi expectations of
women
Kinder, Kuche, Kirche
Marriage loans
A reward for marriage, to improve Germany’s birth-rate
Wave of anti-Semitic violence by the Nazi Party
Night of Broken Glass
With Burning Anxiety 1937
Pope Pius' XI criticism of Hitler's
treatment of Catholics
JC History – EU/WW Life in Fascist/Communist Country
'Living space', German
expansion
Lebensraum
Communism A one party
dictatorship, where the Government owns
everything
Leader of the Communist
Party
Lenin
Stalin Took over from
Lenin as Communist Party Leader
JC History – EU/WW Life in Fascist/Communist Country
The Soviet Union
The USSR
The gulags Forced-labour
camps in Siberia
Stalin's removal of Communist Party
members he saw as threats
Stalin's purges
Show trials Public trials falsely
accusing Senior Party Members
JC History – EU/WW Life in Fascist/Communist Country
Stalin's plans to modernise
Russia
Five Year Plans
The Stakhonavite movement
Glorifying Soviet workers for doing
impossible amounts of labour
Huge Soviet controlled
mega-farms
Collectivisation
Kulaks Wealthy farmers
that opposed collectivisation
JC History – EU/WW Life in Fascist/Communist Country
A craftsman who has completed his
apprenticeship
Journeyman
Jousting A contest between
knights on horseback with
lances
An association of craftsmen
A Guild
Curfew The time when all fires had to be put out in the evening
JC History – EU/WW Medieval Times - Life & Death
A monk who was in charge of a
monastery
Abbot
Serf A farm worker at
the bottom of social ranking
The first stage in training to be a
knight
Page
Charter A royal document granting certain
rights
JC History – EU/WW Medieval Times - Life & Death
Framework used to restrain people during
public punishment
Pillory
Chivalry A knight’s code of conduct
A person who received a fief
from a king
Vassal
Demesne The piece of land a lord kept for his own personal use
JC History – EU/WW Medieval Times - Life & Death
A monk's dining room
Refectory
Dubbing The ceremony at
which a squire became a knight
Sacred place where a fugitive was safe
from arrest
Sanctuary
Tithe 1/10 of a worker’s produce that was given to the priest
JC History – EU/WW Medieval Times - Life & Death
The land held by a vassal
Fief
Manor A village and its farmland
The main tower or stronghold of a
castle
The Keep
Moat A water-filled
ditch around a castle
JC History – EU/WW Medieval Times - Life & Death
A small tower on
the outer walls of a castle
Turret
Portcullis Iron grill that was
raised to allow people to enter and
leave
Spaced openings on top of curtain
walls
Battlements
Bailiff Man appointed by the lord to collect rents and enforce
the laws
JC History – EU/WW Medieval Times - Life & Death
A big grassland area where the animals of the peasants grazed
Commons
Bailey Courtyard in front of the
motte
An area ruled by a bishop
Diocese
Feudal System/ Feudalism
How the ownership and control of land
was organised in the Middle Ages
JC History – EU/WW Medieval Times - Life & Death
A bubonic plague that
spread across Europe which was spread by
fleas on black rats
The Black Death
The purpose of building churches
To glorify God and symbolise the power and influence of the
Church
Where food was given to the poor
Almonry
Cloisters Covered walkway around the garden
where monks prayed
JC History – EU/WW Medieval Times - Life & Death
Where the sick were treated
Infirmary
Dormitory Where
monks slept
Where manuscripts were copied and
illustrated
Scriptorium
Dowry Money or goods that a woman’s family gave to her husband when
they got married
JC History – EU/WW Medieval Times - Life & Death
Period between the Roman Empire and
the 16th Century
Medieval era
Feudalism Organisation and control of land
Lords who protected the
King's land
Barons
The Bayeux Tapestry
Tapestry depicting the Battle of
Hastings
JC History – EU/WW Medieval Times - Life & Death
Land held privately for
knights
Demesne
Peasant Farmers who
were tenants of the knights
Book recording land ownership
The Doomsday Book
Squire Second stage of training to be a
knight
JC History – EU/WW Medieval Times - Life & Death
Walls made of sticks and mud
Wattle and daub
Freemen Paid rent, could
live as they pleased
Craftsman who trained apprentices
in a trade
Master craftsman
Journeyman Next stage after
becoming an apprentice
JC History – EU/WW Medieval Times - Life & Death
Punishment by fighting
Trials by combat
Trials by ordeal
Punishment by surviving pain
Men who patrolled medieval towns at
night
Watchmen
Monastery The home of
monks
JC History – EU/WW Medieval Times - Life & Death
The home of nuns
Convent
Anti-Semitism
Hatred of Jewish people developed
after the Black Plague
JC History – EU/WW Medieval Times - Life & Death
A convention which set out the basic freedoms that all citizens were guaranteed
such as freedom of speech
Council of Europe
European Convention on Human rights
An organisation set up to distribute the money given by
the United States (Marshall Aid) to help rebuild Europe after
World War 2
A customs union set up by Belgium, The Netherlands and
Luxembourg. Goods, money and people could pass freely from
one country to another
Organisation for European Economic Cooperation (OEEC)
The Benelux Union The European
Monetary System
A community set up by France and Germany to pool their coal and steel industries. Italy and
the Benelux countries joined as well
JC History – EU/WW Movement/Organisation in International Coop
The members of the EEC
agreed to keep the value of their currencies in line
with each other
European Coal and Steel Community
(ECSC)
The Maastricht Treaty
The members of the EEC agreed to reduce the remaining barriers
to trade
This treaty turned the EEC into the European Union. Members
agreed to have a common currency (euro) and to have
closer political ties
The Single European Act
Economic integration
Closer international economic co-operation and
relations
JC History – EU/WW Movement/Organisation in International Coop
European Economic
Community
EEC
Treaty of Rome
Established the EEC
The EEC established a shared common market in the EU
Common market
Free movement
The EEC established a free movement of goods within the EU
JC History – EU/WW Movement/Organisation in International Coop
The ECC has been referred to as the
EU since 1993
EU
The Single European Act
1987
Established a single European
market
This treaty further solidified
European unity
The Maastricht Treaty
Charter of Fundamental
Rights
Legally binding rights on EU
State members
JC History – EU/WW Movement/Organisation in International Coop
Members of the European Parliament are elected every 5
years
MEPs
Council of Minsters
Body of governmental ministers that decide
EU laws and manages the budget
EU civil servants who propose laws and
oversee EU policies
European Commission
Court of Justice
Court comprising of EU Judges from
each country
JC History – EU/WW Movement/Organisation in International Coop
Treaty making the
Charter of Fundamental Human Rights legally binding
Treaty of Lisbon
European Agency for Fundamental
Rights
Agency protecting the fundamental
rights of EU persons
Year Ireland joined the EU
1973
Hard border If strict border controls were
established between Northern Ireland and the Republic, violence could
arise
JC History – EU/WW Movement/Organisation in International Coop
Greek medical theory
that the body had four bodily fluids, which must be balanced for health
The four humours
Bloodletting Bleeding the body to achieve balance of the four humours
Sick people often went on pilgrimages
in hopes of being cured
Pilgrimages
Antiseptic In the Middle Ages,
doctors used wine as an antiseptic to
prevent infection
JC History – EU/WW Patterns of Change
Belgian-born doctor who
was the first to dissect bodies to further medical
knowledge
Vesalius
William Harvey
Established that blood circulated around the
human body
Began the use of X-rays in medicine
William Roentgen
Inoculation By the 19th century, doctors
began infecting patients with a small strain of certain
diseases to provide immunity
JC History – EU/WW Patterns of Change
Child mortality has been
dramatically reduced in the 20th century due to
medical advances
Child mortality
The Twelve Tables
The Roman written code of
law
If a Roman soldier abandoned the army,
every tenth solider would be executed
Decimation
Trials by combat
The criminal had to fight to be proven right in the Middle
Ages
JC History – EU/WW Patterns of Change
The criminal had to survive bodily
punishment to repent in the Middle Ages
Trials by ordeal
Peelers The name of 19th
Century policemen in London
Prisoners were imprisoned by gender
and crime category
Gaols Act 1923
Cybercrime Modern-day crime on the online world
JC History – EU/WW Patterns of Change
The giving of church positions to
one’s relatives
Nepotism
Absenteeism Cardinals and bishops who had more than one diocese
could only live in one of them, so they were absent
from the others
Holding more than one church office
at a time Pluralism
Simony Buying and
selling of church positions
JC History – EU/WW Reformation
Luther 's criticism of the Catholic Church's sale of indulgences
95 Theses
Papal Bull An official letter from the Pope
Issued by Emperor Charles V calling Martin Luther an
outlaw and heretic
Edict of Worms
Heretic Belief or practice against Catholic
teachings
JC History – EU/WW Reformation
Declared that each ruler could decide
their state's religion
Peace of Augsburg
Predestination Where God selects
those going to heaven or to hell
A meeting where Luther refused to
withdraw his beliefs
Diet of Worms
Elders Teachers who
offered advice to wrong-doers
JC History – EU/WW Reformation
Those who went to heaven
The Elect
Presbyters Elders who were involved in the
punishment of wrong doers
Thrown out of church
Excommunicated
Justification by Faith Alone
Belief that a person was saved
by faith alone
JC History – EU/WW Reformation
Name given to Geneva by John
Calvin
‘The City of God’
‘City of the Devil’ Name given to Rome by John
Calvin
Meeting of bishops and cardinals to
reform the Catholic Church
Council of Trent
Reformation Effort to reform
the Catholic Church
JC History – EU/WW Reformation
Anti-protestant
Court established by the Catholic Church
Court of Inquisition
The Jesuits Order of priests established by
Ignatius Loyola, an ex-soldier from Spain
Paying for forgiveness of
sins
Indulgences
Act of Supremacy
Act establishing Henry VIII the Supreme Head
of the Church of England
JC History – EU/WW Reformation
Professor of Theology, and important figure in
the Reformation
Martin Luther
Sale of Indulgences
Paying a price to get into heaven
Theologian who entered a public
debate with Luther John Eck
John Calvin Founder of the Presbyterian
Church
JC History – EU/WW Reformation
Paintings done on wet plaster
Fresco
Sfumato The technique of allowing tones and colours to blend gradually into one another
Technique that gives an impression of depth to paintings
Perspective
William Harvey Discovered that the heart made blood
circulate around the body
JC History – EU/WW Renaissance
Developed the theory
that the Sun was the centre of the universe,
not Earth
Nicolaus Copernicus
Johannes Gutenberg
Invented the printing press
Means ‘rebirth’ because the ideas of
Rome and Greece were being ‘reborn’
Reformation
Patron Wealthy person
who financial supports artists
JC History – EU/WW Renaissance
Famous patron who
helped artists i.e. Leonardo da Vinci and
Michelangelo
Lorenzo de Medici
Sculpture Statues carved from wood or
stone
The renewed interest in ancient
learning Humanism
Cosimo de Medici
Established the Platonic Academy
where scholars could study
manuscripts
JC History – EU/WW Renaissance
Painting of a religious subject as an object of prayer
Icon
Anatomy Study of the human body
Small metal letters used to
print words
Moveable type printer
Leonardo da Vinci
Considered the 'ideal Renaissance
man'
JC History – EU/WW Renaissance
One of the greatest Renaissance artists
Michelangelo
Sofonisba Anguissola
An influential Renaissance
woman- painter
Proved and disproved
Copernicus' theories
Johannes Kepler
Galileo Known as 'the
Father of Modern Science'
JC History – EU/WW Renaissance
Belgian doctor who dissected bodies for
medical research
Vasalius
William Harvey
English doctor who discovered the heart
circulates blood
Widely considered the greatest playwright
Shakespeare
JC History – EU/WW Renaissance
Rivalry between the USA and the USSR to have
more and better weapons than the other
Arms Race
Truman Doctrine
USA would give military aid to any country resisting
communism
Massive economic aid was offered to countries in
Eastern Europe, but Stalin forced them to refuse it
Marshall Aid
Buffer Zone An area from
which troops are forbidden
JC History – EU/WW The Cold War
USA and USSR agreed
to stop testing nuclear weapons on land or at
sea
Partial Test Ban Treaty
The Berlin Wall
Wall built by Soviets to stop East Germans fleeing to the West, it became a symbol of division between East and
West
An alliance of communist countries was formed in
response to West Germany joining NATO
The Warsaw Pact
United Nations (UN)
This organisation was set up after World War
2 to preserve peace
JC History – EU/WW The Cold War
The name of West Germany during
the Cold War
Federal Republic of Germany
German Democratic
Republic
The name of East Germany during
the Cold War
A new currency introduced in West
Germany as part of the Marshall Aid programme
Deutschmark
North Atlantic Treaty
Organisation
Organisation formed by the USA, Canada and most
Western European countries to oppose the USSR
JC History – EU/WW The Cold War
With the support of the British, the USA
flew supplies to Berlin
Berlin Airlift
Berlin Blockade
Stalin ordered the closing of all roads,
water and rail access to the city
Term used by Winston Churchill to describe the spreading communist control and the
division between Western and Eastern Europe
Iron Curtain
Satellite States
This is what the countries under Soviet control
became known as
JC History – EU/WW The Cold War
Where Korea was divided after
WWII
38th Parallel
Democratic Republic of
Korea
North Korea
Overthrew Cuba's dictator
Batista
Fidel Castro
The Bay of Pigs
Failed CIA invasion of Castro
occupied Cuba
JC History – EU/WW The Cold War
The peace settlement signed after World War 1
The Treaty of Versailles
War Guilt Cause
Term of the Treaty of Versailles which forced Germany to accept full
responsibility for World War 1
Compensation paid by Germany to the Allies
for all the damage done during the war
Reparations
Anschluss Union of Germany
and Austria (banned by the Treaty of
Versailles)
JC History – EU/WW WWI&II - Rest of the world
German air force
Luftwaffe
Maginot Line French defence line of fortifications along its borders with Germany
An agreement between Italy and the Pope which recognized the Vatican as an independent state
The Lateran Treaty
OVRA Organization for
Vigilance and Repression of Antifascism
JC History – EU/WW WWI&II - Rest of the world
Title used by Mussolini which means leader
Il Duce
The Pact of Steel
The military alliance that Hitler and
Mussolini signed in 1938
British rescue mission of Abyssinia
The Abyssinia Campaign
Appeasement
Policy of British and French leaders of giving in to Hitler’s demands in
order to avoid war
JC History – EU/WW WWI&II - Rest of the world
After the Nazi invasion of Poland, no major Allied or
German military operations took place for 8 months
The Phoney War
D-Day The day Allied forces
landed in Normandy in France on June 6th,
1944
They were blamed for agreeing to Germany’s
surrender in November 1918
November Criminals
The SS Hitler’s personal bodyguard
unit who were later responsible for running concentration camps
JC History – EU/WW WWI&II - Rest of the world
The portion of France left under the control
of the French government
Vichy France
League of Nations
Set up to prevent another war and to settle
disputes between countries peacefully
Law that allowed the party with the largest votes to get 2/3 of the
seats in Parliament
Acerbo Law
Blackshirts Name given to
Mussolini’s Fascist followers or to
Hitler’s SS
JC History – EU/WW WWI&II - Rest of the world
German troops that
operated in North Africa under General
Rommel
Afrika Corps
Rome-Berlin Axis
Agreement signed by Mussolini and Hitler over Austria.
Mussolini permitted German annexation of Austria if
Germany did not claim South Tyrol
Nazi policy of living space, to use Eastern Europe and
Russia to provide raw materials and workers for
the Nazis
Lebensraum
Nazi-Soviet Pact
Signed by Germany and the Soviet Union, they agreed
to a 10 year non-aggression pact and to secretly divide
Poland between them
JC History – EU/WW WWI&II - Rest of the world
British and French troops evacuated
to England
Dunkirk
Lend-Lease USA provides
Britain with military materials
Russian war tactics during World War 2 to burn crops,
destroy bridges an towns as they retreated before the
Germans
Scorched Earth Policy
U-Boat German
submarine
JC History – EU/WW WWI&II - Rest of the world
Marked the end of Germany’s advances into Eastern Europe
and Russia
Battle of Stalingrad
Condor Legion
Unit of the German air
force
Treaty signed after the war between Germany
and the victorious Allies
Treaty of Versailles
Munich Conference
Where Hitler and other European leaders forced
Czechoslovakia to surrender Sudetenland
JC History – EU/WW WWI&II - Rest of the world
Ineffective League established after WWI to prevent
further war
League of Nations
The Polish Corridor
'Corridor' separating East Prussia from
Germany
The Japanese attacked this fleet in Pearl Harbour, bringing America into WWII
The US Pacific Fleet
1939 Year Hitler
invaded Poland
JC History – EU/WW WWI&II - Rest of the world
German war tactics
Blitzkrieg
1940 Year Hitler invaded France
Hitler's plan to invade Britain
Operation Sea Lion
The Battle of Britain
Battle between German and
British Air forces
JC History – EU/WW WWI&II - Rest of the world
Britain's Royal Air Force
RAF
The Blitz German
bombing of British cities
British defeat of German forces in Egypt, marking a turning point in the war
El Almein
Operation Barbarossa
The German invasion of
Russia
JC History – EU/WW WWI&II - Rest of the world
When German U-Boats tried attacking
US supplies to the Allies
Battle of the Atlantic
Operation Overlord
Operation of the Allied invasion of
the continent
German resistance to Allied invasion
near the end of the war
Battle of the Bulge
Battle of Midway
Japanese navy defeat by American navy in the Pacific
JC History – EU/WW WWI&II - Rest of the world
The Americans dropped atomic bombs on
Hiroshima to make Japan surrender
Hiroshima
15/08/1945 VJ-Day
JC History – EU/WW WWI&II - Rest of the world
An American protest against British taxes which involved throwing tea into the Boston
Harbour
Boston Tea Party
Guillotine An execution
instrument, mainly used in France
Wrote an argument on behalf of the
Catholics of Ireland
Theobald Wolfe Tone
The Treaty of Paris
The Treaty signed by the Americans and British which recognised America as an
independent country
JC History – EU/WW. Pre-Twentieth Century Revolutions
A period of executions without trial in France
between 1793 and 1794
The Reign of Terror
No taxation without
representation
The slogan which opposed the
Stamp Act
When British soldiers opened fire and killed
five people
The Boston Massacre
Croppies Nickname of the
rebels fighting for independence in
Ireland
JC History – EU/WW. Pre-Twentieth Century Revolutions
The laws passed by the British
against Boston
Intolerable Acts
First Continental Congress
When representatives from the colonies met
in Philadelphia
A country whose head is a President
and not a king
Republic
Battle of Bunker Hill
The British attempt to end the American
siege of Boston
JC History – EU/WW. Pre-Twentieth Century Revolutions
A document written by Thomas Jefferson which
declared America’s independence from Britain
Declaration of Independence
The Battle of Yorktown
The last major battle in the war of independence when
British troops were outnumbered and
surrendered
Law passed to punish anyone who was
against the French Revolution
Law of Suspects
Law of Maximum
Law passed to control the rising prices in France by
setting maximum prices for many goods
JC History – EU/WW. Pre-Twentieth Century Revolutions
Liberty, Equality and Fraternity
Slogan of the French
Revolution
Committee for Public Safety
A committee created to organise
the defence of France
Priests and bishops
Clergy
Absolute Monarch
The monarch did not have to consult
anyone before making laws or raising taxes
JC History – EU/WW. Pre-Twentieth Century Revolutions
Taxes that peasants
had to pay to their local lord
Feudal Dues
Estates General
A parliament that contained members
of all the Three Estates
A document issued by the Assembly that gave the ordinary people of
France more rights
Declaration of the Rights of Man and
Citizen
Civil Constitution of the Clergy
A law which brought the Church under the
control of the government
JC History – EU/WW. Pre-Twentieth Century Revolutions
The name of the French parliament during the Reign of
Terror
The National Convention
Sans-culottes
The name given to poor men who wore long trousers instead of
kneebreeches which were worn by the wealthy
Henry Grattan helped to achieve an almost
completely independent Irish parliament
Grattan’s Parliament
The Defenders
A secret society formed to protect catholic farmers
JC History – EU/WW. Pre-Twentieth Century Revolutions
An order set up to defend Protestants and British rule in
Ireland
The Orange Order
Yeomanry An army set up by the British government
People were hung until they lost
consciousness
Half-hanging
Pitch-cap A method of torture, a cloth
cap filled with tar was placed on a suspect’s head
and then set alight
JC History – EU/WW. Pre-Twentieth Century Revolutions
A supporter of the British
government
Loyalist
Republicanism The use of violence to end British rule in
Ireland
Law passed by Prime Minister William Pit
which closed the Irish Parliament
Act of Union
Catholic Emancipation
Removal of the remaining Penal
Laws
JC History – EU/WW. Pre-Twentieth Century Revolutions
A spear-like weapon commonly used by
the rebels
Pike
Navigation Acts
British Act controlling the sale of American
products
British-American war against the French colonies
Seven Years War
British National Debt
The British taxed Americans after the
Seven Years War
JC History – EU/WW. Pre-Twentieth Century Revolutions
Act requiring Americans to
accommodate the British
Quartering Act
Sugar Act British tax on American sugar
Americans had to pay the British to have their documents
stamped
Stamp Act
Sons of Liberty
Group protesting the
Stamp Act
JC History – EU/WW. Pre-Twentieth Century Revolutions
Appointed as leader of the
American Army
George Washington
Battle of Saratoga
First major American victory, encouraging
other countries to join the war effort
Lowest point in the war, where many soldiers died or
deserted
The Valley Forge
Nationalists Wanted to be
independent of Britain
JC History – EU/WW. Pre-Twentieth Century Revolutions
Wanted British rule to continue
in Ireland
Unionists
Protestant Ascendancy
A small minority in control of the Irish Parliament
Belfast group who wanted to limit British power
Society of the United Irishmen
An Argument on Behalf of the Catholics in
Ireland 1791
Famous pamphlet written
by Tone
JC History – EU/WW. Pre-Twentieth Century Revolutions
Instrument used to
calculate latitude (how far north or south of
the equator)
Astrolabe/ Quadrant
Logbook Used to record details of the voyage such as the direction, winds
and current
Instrument used to measure
speed
Log and Line
Sand-Glass Instrument used
to measure speed
JC History – EU/WW Impact of Conquest and Colonisation
Earliest maps used by sailors
Portolan Charts
Conquistadores
The name given to the 15-17th century Spanish and Portuguese soldiers who conquered much of the
world
A common disease among sailors
caused by lack of Vitamin C
Scurvy
Caravel A small
lighter ship
JC History – EU/WW Impact of Conquest and Colonisation
Instrument that points
north, showing sailors the direction they are
travelling
Compass
Ferdinand Magellan
Circumnavigated the world
Discovered India
Vasco da Gama
Prince Henry the Navigator
Started a school for sailors in
Sagres, Portugal
JC History – EU/WW Impact of Conquest and Colonisation
Conquered the Aztecs in Mexico
Hernando Cortes
Francisco Pizarro
Conquered the Incas of Peru
Columbus’ voyage was sponsored by King
Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain
Sponsors of Columbus’
Voyage
Bartholomew Diaz
The first man to reach the Cape of Good Hope
JC History – EU/WW Impact of Conquest and Colonisation
Emperor of the Aztecs when it was
conquered by Cortes
Montezuma
Firebox Box used to cook food on the deck
of a ship
The Portugese and Spanish exploration
of the World
The Age of Exploration
Carrack Larger than the
caraval ship
JC History – EU/WW Impact of Conquest and Colonisation
The degrees east and west
Longitude
Latitude Degrees north or
south of the Equator
Treaty where Spain and Portugal divided
all the newly-discovered land
The Treaty of Tordesillas
Bartholomew Diaz
Went around the Cape of Good
Hope
JC History – EU/WW Impact of Conquest and Colonisation
Rebuilt by Cortes as Mexico City after
conquering the Aztecs
Tenochtitlan
Plantations Where African slaves
worked on the estates of Europeans in the
New World
Large Spanish estates
Haciendas
Mission churches
Churches built for mass conversion of
native peoples
JC History – EU/WW Impact of Conquest and Colonisation
Home of monks
Monastery
Convent Home of nuns
First Irish monastery established by St.
Enda
Monastery on Inis Mór
Clonmacnoise Monastery established by St. Ciarán near the
River Shannon
JC History – Christianity in Ireland
Place where monks had their
meals
Refectory
Scriptorium Place where
manuscripts were copied by the
monks
Place where the monks lived
Beehives
Scribes Name of monks who
copied and illuminated manuscripts
JC History – Christianity in Ireland
Vellum (calf skin), or parchment (sheep skin)
What manuscripts
were made of
The Book of Kells
The most famous Irish manuscript; featuring the four gospels and kept in
Trinity College
Educational scenes carved by Monks
from the Bible
Stone crosses
Dark Ages Period after the
fall of the Roman Empire
JC History – Christianity in Ireland
Period of religious fulfilment and
prosperity in Ireland
Golden Age
Abbot Monk who in charge of the
monastery
First missionary sent to Ireland Palladius
St. Patrick Missionary sent
to covert the Irish to Christianity
JC History – Christianity in Ireland
Book written by St. Patrick about
his life
The Confession
Skellig Michael
Monastery famous for its stone beehive huts
Famous copy of psalms in Latin
The Cathrach
The Book of Durrow
Famous copy of Gospels in Latin
JC History – Christianity in Ireland
This was a much more
enjoyable decade than the hardship of
the fifties
The Swinging Sixties
Latin Mass The churches changed
their language to English or Irish to make service
more accessible
Later known as RTE was
established in 1961
Teilifís Eireann
Gaye Byrne Famous early
presenter of the Late Late Show
JC History – IRL 1960s
Musician and
composer who modernised traditional
Irish music
Seán Ó Riada
Terence O'Neill
Northern Ireland's Prime Minister in 1963
The controversial building of this university further
separated Catholics and Protestants in NI
The University of Coleraine
Rev. Ian Paisley
Extreme Unionist and Protestant leader,
opposed to O'Neill's reconciliation efforts
JC History – IRL 1960s
Only houseowners in
NI could vote
Property qualification
NICRA Northern Ireland
Civil Rights Association
Conflict between Catholics and
Protestants in Derry, 1969
Battle of the Bogside
JC History – IRL 1960s
A convention which set out the basic freedoms that all citizens were guaranteed
such as freedom of speech
Council of Europe
European Convention on Human rights
An organisation set up to distribute the money given by
the United States (Marshall Aid) to help rebuild Europe after
World War 2
A customs union set up by Belgium, The Netherlands and
Luxembourg. Goods, money and people could pass freely from
one country to another
Organisation for European Economic Cooperation (OEEC)
The Benelux Union The European
Monetary System
A community set up by France and Germany to pool their coal and steel industries. Italy and
the Benelux countries joined as well
JC History – IRL Ireland and Europe
The members of the EEC
agreed to keep the value of their currencies in line
with each other
European Coal and Steel Community
(ECSC)
The Maastricht Treaty
The members of the EEC agreed to reduce the remaining barriers
to trade
This treaty turned the EEC into the European Union. Members
agreed to have a common currency (euro) and to have
closer political ties
The Single European Act
Economic integration
Closer international economic co-operation and
relations
JC History – IRL Ireland and Europe
European Economic
Community EEC
Treaty of Rome
Established the EEC
The EEC established a shared common market in the EU
Common market
Free movement
The EEC established a free movement of goods within the EU
JC History – IRL Ireland and Europe
The ECC has been referred to as the
EU since 1993
EU
The Single European Act
1987
Established a single European
market
This treaty further solidified
European unity
The Maastricht Treaty
Charter of Fundamental
Rights
Legally binding rights on EU
State members
JC History – IRL Ireland and Europe
Members of the European Parliament are elected every 5
years
MEPs
Council of Minsters
Body of governmental ministers that decide EU laws and manages the
budget
EU civil servants who propose laws and
oversee EU policies
European Commission
Court of Justice
Court comprising of EU Judges from
each country
JC History – IRL Ireland and Europe
Treaty making the
Charter of Fundamental Human Rights legally
binding
Treaty of Lisbon
European Agency for Fundamental
Rights
Agency protecting the fundamental
rights of EU persons
Year Ireland joined the EU
1973
Hard border If strict border controls were
established between Northern Ireland and the Republic, violence could
arise
JC History – IRL Ireland and Europe
When people were sent to prison without a trial
Internment
Unionists People who wanted to
keep the Union between Britain and
Ireland
People who wanted Irish people to run
Irish affairs
Nationalists
Republic A country not ruled by
a monarch, where power rests with the
citizens who vote
JC History – Nationalism & Unionism (1911-1923)
Trade union set up by Jim Larkin to fight for better
wages and working conditions for Irish workers
Irish Transport and General Workers’
Union (ITGWU)
Irish Republican
Brotherhood (IRA)
A secret society of extreme nationalists who wanted to
gain independence by using violence
Leader of the Home Rule
Party
John Redmond
Viceroy A
representative of the king
JC History – Nationalism & Unionism (1911-1923)
Party that represented
the unionists, their leaders were Edward
Carson and James Craig
Unionist Party
Irish Citizen Army
An army set up by James Connolly to defend workers from attacks by the police
during the Lockout
A social system that promotes equality among citizens through shared ownership of land and
industries
Socialism
Gaelic Athletic Association (GAA)
Organisation set up by Michael Cusack to
promote Irish sports
JC History – Nationalism & Unionism (1911-1923)
Organisation started by Eoin MacNeill and Douglas Hyde
to stop the decline of the Irish language
Gaelic League
Liberal Party One of the major parties
in Westminster which was led by prime
minister, Herbert Asquith
One of the major parties in Westminster which was led by Andrew Bonar Law They
supported unionists and were against Home Rule
Conservatives (Tories)
Veto The right of the House of Lords to reject bills passed by the House
of Commons
JC History – Nationalism & Unionism (1911-1923)
An act which ended the veto of the House of Lords, it meant that they could reject a bill
twice, but it would become law the third time
The 1911 Parliament Act
Solemn League and Covenant
Agreement signed by 500,000 people to use any means possible to
prevent Home Rule
An armed group set up to train men to
resist through force
Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF)
Irish Volunteers
Nationalist group led by Eoin MacNeill
to defend Home Rule
JC History – Nationalism & Unionism (1911-1923)
Dividing a
country into two parts
Partition
Arthur Griffith
Founder of the Sinn Féin
Volunteers
A document forged by Joseph Plunkett which
stated that the government was going to arrest the
leaders of the Volunteers
Castle Document
Blood Sacrifice
The idea that deaths would inspire the Irish
to fight for independence
JC History – Nationalism & Unionism (1911-1923)
A proclamation signed by the seven members of the Military Council declaring
Ireland a republic
Proclamation of the Irish Republic
Conscription Being forced to
join an army
Helped rebuilt the Irish Volunteers as an army to fight the
British
Cathal Brugha
Dáil The parliament set up in Dublin by Sinn Féin TDs who refused to take their
seats in Westminster
JC History – Nationalism & Unionism (1911-1923)
The police force in Ireland
Royal Irish Constabulary
(RIC)
The Squad A group of assassins set
up by Michael Collins which murdered anyone
who was a British spy
A type of fighting that consists of
surprise attacks and ambushes
Guerrilla Warfare
Flying columns
Groups of full time Volunteers who moved from
place to place to help the local commanders set up
ambushes
JC History – Nationalism & Unionism (1911-1923)
Former British soldiers who were
sent to Ireland
Black and Tans
Auxiliaries Ex-army officers
recruited to help the Black and Tans
The IRA made many hit and run attacks against the British
Guerrilla war tactics
1916 Rising The Irish Republican Brother's attempt to
overthrow British rule
JC History – Nationalism & Unionism (1911-1923)
Known as the leader of the 1916
Rising
Patrick Pearse
Blood Sacrifice
Pearse hoped the rebel's death would
inspire more nationalism
Ship with German-provided arms for
the Rising
The Aud
Eamon de Valera
President of Sinn Fin and the Irish Volunteers (IRA)
JC History – Nationalism & Unionism (1911-1923)
A secret society formed to protect catholic farmers
The Defenders
The Orange Order
An order set up to defend Protestants and British rule in
Ireland
An army set up by the British government
Yeomanry
Half-hanging People were hung
until they lost consciousness
JC History – IRL Pre 20th Century Revolution - Ireland
A method of torture, a cloth cap filled with tar was
placed on a suspect’s head and then set alight
Pitch-cap
Loyalist A supporter of
the British government
The use of violence to end British rule in
Ireland
Republicanism
Act of Union Law passed by Prime Minister William Pit
which closed the Irish Parliament
JC History – IRL Pre 20th Century Revolution - Ireland
Removal of the remaining Penal
Laws
Catholic Emancipation
Pike A spear-like weapon commonly used by
the rebels
Population explosion Raw materials from the colonies New farming methods Coal
and iron ore Inventions
The Factory Acts
Turnpike Trusts
Laws introduced during the Industrial Revolution to regulate employment
conditions in industry
JC History – IRL Pre 20th Century Revolution - Ireland
Wanted to be independent from Britain
Nationalists
Unionists Wanted to
remain part of Britain
Church of Ireland members, a
minority in Ireland
Protestant Ascendancy
Penal laws Discriminatory laws
used by the Protestant Ascendancy against
Catholics
JC History – IRL Pre 20th Century Revolution - Ireland
Catholics were inspired by the
motto of the French Revolution
Liberty, equality and fraternity
The Society of United Irishmen
Belfast group who wanted to limit
English influence in Belfast
Founding member of the United Irishmen
and prominent revolutionary
Wolf Tone
General Hoche
French general who attempted to aid the
Wolf's revolution
JC History – IRL Pre 20th Century Revolution - Ireland
This was a
Protestant group
Peep-o'-Day Boys
Lord Edward Fitzgerald
Revolutionary leader who was arrested, dying of wounds
later
126 mostly Protestants were
massacred in Wexford
Massacre at Scullabogue
Act of Union 1800
This Act moved the Dublin parliament to
Westminster
JC History – IRL Pre 20th Century Revolution - Ireland
Planters who were
given land in Ireland on certain conditions
Undertakers
Penal Laws Laws which
discriminated against Catholics
Civil servants or army officers who were
given land from the king/queen
Servitors
Bawn A stone wall around an enclosure which was
built because of fear of attack by native Irish
JC History – IRL Settlement & Plantations
The plantation caused by the rebellion of the
O’Moores and O’Connors, led by Queen Mary I
Plantation of Laois-Offaly
Plantation of Munster
The plantation caused by the Desmond Rebellion, led by Queen Elizabeth I
The plantation caused by the 9 Years War, led by King James I
Plantations of Ulster
Cromwellian Plantation
The plantation caused by the Rebellion of 1641, led by Oliver
Cromwell
JC History – IRL Settlement & Plantations
Gaelic Irish people who had not taken part in the rebellion
Loyal Irish
The Pale A small area of land
around Dublin controlled by the king
of England
Ancient native Irish law
Brehon Laws
Lord Deputy The king’s
representative in Ireland
JC History – IRL Settlement & Plantations
Descendants of Norman lords who hoped to
make their fortune by occupying Irish land
Adventurers
Nine Years War
The war fought by Gaelic clans led by
Hugh O’Neill and the English
Supporters of King Charles
Royalists
Parliamentarians Opposers Of King Charles
JC History – IRL Settlement & Plantations
King of England
Lord of Ireland
The two most powerful Gaelic
clans
O'Neills and the O'Donnells
English victory over the Irish, aided by
the Spanish
The Battle of Kinsale
Flight of the Earls
When the Ulster chiefs fled to the
continent
JC History – IRL Settlement & Plantations
The King's land
Crown land
Church land The Protestant clergy's land
How land was categorised and
distributed
Articles of Plantation 1610
Plantation of Londonderry
Merchant settlers from London who
came to Derry
JC History – IRL Settlement & Plantations
Labourers who rented from the tenant farmers
Cottiers
Conacre Plot of land
rented to the cottiers
House where extremely poor
people lived
Workhouse
Blight Disease that
caused the potato crop to fail
JC History – IRL The Great Famine
Ordered the
importation om Indian corn to
Ireland
Sir Robert Peel
Laissez-faire policy
British policy of no interference
regarding the famine in Ireland
Ships bound to North America had
a high death-toll
Coffin ships
Irish diaspora Irish immigrants
and their descendants
JC History – IRL The Great Famine
Giving law-making
power to a group of elected
representatives
Parliamentary tradition
Act of Union 1800
British act abolishing parliamentary tradition
in Ireland
'The Liberator' who believed in using non-
violent means to achieve political aims
Daniel O'Connell
Catholic Association
Founded by O'Connell to achieve Catholic
Emancipation
JC History – IRL The Parliamentary Tradition
Act allowing Catholics to take seat in parliament
Catholic Relief Act 1829
Repeal Association 1840
O'Connell's campaign to establish parliament
in Dublin
Insistence by Irish MPs that parliament
address Irish matters before business
Parliamentary obstruction
The Land League
Campaigned for more reasonable rent and private ownership
JC History – IRL The Parliamentary Tradition
Leader of the Home-Rule
Party
Charles Stewart Parnell
The Land Act 1881
British Act improving rent in
Ireland
British improvement of the Land Act in
return for decreased violence
The Kilmainham Treaty
O'Shea Divorce Case
Political scandal involving the divorce of Parnell's mistress,
and her husband
JC History – IRL The Parliamentary Tradition
Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association
NICRA
British Commonwealth
An association of countries consisting of
the UK and its colonies
A self-governing state within the British Commonwealth
where the king was head of state
Dominion
Free State Army
The name for the pro-treaty
IRA
JC History – IRL The Troubles
The name for the anti-treaty
IRA
Republicans (Irregulars)
Special Powers Act
An act passed by Kevin O’Higgins that allowed
Irregulars to be executed for offences such as having a
gun
The king’s representative in
the Irish Free State
Governor-General
W. T. Cosgrave
Leader of Cumann na nGaedhael
JC History – IRL The Troubles
Provided loans to
farmers to modernise their
methods
Agricultural Credit Corporation (ACC)
The Shannon Scheme
A hydroelectric power station on the Shannon built
by the government and provided cheap electricity
A commission set up to decide the border between
the Irish Free State and Northern Ireland
Boundary Commission
Garda Síochána
Unarmed police force set up by Kevin O’Higgins
JC History – IRL The Troubles
When shares on the US stock exchange fell, the US economy collapsed and this
caused a worldwide economic depression
Wall Street Crash
Statute of Westminster
Allowed the Free State to pass any law without interference
from Britain and they could also change laws that the British had
made for them without the approval of Britain
Party led by Eamon de Valera Fianna Fáil
Army Comrades Association (ACA)
A group of ex-Free State soldiers formed by Cumann
na nGaedheal to protect them against attacks from
the IRA
JC History – IRL The Troubles
The ACA became known as the blue shirts when Eoin O’Duffy became head of it. Members
wore blue shirts and followed a fascist-style organisation
The Blueshirts
The Emergency Powers Act
An act passed by the Dáil to ensure that
Ireland remained neutral during World War 2
A force set up by the government during the
Emergency to train young people to fight in case Ireland was invaded
Local Defence Force
Glimmer Men Men appointed to ensure that people used only the
amount of gas and electricity that was allowed
JC History – IRL The Troubles
A government formed
with more than one political party
Coalition
TB Eradication
A national health scheme promoted by Dr. Noel Browne as Minister for Health
A scheme which ensured free medical care for all
mothers and their children up to 16 years
Mother and Child Scheme
Anglo-Irish Free Trade Agreement
An agreement which removed all tariffs on Irish Industrial exports
to Britain
JC History – IRL The Troubles
This was a phrase used to describe Ireland during the period of rapid economic growth that began in the
1990s
Celtic Tiger
Government of Ireland Act
Act passed by the British government that divided Ireland
into two parts. On part had 6 Ulster counties called Northern Ireland and the other part was
Southern Ireland
Being treated unfairly because of your religion
Sectarianism
Gerrymandering Rearranging voting
districts for the benefit of a political party
JC History – IRL The Troubles
A mainly Protestant police force in
Northern Ireland
Royal Ulster Constabulary
(RUC)
B-Specials A reserve police force who were all Protestants
This provided free secondary education, free health care and generous pensions
Welfare State
Northern Ireland Civil Rights
Association (NICRA)
An association set up by Nationalists in Northern
Ireland to end discrimination against Catholics
JC History – IRL The Troubles
A society that commemorates the siege of
Derry, in which the Protestants faced a Catholic
army
Apprentice Boys
Official IRA Socialist and
favoured peaceful methods
Wanted a united Ireland, using
violence
Provisional IRA (Provos)
UVF Ulster
Volunteer Force
JC History – IRL The Troubles
Ulster Defence Association
UDA
Direct Rule Northern Ireland was ruled directly from Westminster
When 13 unarmed Catholics protesting against
internment were shot dead by the British army
Bloody Sunday
Sunningdale Agreement
An agreement to set up a power-sharing government
and a Council of Ireland consisting of politicians from
both sides of the border
JC History – IRL The Troubles
An agreement signed by Garret Fitzgerald and Margaret Thatcher to
work together for peace
Anglo-Irish Agreement
Gerrymandering Unionist rigging of voting to ensure unionist majority
Unionist extremist
Ian Paisley
Terence O' Neill
Northern Irish Prime Minister who made efforts to reconcile Catholic relations
JC History – IRL The Troubles
Violence between the Apprentice Boys and
Catholics in Derry
Battle of the Bogside
Bobby Sands IRA prisoner who went
on hunger strike to gain political prisoner
status
JC History – IRL The Troubles
Key earner of the household was nearly always the man in the
early 20th Century
Breadwinner
Hanna Skeehy-Skeffington
Founder of the Irish Women's
Franchise League
Women who campaigned for
their voting rights Suffragettes
Cumann na mBan
Women's organisation that aided the Independence
movement
JC History – Women 20th Century
One of the most famous Irish suffragettes
Countess Markievicz
A marriage bar
Woman had to give up their jobs
after marrying
Commission which improved gender
inequality and lifted the marriage bar
Commission for the Status of Women 1970
Mary Harney The first woman Tanaiste
JC History – Women 20th Century
Ireland's 7th President
Mary Robinson
Mary McAleese
Succeeded Mary Robinson
Helped lead the People's Democracy
march in 1969
Bernadette Devlin
JC History – Women 20th Century
An act passed by the
Dáil to ensure that Ireland remained neutral
during World War 2
The Emergency Powers Act
Local Defence Force
A force set up by the government during the
Emergency to train young people to fight in case Ireland was invaded
Men appointed to ensure that people used only the
amount of gas and electricity that was allowed
Glimmer Men
Éamon de Valera
Taoiseach of Ireland in 1939
JC History – WWI&II Impact on Ireland
Minister of Supplies
Sean Lemass
Curragh camp
Internment camp for servicemen in
WWII
The Irish Navy kept supply lines open during WWII
Merchant Navy
Harland and Wolff
Northern Irish company that
produced military equipment for Britain
JC History – WWI&II Impact on Ireland
Northern Irish
Company that produced airships
for Britain
Shorts company
Belfast Blitz Belfast came
under attack from the Luftwaffe
JC History – WWI&II Impact on Ireland
Gaelic Athletic Association,
founded in 1884
GAA
Maurice Davin
First President of the GAA
Patron of the GAA and leader of the Home-Rule Party
Charles Stewart Parnell
Irish Republican Brotherhood
GAA was used as a cover for the
IRB
JC History – Impact of Sporting etc.
The GAA did not allow members of the Royal Irish Constabulary to
join
RIC
The Camogie Association
Separate from the GAA, but enjoys
GAA support
Founded in 1974 for women
Ladies Gaelic Football
Association
Rule 42 of the GAA
This rule prohibited foreign sports being played in GAA stadiums, amended in 2007 for a rugby match between
Ireland and England
JC History – Impact of Sporting etc.