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THE FACULTY OF ORIENTAL STUDIES

MST IN JEWISH STUDIES INTRODUCTION This booklet has been prepared on behalf of the Board of the Faculty of Oriental Studies. It has been designed both as a source of information in its own right and as a guide to other sources of information. It is hoped that it will be particularly useful to students when they first arrive in Oxford, but they are advised to keep the booklet, since it may be of considerable help throughout the period of their work. Please read the booklet carefully now. Comments and criticisms of the handbook are always welcome; they should be sent to the Director of Graduate Studies, Oriental Institute, Pusey Lane, Oxford. ORIENTAL STUDIES AT OXFORD Among studies in the humanities, Oriental Studies is unique in introducing students to civilizations that are radically different from the Western ones which form the basis of the curriculum in most schools. The field embraces the study of Oriental cultures from prehistoric times to the present. More than half the world's population belong to Oriental civilizations studied in the Faculty of Oriental Studies. People in the West are becoming increasingly aware of these civilizations through travel, the diversification of social and ethnic groups, and rising general interest. The Faculty's courses offer the opportunity to learn in depth about the modern and ancient traditions of these cultures. The courses present both the major traditions of the regions studied and, in most cases, their modern developments. All courses include language, literature, history and culture, and there is a wide range of options in such fields as art and archaeology, history, literature, philosophy, religion, and modern social studies. Through its long-standing traditions and more recent gifts Oxford has unique resources for Oriental Studies. The Bodleian Library has a magnificent collection of Oriental books and manuscripts built up since the seventeenth century. The Oriental Institute, opened in 1961, is the centre where most teaching is done, acting as a focus for everyone working and studying in the field; it has a lending library of some 80,000 books. There are also institutes for the Modern Middle East, for Hebrew and Jewish Studies, for Modern Japanese Studies, and for Chinese Studies. Adjacent to the Oriental Institute is the Ashmolean Museum, which houses superb collections of objects used in the teaching of most branches of Oriental Art and Archaeology and also has very fine libraries devoted to these subjects. The Griffith Institute, housed in the Museum, has unique resources for Egyptology and Ancient Near Eastern Studies. JEWISH STUDIES IN OXFORD Oxford has been an important centre for Hebrew and Jewish Studies since the sixteenth century. There are unrivalled collections of Hebrew manuscripts and printed books in the Bodleian Library. Outstanding scholars have held a number of different positions in Hebrew and Jewish Studies in the University and students from all over the world come to Oxford for both undergraduate and graduate studies.

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As the disciplines of Hebrew and Jewish Studies have developed, different approaches and fields of study have evolved, from study of the classical Hebrew language and the Hebrew Bible to all other aspects of mediaeval and modern Jewish culture and society. The University's posts in the Faculty of Oriental Studies reflect that diversity. The Regius Professorship of Hebrew is associated with the core study of Classical Hebrew through the Hebrew Bible. There is a Professor of Jewish Studies, whose range of interest spans the Second Temple and early Rabbinic periods. The Cowley Lecturer in Modern Hebrew Literature specialises in the study of Hebrew and other Jewish literatures. The archaeology and material culture of the land of Israel are strongly represented in the Ashmolean Museum. Many other facets of Mediaeval and Modern Jewish Studies are taught by the members of the Unit in Hebrew and Jewish Studies, located in the Oriental Institute. The Oriental Institute lies in the heart of central Oxford. Apart from offices and classrooms, it holds a well-developed lending library, designed to support undergraduate courses but also containing research material, and a general common room, in which teaching staff and students can meet informally. The Centre for Hebrew and Jewish Studies lies five miles from the centre of Oxford at Yarnton Manor, where the Leopold Muller Memorial Library is housed. The MSt in Jewish Studies provides a broad approach to the study of Jewish history, culture, and relations with other traditions from antiquity to modern times, combined with the study of Modern or Biblical Hebrew or Yiddish. The course is intensive and is based on small classes, seminars and close faculty-student contact. The Academic Year The academic year runs from October to June and is divided into three academic terms: Michaelmas (early October to early December), Hilary (mid-January to mid-March) and Trinity (late April to end June), and two vacations. “Full terms” are eight-week periods during which lectures are given. The dates of the academic year 2012-2013 are:

Michaelmas Term: 7 October – 13 December 2013 (weeks 0-9) Hilary Term: 13 January - 21 March 2014 (weeks 0-9) Trinity Term: 22 April - 27 June 2014 (weeks 0-9)

Requirements MSt in Jewish Studies students are required to complete three terms of language study in the same language. A student may choose to study Modern Hebrew or Biblical Hebrew or Yiddish. In addition, a student must select four taught courses from a range of options each year. Teaching for the options takes place during Michaelmas (two options) and Hilary (two options) terms. These options, which vary from year to year, must be selected from those on offer. Each student is required to submit a dissertation of not more than 15,000 words on an approved subject.

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Courses offered in 2013-2014 are

• A Survey of Rabbinic Literature • Introduction to the Archaeology of Ancient Israel: The Iron Age • Israel: State and Society: 1882-Present

Jewish History 200 B.C.E. to 70 C.E. • Jewish Liturgy • Jews in Early Modern Europe, 1492-1789

Modern European Jewish History • Remembering Moses in Ancient Israel • Sandals and Threshing Floors: Medieval Jewish Bible Interpretation and the Book of Ruth

Septuagint and related subjects • The Diaspora in the Roman Empire: Jews, Pagans and Christians to 450 C.E. • The Emergence of Modern Religious Movements in Judaism • The Holocaust: from History to Memory • The Invention of Folklore and the Creation of Modern Eastern European Jewish Culture • The Religion of Israel

Topics in Hebrew Literature 1929-1982

A Survey of Rabbinic Literature

The aim of this course is to acquaint students with the main features of early Rabbinic Judaism by means of selected texts on the general theme of the Sabbath. The sources will be read in English translation, but the original Hebrew texts will also be made available. The theme of the course, the Sabbath, has been selected because it is central to classical Judaism both as a legal and sacramental institution that defined membership in the community and as a spiritual and theological concept.

The first class will be devoted to a discussion of the historical background to the sources. In subsequent classes selected texts drawn from the entire range of rabbinic literature will be analysed with consideration of their content, literary structure and historical Sitz im Leben. Students should prepare the set texts together with the relevant secondary literature in advance of each class. The course will be examined by a three-hour written examination paper at the end of Trinity term. Introduction to the Archaeology of Ancient Israel: The Iron Age

This course provides an introduction to the discipline of Near Eastern Archaeology with particular reference to Israel in the Iron Age (1200-586 BCE); the Babylonian and Persian periods (586-332 BCE) may also be considered. The course will provide the student with the archaeological background to the historical events of the period, and incorporates the basic elements of the subject, including the role of excavation, the limits of time and space, basic terminology, important sites and personalities, significant finds, and its relevance to the biblical account. The course will equip the student to understand current controversies within the discipline and to critically assess the right and wrong uses of archaeology. This course will be examined by means of two pre-submitted essays.

Israel: State and Society: 1882-Present

The history of modern Israel can be viewed as a narrative of state and society-building against a backdrop of immigrant-absorption: the challenge of bringing Jews of many different persuasions to live together for the first time in 5000 years in an modern nation-state, while simultaneously confronting the reality of a indigenous population within its territorial bounds and “imagined community” and other external interests and opposition to this new country.

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Correspondingly, this syllabus has been organized with eight units as departures on the theme of the “aliya” (lit. ascendance), a major Zionist historiographical category — which will be problematized in our discussion — that has been used to periodize the makings of modern Israel during the Yishuv. I have adapted this framework to include both the pre-state and post-state period, to treat relevant topics and groups that have been marginalized in the traditional history and historiography of Modern Israel, and to demonstrate both the opportunities and challenges facing the Israeli state and her society. Through the use of both primary and secondary source literature, we will investigate these themes and explore continuity and change over time. Lastly, students will have the opportunity to contribute to this evolving framework through their own discussions and research papers. This course will be examined by means of two pre-submitted essays. Jewish History 200 B.C.E. to 70 C.E.

This course covers the political, social, economic, and religious history of the Jews from 200 B.C.E. to 70 C.E. The set text will be Josephus, The Jewish War, but students will also be expected to learn how other literary sources, archaeological material and religious texts can be used to understand the history of this period. This course will be examined by a three-hour written examination to be held at the end of Trinity Term. Jewish Liturgy

Jewish rituals and readings for home and synagogue are most commonly studied from an historical point of view, in order to understand their authorship and development. This course will focus primarily on the traditional liturgy and on how it encapsulates biblical themes and rabbinic thinking and uncertainties about the world. We will consider key scriptural scenes and their midrashic interpretations, define some of the core ideas of the sacred narrative, and trace their language and motifs in liturgical passages. This will enable us to see how central rabbinic ideas are explored in the liturgy in occasionally subversive ways, and how the prayer book uses biblical motifs to interpret human experience from birth to death. This course will be examined by means of two pre-submitted essays.

Jews in Early Modern Europe, 1492-1789

A survey course covering the period from the mid-eighteenth century to the Second World War. The course aims to provide an overview of the Jewish experience as a minority group in Europe and Russia, introducing students to the main themes, ideologies and movements of modern Jewish history. Among the topics examined are emancipation and the Enlightenment, Jewish politics, migration, antisemitism and the Holocaust. This course will be examined by means of two pre-submitted essays. Modern European Jewish History

A survey course covering the period from the mid-eighteenth century to the Second World War. The course aims to provide an overview of the Jewish experience as a minority group in Europe and Russia, introducing students to the main themes, ideologies and movements of modern Jewish history. Among the topics examined are emancipation and the Enlightenment, Jewish politics, migration, antisemitism and the Holocaust. This course will be examined by means of two pre-submitted essays.

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Remembering Moses in Ancient Israel

This course is intended to explore the various traditions surrounding the figure of Moses in ancient Israel and Judaism. Moses dominates the literary scene of the Pentateuch and is a central figure in numerous traditions both within the Hebrew Bible and without. In our attempt to better understand this grand character of Hebrew, Jewish and Christian tradition, we will have opportunity to study historiography in the Hebrew Bible, source, redaction and canonical criticism, inner-biblical exegesis and biblical interpretation in Second Temple Judaism and early Christianity. This course will be examined by means of two pre-submitted essays.

Sandals and Threshing Floors: Medieval Jewish Bible Interpretation and the Book of Ruth

The aim of this course is to acquaint students with the approaches of selected medieval Jewish

commentators to the interpretation of the Hebrew Bible. The course will focus on the interpretation of Ruth, allowing students to compare and contrast the approaches of different commentators to this text in its entirety. By studying the development of biblical exegesis particularly in Northern France and Spain, and by means of a close reading of selected texts, students will develop their ability to undertake independent study of the commentaries examined. After a general introduction to Jewish interpretation of Scripture in Late Antiquity, we will turn to the commentaries of selected medieval exegetes. Classes will include presentations by students on individual commentators and short passages from their work. Commentaries on Ruth that will be studied in class will also need to be prepared in advance (Hebrew texts and English translations will be provided). Lectures will be devoted to medieval Christian interpretations of the book of Ruth and to comparing the approaches of different commentators to selected topics. To prepare for this course, students should study the book of Ruth in English translation and, wherever possible, should undertake to read it in Hebrew (reference notes on vocabulary and grammar are available). Secondary reading to prepare for the course and for each lecture will be supplied. A mid-term essay will be set during the course. This course will be examined by means of two pre-submitted essays.

Septuagint and related studies

The texts are chosen for their exegetical and/or text-critical interest, and for their relevance to formative Judaism and Christianity. The course covers general issues of the historical origins of the Septuagint version in the Alexandrian Jewish Diaspora and its subsequent revisions in Palestine, the translation technique of the individual books studied, textual criticism and exegesis of the original Hebrew. Relevant texts in Hebrew and Greek from Qumran will also be taken into consideration. The aim of the course is to demonstrate the value of the Septuagint and the three later Jewish revisions (Aquila, Symmachus and Theodotion) for textual criticism of the Hebrew Bible, and the importance of Greek renderings of the Hebrew Bible for Hellenistic Judaism and the Greek-speaking Church. Students are expected to have a good grasp of Greek and Hebrew, and to have prepared the texts in advance of each session, which will take the form of a (one hour) lecture on broad topics and a separate (one hour) class to examine the set texts in detail. This course will be examined by a three-hour written examination to be held at the end of Trinity Term.

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The Diaspora in the Roman Empire: Jews, Pagans and Christians to 450 C.E.

This course explores the Jewish diaspora which was spread over large parts of the Greek-speaking eastern half of the Roman Empire, and is also found in the city of Rome, and later in the Latin-speaking west. It is well known from pagan, Jewish and Christian literature, especially the Acts of the Apostles, and from inscriptions, papyri and the archaeological remains of synagogues. For the first three centuries C.E. both Judaism and Christianity, which grew out of it, were minority beliefs, tolerated and on occasion persecuted. With the conversion of Constantine in 312, the relations of the three religions changed dramatically. This course will be examined by two pre-submitted essays selected from a list of four topics. The Emergence of Modern Religious Movements in Judaism

The aim of this course is to consider the historical, theological, and social motivations behind the development of the three major religious movements of Modern Judaism: Reform, Conservative, and Orthodox. The focus will fall on their emergence in the nineteenth century in Western Europe. The subsequent development of Progressive and Orthodox forms of Judaism in America will also be studied. In addition, the division of Orthodoxy into a modernist and traditionalist camp will be examined particularly with reference to Anglo-Jewry. A number of primary texts will be examined through the course requiring advance preparation and students will be expected to make a short oral presentation on selected topics. The course will be examined by means of two pre-submitted essays.

The Holocaust: From History to Memory

The main objective of this course is to teach the Holocaust in a way that explores the history of the events in tandem with an introduction to its historiography. This allows for students both to be introduced to one of the defining events of the twentieth century and also to some of its historical, ethical, and philosophical implications. Initially, we will build up an understanding of the process of the Holocaust, from the rise of anti-Semitism and Nazism to ghettoization and development of the genocide itself. The second half of the course will explore some of the subsequent legacies and representations of the Holocaust. A number of different sources will be explored, including official documents, testimony written in the ghettos of Eastern Europe, the rare testimony that survived the concentration camps, the memoirs of survivors, testimony of the perpetrators and ‘bystanders’, literature, photographic and visual representations, including film, and surviving artefacts, such as camp remains.

The Invention of Folklore and The Creation of Modern Eastern European Jewish Culture

In this course we will examine Eastern European Jewish folklore, alongside the various modes of

modern(ist) engagement with it. We will read legends on the arrival of Jews to Poland, the cradle of Eastern European Jewish culture, then explore Hasidic hagiography, and eventually study nationalistic appropriation and the aesthetic transformation of Jewish folklore. Through a variety of sources, including prose and poetry, political essays and films, the course traces the dramatic religious and political transformations experienced and created by Eastern European Jews, focusing on the question of folklore and its role in the construction of modern Hebrew and Yiddish culture. We will follow the “Jewish Revolution” of the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the last century to see how tradition was imagined and re-invented. We will ask how 20th century Jewish writers engaged with Jewish folklore in their efforts to create modern culture for the Jews. The course will be examined by means of two pre-submitted essays.

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The Religion of Israel

This course covers the religion of Israel in the Iron Age, from c. 1200-500 B.C.E. In biblical terms, this is the period from the appearance of the Israelites in the land of Canaan, to the early post-exilic period. The course will explore major themes in Israel’s religion, covering introductory questions of methodology, the relationship of Israel’s deity to those of the surrounding cultures, covenant and law, prophets and prophecy, priesthood and sacrifice, the monarchy, major festivals, and personal piety. The course will be examined by means of two 2500-word pre-submitted essays.

Topics in Modern Hebrew Literature, 1900-Present

From Psalm 137 to the contemporary graphic novel, constantly flowing and shifting affiliations of language, place and identity have shaped the development of Hebrew literature across centuries. In recent years, scholarship on Modern Hebrew literature has reconsidered the teleological “diaspora to nation” narrative that once dominated Modern Hebrew literary historiography, thereby opening its study to include a wider range of authors and a more expansive map of Hebrew literary circulation and reception. This course offers a chronological and thematic overview of Modern Hebrew literature from the early twentieth century to the present day and examines, in particular, figures and themes of (linguistic, cultural, geographical) marginality in Modern Hebrew literature; the relation between Hebrew literature’s “minor” status on the global literary map and its own politics of inclusion and exclusion; as well as the ongoing discourse on “centres and peripheries” in Modern Hebrew literature. The course readings will address as well the politics of multilingualism and translation, the relation between nation and diaspora, and themes of trauma and displacement that continue to preoccupy Hebrew writers. Reading knowledge of Hebrew is not required but students who are able to read the original Hebrew are encouraged to do so. This course will be examined by means of two pre-submitted essays. Languages at Elementary, Intermediate and Advanced levels: Biblical Hebrew Modern Hebrew Yiddish

All language courses are examined by three-hour examination to be held at the end of Trinity Term. 2013-14 Teaching Staff:

Dr Miri Freud-Kandel Dr Garth Gilmour Prof Martin Goodman Dr Stephen Herring Dr Sara Hirschhorn Dr Adriana Jacobs Prof Sir Fergus Millar Dr David Rechter Dr Deborah Rooke

Dr Alison Salvesen Dr Jeremy Schonfield Dr Zehavit Stern Dr Joshua Teplitsky Dr Zoë Waxman Dr Joanna Weinberg Dr Khayke Beruriah Wiegand Daphna Witztum

Michaelmas 2013