The extraction and analysis of lineament density from digital

elevation model (DEM) in Libungo geothermal area,

Gorontalo

Intan Noviantari Manyoe, Ronal Hutagalung

Geological Engineering, Universitas Negeri Gorontalo, Jl. B.J Habibie, Suwawa, Bone

Bolango Regency, Gorontalo Province

intan.manyoe@ung.ac.id

Abstract. Remote sensing often used in geothermal exploration because it was considered has

many advantages. The aim of this research is to extract and analyze the lineament density in

the Libungo geothermal area based on a Digital Elevation Model (DEM). Lineament is

obtained from Digital Elevation Model (DEM) satellite image data downloaded from the

Geospatial Information Agency (BIG) page. Digital Elevation Model (DEM) data processing

uses Geomatica software to extract the lineament automatically. Extracted lineament is

processed using ArcGIS software to produce a lineament density map and processed using

Rockworks software to generate direction. Lineament density maps help identify permeability

in the Libungo geothermal area. Based on the results of the extraction and lineament density

analysis, it is interpreted that the Libungo geothermal area has a high density value. High

density values are associated with good permeability. A direction that affect lineaments in the

Libungo geothermal area are northwest-southeast in the direction of Gorontalo's main

geological structure.

1. Introduction

Lineament is a linear surface in a landscape. Lineament is generally associated with faults, linear fault

zones, bending deformation and increased permeability of the earth's crust. Lineament is also

associated with linear chains of several geological features such as laccolites and volcanoes.

Lineament is expressed in topography [1–3].

Lineament is generally referred to in remote sensing analysis of fractures or structures. Lineament

can be observed from space as well as through the air. Aerial imagery, satellite imagery, seismic

models, and thematic maps can record lineament [2,3].

Remote sensing is one of the methods used in geothermal exploration because it has many

advantages. Remote sensing can determine the lineament of the geothermal area at a low cost.

Lineament in a geothermal area can be determined using Digital Elevation Model (DEM) imagery [4–

8].

Gorontalo area has potential geothermal resources. One of them is in Suwawa, namely the Libungo

geothermal area. The study area is the Libungo geothermal area which is administratively located in

Bone Bolango Regency. Astronomically it is located in the coordinates between 123°3’50.39” -

123°10’48.42” E dan 0°28’27.93” - 0°33’25.86”. Libungo geothermal area has three manifestation

points in the form of hot springs.

The Libungo geothermal area is composed of Bilungala Volcanics (Tmbv), Bone Diorite (Tmb),

Pinogu Volcanics (Tqpv), Lake Deposits (Qpl), and Reef Limestone (Ql) (Fig 1). Bilungala Volcanics

(Tmbv) is early to late miocene, composed of breccia, tuff, andesite lava, dacite lava, and rhyolite

lava. Bone Diorite (Tmb) is approximately late Miocene, composed of granite, granodiorite, diorite,

and quartz diorite. Pinogu Volcanics (Tqpv) is thought to be pliocene to plistocene, composed of tuffs,

lapilli tuffs, breccias and lava. Lake Deposits (Qpl) are composed of sandstones, claystones and gravel

while Reef Limestone (Ql) is composed of coral limestone and clastic limestone. Both of these units

are holocene [9,10].

Fig 1. Regional geology of research area (9).

The regional geological structure in the study area is northwest-southeast and almost north-south.

The regional geological structure in the central part of the study area is northwest - southeast

intersecting Bilungala Volcanics (Tmbv), Bone Diorite (Tmb), Pinogu Volcanics (Tqpv), and Lake

Deposits (Qpl). The regional geological structure in the southern part of the study area which is almost

north - south intersecting the previously formed structures that traverse northwest – southeast [9,11].

Previous research that has been carried out in the Libungo geothermal area includes geological,

geochemical, geophysical research and gradient thermal well drilling. Geological research describes

the morphology, manifestations, hidrology and geothermal systems [12,13]. Geochemical research

describes the temperature of the subsurface reservoir [14]. Geophysical research includes magnetic,

gravity, electrical and electromagnetic surveys [15–17]. Gradient thermal well drilling describes

overburden and cap rock [18].

Previous research using electrical can prove the existence of shallow subsurface structures but

cannot prove the effect of tectonics on shallow subsurface structures [19]. Previous research that

analyzed the geological structure using the google earth could show lineament but could not explain

its effect on permeability and did not explain the tectonics that influenced it [12].

This study aims to extract and analyze lineament density in the Libungo geothermal area using the

Digital Elevation Model (DEM) data. Lineament density extraction and analysis can be used to

determine the permeability and control of structures in the Libungo geothermal area.

2. Methods

2.1. Data collecting

The data used in this study is the Digital Elevation Model Nasional (DEMNAS). DEMNAS data is

downloaded on the website of the Geospatial Information Agency (BIG). DEMNAS is built from

several data sources including IFSAR, TERRASAR-X and ALOS PALSAR data, by adding the

stereo-plotting Masspoint data. IFSAR data has a resolution of 5 m, TERRASAR-X has a resolution of

5 m and ALOS PALSAR has a resolution of 11.25 m. DEMNAS 'spatial resolution is 0.27-arcsecond

(~ 8 m). This resolution is higher than the resolution of SRTM DEM, ASTER GDEM, or ALOS

PALSAR which has a resolution of 1 arc-second (~ 30 meters).

DEMNAS data is downloaded on the Geospatial Information Agency (BIG) website by opening the

DEMNAS grid page. Navigation on the map of Indonesia to the DEMNAS data sheet for the study

area was selected using the button provided. The DEMNAS data sheet according to the study area is

downloaded using the download link.

Fig 2. Flowchart of the research stages.

2.2 Data processing and analysis

DEMNAS data is displayed in the Geographic Information System (GIS) application. Mosaic was

done for several downloaded DEMNAS data sheets. Lineament data extraction is carried out in the

Geomatics application. Furthermore, it is processed again using the Geographic Information System

(GIS) system application for making a lineament density map. The lineament density map, then

analyzed to see the permeability level of the study area.

The next stage is to determine the direction that affects lineament in the research area.

Determination of the direction of stress using a rosette diagram. Furthermore, analysis of the direction

was carried out against the direction of the main stress in the study area (Fig 2).

3. Geology of Research Area

The geomorphology of the study area is composed of volcanic hills, fluvial plains, lake plains and

marine plains (Fig 3a). Volcanic hills occupy the southern mountains and mountains in the northeast

of the study area. Volcanic hills are composed of andesite and volcanic breccias. The fluvial plain

occupies the central part of the study area extending from the east to the west. The fluvial plain is

composed of material formed by the fluvial process of the Bone River.

The lake plains occupies the northern part of the study area, extending from the west side of the

volcanic hills to the west of the study area. The lake plains is composed of material such as gravel,

sand and clay. Marine plains occupy the southern part of the study area, scattered along the coastal

areas. Marine plains are formed due to marine processes such as waves and ocean currents in

Gorontalo Bay.

Fig 3. a) geomorphology map; b) geology map.

The stratigraphy of the study area is composed of andesite, volcanic breccia, reef limestone, and

alluvial deposits (Fig 3b). The Andesite occupies the southern mountains of the eastern part and the

mountains of the northeastern part of the study area. Volcanic breccias occupy the southern mountains,

extending from the western part of the andesite to the western part of the study area. The alluvial plain

occupies the central to the northern part of the study area and the southern part of the study area. Reef

limestones occupy the southern part of the coastal area.

4. Results and Discussion

DEMNAS data was extracted in the Geomatica application. The result of DEMNAS data extraction is

the lineament of the research area. An lineament was made between the lineament extraction and the

regional geological structure of the study area (Fig 4).

The lineament was made in five regions, namely region A, region B, region C, region D, and region

E (Fig. 5). Region A is an lineament between lineament extraction with the geological structure

trending northwest - southeast. The regional geological structure trending northwest - southeast in

region A is a geological structure in the middle of the study area. There is an lineament between

lineament extraction with regional geological structures. The regional geological structure trending

northwest - southeast is in moderate lineament level with the lineament extraction trending northwest

southeast.

Region B is an lineament between lineament extraction with the geological structure trending

northwest - southeast. The regional geological structure trending northwest - southeast in region B is a

geological structure in the middle of the study area. There is an lineament between lineament

extraction with regional geological structures. The regional geological structure trending northwest -

southeast is highly lineament level with the extraction of lineament trending northwest southeast.

Region C is an lineament between lineament extraction with geological structures trending almost

north - south. The regional geological structure trending north - south is a geological structure that cuts

the geological structure trending northwest - southeast in the southern part of the study area. There is

an lineament between lineament extraction with regional geological structures. The regional

geological structure is trending north - south, in high lineament level with the lineament extraction

trending north - south.

Region D is an lineament between lineament extraction with the geological structure trending

northwest - southeast. The regional geological structure trending northwest - southeast in region D is a

geological structure located in the northeast part of the study area. There is an lineament between

lineament extraction with regional geological structures. The regional geological structure trending

northwest - southeast is in moderate lineament level with the extraction of lineament trending

northwest southeast.

Fig 4. Extracted lineament and regional geological structure of study area lineament.

Region E is an lineament between lineament extraction with the geological structure trending

northwest - southeast. The regional geological structure trending northwest - southeast in region E is a

geological structure in the middle of the study area. There is an lineament between lineament

extraction with regional geological structures. The regional geological structure trending northwest -

southeast is in low lineament level to the extraction of lineament trending northwest southeast.

DEMNAS data extracted and processed using Geomatics applications and Geographic Information

Systems (GIS) produces a lineament density map (Fig 6). The lineament density map can be used to

determine the permeability of the Libungo geothermal area. Areas with good permeability have high

lineament density values.

Based on the lineament density map, it is interpreted that the Libungo geothermal area is divided

into high, medium and low density areas. The high density areas occupy the eastern, northeastern and

central parts of the study area. The area of medium density occupies the southern part and some parts

in the northern part of the study area. The low density area occupies in the northern part of the study

area.

Fig 5. Geological structure with extracted lineament.

Fig 6. Lineament density of study area.

The eastern, northeastern and central parts of the study area are included in the high density areas

because they are associated with the geological structure of the study area that is northwest-southeast

trending and the structure of the study area that is almost north-south trending. The central part of the

study area is also the area where the Libungo hot springs appear. Geological structure trending

northwest - southeast and trending almost north - south causing the formation of lineament in the study

area. The geological structure in the study area causes a high lineament density which has implications

for good permeability.

The southern and northern parts of the study area are included in the medium and low density

areas. These two parts are not associated with the geological structure of the study area. The central

part of the study area is the lake plain and fluvial plain. Lack of lineament in the south and north of

study area causes a low level of lineament density which implies poor permeability.

Based on the lineament density map, the study area is dominated by high density areas. The high

density areas are scattered in the eastern, northeastern and central parts of the study area so that in

general the research area has a good level of permeability. A geothermal area with a good level of

permeability is interpreted as an area with a good water infiltration rate. The presence of lineament in

the study area affects the geothermal fluid circulation in the study area.

Fig 7. The rose diagrams show the lineament directions.

The direction of stress that affects lineament in the study area is determined using a rosette

diagram. Based on the rosette diagram analysis, it was found that the direction of stress in the study

area was northwest - southeast (Fig 7). The direction of stress based on this rosette diagram analysis is

the same as the direction of the main stress in the Gorontalo area.

6. Conclusions

Based on the results of the lineament extraction of the study area with the regional geological structure

of the study area, it was found that there was a lineament between the geological structure and the

lineament extraction. Based on the lineament density map, the research area is dominated by high

density areas so that in general the research area has a good permeability level. Libungo geothermal

area has a good level of permeability, the rate of water infiltration and circulation of geothermal fluids

in the study area is included in the good category. Ground-checking is necessary to prove that areas

with high density values are associated with geological structures in the field.

Acknowledgements

The authors wish to express their gratitude to the Research and Community Service Center of

Universitas Negeri Gorontalo for funding this research. The authors would like to give a thanks to Siti

Suhartini S. Napu for her support in this work.

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