The Expansion of The Expansion of American IndustryAmerican Industry

HUSH

Unit 6

Life in 1865Life in 1865

Life in 1900Life in 1900

The Industrial Revolution

• The Industrial Revolution was a dramatic change in the nature of production in which – machines replaced tools, steam and other

energy sources replaced human or animal power

– skilled workers were replaced with mostly unskilled workers

Progression of Industrial Revolution

1. Agricultural Revolution

• New innovations and inventions for growing more and better food

2. Textile Revolution

• Use of water/steam power for clothing and cloth

3. Mechanical Revolution

• New machines that run on steam and later coal

Jethro Tull's Seed Drill1701

The First Industry: Textile Mills• The first widespread

industry involved textiles• Formerly such things as

spinning yarn was done in the home by family members.

• The Industrial Revolution changed this and resulted in large powerful machines in factories, such as the early textile mill.

The Flying Shuttle 1733

Allowed a weaver to work twice as fast

Richard Arkwright1769

The water frame used water from a near-by stream to operate the spinning wheels

The Spinning Jenny

In 1764 James Hargeaves invented a new spinning wheel. He called it the Spinning "Jenny" in honor of his wife. This simple machine allowed a worker to spin 6 or 8 threads at a time. Later models could spin as many as 80 threads.

Samuel Crompton 1779 The Spinning Mule combined features of the spinning jenny and the water-frame.

Early Steam Engines

                               

   

In 1698, Thomas Savery invented a steam-driven pump to remove water from a coal mine. But these engines often exploded because of intense pressure.

Early Steam Engines

                               

   

In 1705, Thomas Newcomen figured out a way to make a steam driven pump that was safer and more efficient. His steam engine was better, but still not powerful enough.

Early Steam Engines

                               

   

James Watt was a repair man for Thomas Newcomen. Watt figured out a way to make a steam engine which got four times as much power from the same amount of coal. That was a big improvement, and a more powerful engine could do more work.

The Power Loom

In 1785, Edmund Cartwright, invented the Power Loom which boosted weaving. In 1833, over 100,000 machines were in use.

Cotton Gin

                          

   

In 1793, educator Eli Whitney made a machine to remove the seeds from the cotton. This allowed the workers to pick and clean ten times as much cotton as they had before

British Textile Mill, circa 1830

Bobbin girlcirca 1830

Interchangeable PartsEli Whitney made one more important innovation. He invented interchangeable parts. This was a way of standardizing parts of a machine so that they could easily be replaced.

Improvements in Steel Production

                                                            

                                  

At the beginning of the 18th Century - about 1700, Abraham Darby discovered that coal could be partially burned to create coke, which would create the steady, hot flame required to work with iron and steel.In the 1740s, Henry Cort discovered "puddling" as a way of making stronger pig iron. He also was able to produce sheets of iron.Henry Bessemer figured out a way to mix cold air to remove the impurities that weakened steel. His Bessemer converter was able to produce stronger steel that could be used in a wider variety of ways

Steam-Powered Transportation

                                                                                   

                                           

In 1807, Robert Fulton, added a steam engine to the ship "Clermont."

A Steam-Powered Machine on Tracks:

The Locomotive

                                                

                             

In 1829, George Stephenson, a mining engineer, developed a locomotive called the "Rocket." It ran on iron rails at an amazing 36 miles per hour!

Steam Engine-Run Locomotive

Transcontinental RailroadTranscontinental Railroad• Began in 1862• Central Pacific Railroad-

from Sacramento, CA• Union Pacific Railroad-

from Omaha, Nebraska• Met 1869 at Promontory

Point, UT• Developed time zones-

four in U.S.; Eastern, Central, Mountain, Pacific

CommunicationsCommunications• Telegraph – Morse code• Western Union had

900,000 miles of wire by 1900

• Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone

• Set up American Telephone and Telegraph Company

• By 1900, 1.5 million phones

Electric PowerElectric Power

• Thomas A. Edison: built his “invention factory”• Phonograph, 1877• Electric glass bulb: 1880, made of bamboo fiber• Power plant in New York City

Alternating CurrentAlternating Current

• George Westinghouse developed alternating current

• Used transformer to boost power levels • Created Westinghouse Electric

Bessemer ProcessBessemer Process• Henry Bessemer in

England and William Kelley in U.S. developed steel process

• Easier to remove the impurities from production

• Mass production now possible

• Led to a new age of building

Brooklyn Bridge-1883Brooklyn Bridge-1883

• Engineer John A. Roebling designed suspension bridge with thick steel cables suspended from high towers• His son Washington took ever• After many set-backs, the bridge opened May 24, 1883.

Business Leaders of the Late Business Leaders of the Late 1800s1800s

Robber Barons?• Drained the country of its

natural resources• Persuaded officials to

interpret laws in their favor• Drove competitors to ruin• Paid their workers meager

wages• Workers forced to work in

dangerous and unhealthy conditions

Captains of Industry?• Increased the supply of

goods by building factories

• Created jobs that allowed Americans to buy their goods

• Founded and funded museums, libraries, and universities

Monopolies and CartelsMonopolies and Cartels• Monopoly

• Complete control of a product or service

• A business bought its competitors or drove them out of business

• Could then charge high prices

• Cartel• A loose association of

businesses that make the same product

• Members agreed to limit the supply of their product and keep prices high

Horizontal Consolidation

• Create a giant company by bringing together many firms that

were in the same business• Example: Standard Oil Trust

The Standard Oil TrustThe Standard Oil Trust• John D. Rockefeller set up a refinery in Ohio in 1863.

– He undersold his competitors and bought them out.• In 1882 the owners of Standard Oil and other

companies combined their operations, appointing nine trustees. Rockefeller controlled the trust– Forty companies joined the trust and controlled the

nations oil, limiting competition• 1890 Congress passed the Sherman Antitrust Act,

outlawing any combination of companies that restrained commerce; proved ineffective for 15 years.

Vertical Consolidation

• Gaining control of the many different businesses that make up all phases of a product’s development

• Example: Carnegie Steel• Could charge less because of

economies of scale; as production increases, the cost goes down

Andrew CarnegieAndrew Carnegie• Emigrated to the U.S. in 1848; used money earned as

superintendent of PA railroad to invest in steel mills• Established Carnegie Steel Company, drove competitors

out of business, and soon controlled the entire steel industry

• Bought the iron ore mines, mills, shipping and rail lines to transport his steel products to market• Philanthropist: gave away $350 million• “Gospel of wealth”: free to make money and should give it away

Business CycleBusiness Cycle• “Boom and bust”• Rapid industrial growth

placed strains on the economy

• Businesses overproduced then cut wages and laid off workers

• Often caused a panic, resulting in bank and business failures

• Panic of 1893

The Growing Work ForceThe Growing Work Force• 14 million immigrants

between 1860 and 1900• Contract Labor Act,

1864• 8 to 9 million moved to

the cities• Every family member

worked; little relief for the poor

Factory WorkFactory Work• Laborers worked 12 hours, 6

days a week• Piecework: fixed amount for

each finished piece produced• Frederick Winslow Taylor

increased efficiency, The Principles of Scientific Management

• Division of Labor: workers performed one small task, over and over

• Work boring and dangerous

Working Women and Working Women and ChildrenChildren

• Women operated simple machines and had no chance to advance

• Children made up more than 5 % of the labor force

• Children stunted in body and mind

• Jacob Riis attacked child labor in Children of the Poor

Mine childrencirca 1820

Trap boy, circa 1820

Children hauling coal, circa 1820

Girls carrying coalcirca 1820

Gulf Between Rich and PoorGulf Between Rich and Poor• Socialism: economic and political philosophy that

favors public or social control of property and income, not private control

• Communism: Complete government ownership of land and property; Karl Marx, along with Friedrich Engels, wrote a pamphlet called the Communist Manifesto that denounced capitalism and predicted that workers would overturn it

Social Darwinism• After Charles Darwin’s voyage on the Beagle in the 1830’s

and his publication of the “Origins of the Species” in the 1850’s he theorized that some organisms are better suited to their environment gained some survival advantage and passed their genetically transmitted advantages to their offspring's.– This became known as the Theory of Evolution

• The publication of this theory started a sensational controversy. Many writers applied Darwin's theory to sociology. They developed a controversial theory called Social Darwinism.

• The theory was that social existence was a competitive struggle among individuals possessing different natural capacities and traits.

• Overall, those with better traits succeeded, becoming wealthy and powerful, while those lacking in inner discipline or intelligence sank into poverty. – Many people, from Karl Marx to Captain Mahan to Adolf Hitler,

employed Social Darwinism in their arguments.

Rise of Labor UnionsRise of Labor Unions• National Trades Union, 1834; ended with Panic of 1837• National Labor Union, 1866; failed during a depression• Knights of Labor, 1869; men, women, skilled and

unskilled; Terence Powderly wanted equal pay, 8 hour day, end to child labor; disappeared by 1890s

• American Federation of Labor, 1886; Samuel Gompers wanted skilled workers only; supported collective bargaining, negotiation between labor and employers

• The Wobblies (Industrial Workers of the World), many Socialists, radical union of unskilled workers such as miners, lumbermen, migrant farm workers, textile workers

Reaction of EmployersReaction of Employers• Feared unions• Tactics to stop unions 1. Forbade union meetings 2. Fired union organizers 3. “Yellow dog” contracts – promised never to join a union 4. Refused collective bargaining 5. Refused to recognize unions as workers’ representatives

Strikes Rock the NationStrikes Rock the Nation• Haymarket Riot, 1886, at Chicago’s McCormick reaper factory;

bomb killed seven policemen, gunfire killed dozens. Eight anarchists, radicals who oppose all government, were tried for conspiracy to commit murder.

• Homestead, 1892, Homestead, PA. Frick called in the Pinkertons. In a shootout, several died and many were wounded.

• Pullman, 1894, Eugene V. Debs called for a boycott of Pullman cars. Disrupted western railroad traffic. Federal troops sent to see that mail got through. Set pattern for the employers to get court orders against unions.

• Government opposition limited union gains for more than 30 years

The End…

Or was it just the Beginning???

Many Thanks to:• The Inventors Workshop Website• Doug Smith

Virginia Episcopal SchoolLynchburg, VA

• The Mary Evans Picture Library