The Exodus. Exodus 1: Slavery The “Hyksos” ruled Egypt from ca. 1700-1550 Foreign people who...

The Exodus

Exodus 1: Slavery

The “Hyksos” ruled Egypt from ca. 1700-1550Foreign people who entered Egypt ca. 1800

Expelled by the Egyptian Ahmose

Egypt’s New Kingdom = ca. 1550 – 1000The most prosperous time in Egypt’s history

Luxor Temple

Karnak Temple

Exodus 1: Slavery

The “Hyksos” ruled Egypt from ca. 1700-1550Foreign people who entered Egypt ca. 1800

Expelled by the Egyptian Ahmose

Egypt’s New Kingdom = ca. 1550 – 1000The most prosperous time in Egypt’s history

Moses born ca. 1525

“After the Hyksos…the Egyptians realized that foreigners in large numbers could not be trusted and needed to be controlled” (Hoerth, 158).

Hence the concern (Exod 1:9-10) and oppression (Exod 1)

Pharaoh Ahmose = the pharaoh who “knew not Joseph” (Exod 1:8)

Exodus 2-11: The Exodus

Thutmose III (1479-1425)Pharaoh of the oppression (Exod 2:23) or Pharaoh of the exodus?

Thutmose III


Thutmose III (1479-1425)Moses kills an Egyptian and flees Egypt Thutmose try to kill Moses (Exod 2:25) and intensified the oppression (Exod. 2:23)Great warrior; ethnocentric; pridefulThutmose III dies – Exod 2:23

Thutmose III


Amenhotep IIPharaoh of the exodus?

Best option…

Amenhotep II


Amenhotep IIEgypt’s version of Samson

Valiant sportsman; many stories about his strength and pride

No one could draw his bow

Best archer in Egypt

The best horse trainer

Could row a boat with 200 soldiers by himself

“Who is the LORD that I should obey His voice to let Israel go? I do no know the LORD and besides, I will not let Israel go” (Exod. 5:2)

Route of the Exodus

Mt. Sinai

The Date of the Exodus

a. 1446 B.C. (early date)

b. 1200’s B.C. (late date)

Arguments for early date1. 1 Kings 6:1 says that Solomon built the

temple in the 4th year of his reign (966 B.C.), “480 years after the sons of Israel came out of the land of Egypt”

2. Judges 11:26 says that Jephthah’s day (1100 B.C.) was about 300 years after the exodus

1 Kings 6:1 AND Judges 11:26 BOTH place the exodus around 1400 B.C.


Archaeological/Historical Support for Early Date (1446)

Amenhotep II (pharaoh of exodus) replaced not by his older son, but unexpectedly by Thutmose IV, his younger son.

“Thutmose IV obtained the throne through an unforeseen turn of fate, such as the premature death of an elder brother” (Hayes, a secular Egyptologist)



During the Conquest, Amenhotep III (1416-1377) was pharaoh.

Then, Amenhotep IV

Historically: Both were unconcerned with Palestine

Biblically: Egypt never comes to the aid of Canaanite city-states



Amarna Letters



Amarna Letters

400 cuneiform letters = correspondence between Canaanites kings and Egypt

Date = 1300’s

Some sort of turmoil in Canaan cause by invading “Hapiru” or “Apiru”

“Hapiru” = Hebrews?

“Hapiru” = general term for foreign enemy invaders


Arguments for Late Date? (1200’s)Archaeological record

Kathleen Kenyon’s date of Jericho Destroyed in 1500’s. No city in 1406

Nelson Glueck’s survey of wildernessNo one was there from 1800’s-1300’s

Israel built “Pithom and Ramses” (Exod 1:11)

Old Testament Law

The laws in Exod-Deut seem weird.

Other ANE law-codes show that the OT Law was right at home in the ancient world

Esp. Code of Hammurabi1772 B.C.

Hammurabi king of Babylon

List of 282 law codes

Code of Hammurabi

Code of Hammurabi

Significance? Similarities with Law of Moses shows continuity with ANE culture

196. If a man put out the eye of another man, his eye shall be put out.

197. If he break another man's bone, his bone shall be broken.

"If anyone injures his neighbor, whatever he has done must be done to him: fracture for fracture, eye for eye, tooth for tooth. As he has injured the other, so he is to be injured." Leviticus 24:19-20

Code of Hammurabi

Significance? Dissimilarities with Law of Moses: Social hierarchy

198. If he put out the eye of a freed man, or break the bone of a freed man, he shall pay one gold mina.

199. If he put out the eye of a man's slave, or break the bone of a man's slave, he shall pay one-half of its value.

200. If a man knock out the teeth of his equal, his teeth shall be knocked out.

201. If he knock out the teeth of a freed man (i.e. former slave), he shall pay one-third of a gold mina.

“There is little class distinction in the Old Testament law. Although punishment could be harsh, it was equally harsh for all” (Hoerth, 171)

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Code of Hammurabi

Significance? Dissimilarities with Law of Moses: Intentionality

Only the OT Law distinguishes between intentional crimes and accidental crimes

i.e. killing someone on purpose and on accident

Code of Hammurabi

Significance? Dissimilarities with Law of Moses: God-centeredness

Hammurabi’s law code was given “so people could get along with one another. In the Bible the law code was given primarily so people could get along with God” (Hoerth, 171)

The Exodus. Exodus 1: Slavery The “Hyksos” ruled Egypt from ca. 1700-1550 Foreign people who...

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