The Executive The Executive BranchBranch

Ch. 8 – 10Ch. 8 – 10

GPSGPS

SSCG12 The student will analyze SSCG12 The student will analyze the various roles played by the the various roles played by the President of the United States; President of the United States; include Commander-in-Chief of include Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces, chief the Armed Forces, chief executive, chief agenda setter, executive, chief agenda setter, representative of the nation, representative of the nation, chief of state, foreign policy chief of state, foreign policy leader, and party leader.leader, and party leader.

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SSCG13 The student will SSCG13 The student will describe the qualifications describe the qualifications for becoming President of the for becoming President of the United States.United States. Explain the written qualifications Explain the written qualifications

for President of the United States.for President of the United States. Describe unwritten qualifications Describe unwritten qualifications

common to past presidents.common to past presidents.

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SSCG14 The student will SSCG14 The student will explain the impeachment explain the impeachment process and its usage for process and its usage for elected officials.elected officials. Explain the impeachment process as Explain the impeachment process as

defined in the U.S. Constitution.defined in the U.S. Constitution. Describe the impeachment Describe the impeachment

proceedings of Andrew Johnson and proceedings of Andrew Johnson and Bill Clinton.Bill Clinton.

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SSCG15 The student will explain SSCG15 The student will explain the functions of the departments the functions of the departments and agencies of the federal and agencies of the federal bureaucracybureaucracy.. Compare and contrast the organization Compare and contrast the organization

and responsibilities of independent and responsibilities of independent regulatory agencies, government regulatory agencies, government corporations, and executive agencies.corporations, and executive agencies.

Explain the functions of the Cabinet.Explain the functions of the Cabinet.

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SSCG20 The student will SSCG20 The student will describe the tools used to describe the tools used to carry out United States carry out United States foreign policy (diplomacy; foreign policy (diplomacy; economic, military, and economic, military, and humanitarian aid; treaties; humanitarian aid; treaties; sanctions; and military sanctions; and military intervention).intervention).

The President of the United The President of the United StatesStates

Barack H. Barack H. Obama IIObama II

4444thth President, President, elected in 2008elected in 2008

Senator from Senator from IllinoisIllinois

DemocratDemocrat

Duties of the PresidentDuties of the President

Constitutional Duties of the President:Constitutional Duties of the President:

- make sure the national laws are fully - make sure the national laws are fully executed; executed;

- serve as commander in chief of the - serve as commander in chief of the armed forces; armed forces;

- appoint top officials, federal judges, - appoint top officials, federal judges, and ambassadors; and ambassadors;

- meet with heads of foreign - meet with heads of foreign governments. governments.

President’s Term and President’s Term and SalarySalary

The 22The 22ndnd Amendment limits to two Amendment limits to two terms. Before this, George terms. Before this, George Washington set a precedent of two Washington set a precedent of two presidential terms. FDR was the presidential terms. FDR was the only president elected to more than only president elected to more than 2 terms – he was elected 4 times.2 terms – he was elected 4 times.

Congress determines the president’s Congress determines the president’s salary ($400,000 beginning in 2001); salary ($400,000 beginning in 2001);

Benefits are provided for presidents Benefits are provided for presidents while in office and in retirement. while in office and in retirement.

CompensationCompensation

Salary Salary $400,000(2001)$400,000(2001)

$50,000 for $50,000 for expensesexpenses

$100,000 for $100,000 for traveltravel

White House 132 White House 132 rooms and officerooms and office

Camp David ResortCamp David Resort

Medical & Dental Medical & Dental CareCare

Secret service Secret service protection-lifeprotection-life

PensionPension TransportationTransportation

Presidential Presidential QualificationsQualifications

The Constitution sets 3 requirements The Constitution sets 3 requirements for the president: for the president:

1. a candidate must be a natural-born 1. a candidate must be a natural-born citizencitizen

2. at least 35 years old2. at least 35 years old

3. a resident of the United States for 14 3. a resident of the United States for 14 yearsyears

Experience in government is an Experience in government is an unwritten but important qualification. unwritten but important qualification.

Qualifications and Qualifications and CharacteristicsCharacteristics

What do you consider the most What do you consider the most important important qualifications/characteristics for the qualifications/characteristics for the office of president? Explain. office of president? Explain.

Presidential SuccessionPresidential Succession The 25The 25thth Amendment established the Amendment established the

order of succession to the presidency:order of succession to the presidency: vice presidentvice president Speaker of the HouseSpeaker of the House president pro tempore of the Senatepresident pro tempore of the Senate secretary of statesecretary of state other cabinet members other cabinet members

The 25The 25thth Amendment also set forth Amendment also set forth rules to be followed if a president rules to be followed if a president becomes disabled and spelled out becomes disabled and spelled out what happens when the vice what happens when the vice presidency is vacant. presidency is vacant.

RICHARD NIXON & 25thRICHARD NIXON & 25th

Nixon elected 1968 & 1972Nixon elected 1968 & 1972 11STST V. P. Spiro Agnew resigned because of V. P. Spiro Agnew resigned because of

income tax evasionincome tax evasion Nixon appointed Gerald Ford VPNixon appointed Gerald Ford VP Nixon Resigned because of Watergate Nixon Resigned because of Watergate

scandal scandal Ford is PresidentFord is President Ford appoints Nelson Rockefeller VPFord appoints Nelson Rockefeller VP

Presidential SuccessionPresidential Succession

Two conditions under which a vice Two conditions under which a vice president becomes acting president becomes acting president:president:

1.1. If the President informs Congress of If the President informs Congress of an inability to perform duties of an inability to perform duties of office.office.

2.2. If Vice-President and a majority of If Vice-President and a majority of the Cabinet (or another body) the Cabinet (or another body) authorized by law informs Congress authorized by law informs Congress that the President is disabled.that the President is disabled.

Presidential SuccessionPresidential Succession

The Vice PresidentThe Vice President Joe BidenJoe Biden 4747thth Vice Vice

President of the President of the United StatesUnited States

Former Senator Former Senator for Delawarefor Delaware

DemocratDemocrat

The Vice President’s RoleThe Vice President’s Role

Two duties:Two duties:

1.1. Presides over the Senate and Presides over the Senate and votes in case of a tievotes in case of a tie

2.2. Helps decide if the President is Helps decide if the President is disableddisabled

Work load depends on the Work load depends on the duties assigned by the duties assigned by the PresidentPresident

Electing our Electing our PresidentPresidentElectoral ProcessElectoral Process

Did You Know?Did You Know? In the presidential election of 1992, third-In the presidential election of 1992, third-

party candidate Ross Perot received 19.7 party candidate Ross Perot received 19.7 million popular votes. President George million popular votes. President George Bush received 39.1 million popular votes, Bush received 39.1 million popular votes, and the winning candidate, Democrat Bill and the winning candidate, Democrat Bill Clinton, received 44.9 million popular Clinton, received 44.9 million popular votes. The results in the electoral college votes. The results in the electoral college vote, however, were very different. Ross vote, however, were very different. Ross Perot did not win a single electoral vote, Perot did not win a single electoral vote, while Clinton received 370 electoral while Clinton received 370 electoral votes and Bush, 168 electoral votes.votes and Bush, 168 electoral votes.

So you want to be So you want to be President….President….

What is the Process?What is the Process? Step OneStep One: you have to earn the nomination : you have to earn the nomination

of your party. To get that nomination – you of your party. To get that nomination – you have to win several Primary elections. have to win several Primary elections.

Primary elections are elections held before Primary elections are elections held before the general election that determine the the general election that determine the candidates for each party.candidates for each party.

Democrats run against each other to decide Democrats run against each other to decide who is the best candidate to represent their who is the best candidate to represent their party.party.

Republicans follow the same procedure.Republicans follow the same procedure. The Constitution does not mention how The Constitution does not mention how

Presidential candidates should be Presidential candidates should be nominated.nominated.

Primaries serve two Primaries serve two functions…functions…

1.1. To select delegates to the conventionTo select delegates to the convention

2.2. To show voter preferences for To show voter preferences for Presidential candidates and present Presidential candidates and present issues to the public.issues to the public.

• Each party schedules a national Each party schedules a national convention –convention – a meeting of all the party a meeting of all the party delegates to officially select their delegates to officially select their candidate to run for President.candidate to run for President.

Step Two: National Step Two: National ConventionConvention

During the convention, the delegates During the convention, the delegates cast votes for the candidate who won cast votes for the candidate who won their particular state. The number of their particular state. The number of delegates per state is based on delegates per state is based on population. The candidate who population. The candidate who receives an absolute majority of votes receives an absolute majority of votes from the delegates receives the party’s from the delegates receives the party’s nomination. nomination.

Conduct official party business – set the Conduct official party business – set the platformplatform – party’s positions on issues.– party’s positions on issues.

Try to unify the party for the campaign Try to unify the party for the campaign against the other party’s nominee.against the other party’s nominee.

Step Three: CampaignStep Three: Campaign

After the conventions – the two After the conventions – the two remaining candidates face off against remaining candidates face off against each other during several months of each other during several months of campaigning. campaigning.

They often tour the country, give They often tour the country, give speeches, attend rallies, and speeches, attend rallies, and participate in debates.participate in debates.

Advertising campaigns try to persuade Advertising campaigns try to persuade the voter in their favor. These the voter in their favor. These campaigns cost millions of dollars. campaigns cost millions of dollars.

Step Four: The ElectionStep Four: The Election

Election day is …Tuesday after the first Election day is …Tuesday after the first Monday in November.Monday in November.

The GENERAL ELECTION is held to The GENERAL ELECTION is held to choose the President. choose the President.

People vote for the candidate of their People vote for the candidate of their choice by secret ballot: also called the choice by secret ballot: also called the Australian BallotAustralian Ballot

An absentee ballot is a ballot requested by An absentee ballot is a ballot requested by a voter before the election – it will be a voter before the election – it will be mailed in.mailed in.

Electoral CollegeElectoral College The framers of the Constitution agreed The framers of the Constitution agreed

that the President should that the President should notnot be elected be elected directly by the people. The founders directly by the people. The founders feared the people and the choices they feared the people and the choices they might make.might make.

The small states feared that they would The small states feared that they would never have any real power in helping to never have any real power in helping to elect the president.elect the president.

The Constitution requires that a process The Constitution requires that a process known as the Electoral College ultimately known as the Electoral College ultimately decides who will win the general election.decides who will win the general election.

Electoral CollegeElectoral College Electors cast their votes based on the Electors cast their votes based on the

popular vote in each state. The candidate popular vote in each state. The candidate who receives the most votes from a state who receives the most votes from a state gets gets allall of the electoral votes from that state. of the electoral votes from that state. Maine and Nebraska are the exceptions to Maine and Nebraska are the exceptions to this rule.this rule.

Legally, the electors may vote for someone Legally, the electors may vote for someone other than the candidate for whom they were other than the candidate for whom they were pledged to vote. This phenomenon is known pledged to vote. This phenomenon is known as the "unfaithful" or "faithless" elector.as the "unfaithful" or "faithless" elector.

Each state has the same number of electors Each state has the same number of electors as it has senators and representatives.as it has senators and representatives.

538 electoral votes are available (3 for DC), 538 electoral votes are available (3 for DC), a candidate needs 270 to win the officea candidate needs 270 to win the office

What about a tie?What about a tie? Should no presidential candidate receive an Should no presidential candidate receive an

absolute majority (270 electoral votes), the absolute majority (270 electoral votes), the House of Representatives determines who the House of Representatives determines who the next president will be from the top three next president will be from the top three candidates. candidates.

Each state may cast one vote and an absolute Each state may cast one vote and an absolute majority (26 votes) is needed to win. majority (26 votes) is needed to win.

The Senate decides who the next Vice President The Senate decides who the next Vice President will be if there is no absolute majority in the will be if there is no absolute majority in the Electoral College vote.Electoral College vote.

The Founders believed that the Electoral The Founders believed that the Electoral College would never make a clear choice and College would never make a clear choice and that the House of Representatives would that the House of Representatives would ultimately choose the president.ultimately choose the president.

Criticisms of the Electoral Criticisms of the Electoral CollegeCollege

1.1. A candidate can actually win the A candidate can actually win the popular vote and still lose the popular vote and still lose the election. (this has occurred 4 election. (this has occurred 4 times – J.Q. Adams in 1824, R. times – J.Q. Adams in 1824, R. Hayes in 1876, B. Harrison in Hayes in 1876, B. Harrison in 1888, and G.W. Bush in 2000).1888, and G.W. Bush in 2000).

2.2. A strong third party candidate A strong third party candidate could keep a candidate from could keep a candidate from winning the number of votes winning the number of votes needed for election. needed for election.

Selection of the CabinetSelection of the Cabinet

The president must consider whether potential The president must consider whether potential cabinet members’ backgrounds suit their cabinet members’ backgrounds suit their cabinet posts, whether they bring geographical cabinet posts, whether they bring geographical balance to the cabinet, whether they satisfy balance to the cabinet, whether they satisfy interest groups, whether they have high-level interest groups, whether they have high-level administrative skills, and whether they include administrative skills, and whether they include ethnic and racial minorities and women.ethnic and racial minorities and women.

The Senate must approve cabinet appointees, The Senate must approve cabinet appointees, and it usually does so out of courtesy to the and it usually does so out of courtesy to the president. president.

There are 15 major executive departments in There are 15 major executive departments in the Cabinetthe Cabinet

The President’s CabinetThe President’s Cabinet

Click Here!Click Here!

Role of the CabinetRole of the Cabinet

Cabinet members are heads of the Cabinet members are heads of the executive departments. executive departments.

Influence the president’s decisions Influence the president’s decisions on matters related to their on matters related to their departments’ areas of interest. departments’ areas of interest.

Certain cabinet members—the Certain cabinet members—the secretaries of State, Defense, and secretaries of State, Defense, and Treasury, plus the Attorney Treasury, plus the Attorney General—form the “inner cabinet”General—form the “inner cabinet”

Executive Office Executive Office AgenciesAgencies

The Executive Office of the President The Executive Office of the President (EOP) was created in 1939 by Congress. (EOP) was created in 1939 by Congress.

The EOP has grown for 3 reasons:The EOP has grown for 3 reasons:1.1. presidents add new agencies to it as presidents add new agencies to it as

problems arise; problems arise; 2.2. presidents want experts nearby to advise presidents want experts nearby to advise

them; them; 3.3. federal programs require special staff to federal programs require special staff to

coordinate the efforts of executive coordinate the efforts of executive departments and agencies working departments and agencies working together. together.

Executive Office Executive Office AgenciesAgencies

The Office of Management and Budget The Office of Management and Budget (OMB) prepares the national budget (OMB) prepares the national budget that the president submits to Congress that the president submits to Congress each year. each year.

Each agency and department submits a Each agency and department submits a budget to the OMB each year. The budget to the OMB each year. The OMB recommends to the president OMB recommends to the president where to make cuts and therefore has where to make cuts and therefore has significant influence over the executive significant influence over the executive branch agencies.branch agencies.

Executive Office Executive Office Agencies Agencies (cont.)(cont.)

The National Security Council: Advises the President Coordinates American military

and foreign policy Members include: President, Vice

President, Secretary of State, Secretary of Defense.

Executive Office Executive Office Agencies Agencies (cont.)(cont.)

The National Homeland Security The National Homeland Security CouncilCouncil

1.1.Began in 2002Began in 2002

2.2.Coordinates all federal agencies Coordinates all federal agencies working in counter-terrorismworking in counter-terrorism

Executive Office Executive Office AgenciesAgencies

The Council of Economic The Council of Economic AdvisorsAdvisors

1.1. Makes economic policy for USMakes economic policy for US

2.2. Keeps track of economic healthKeeps track of economic health

3.3. Predicts future economic conditionsPredicts future economic conditions

4.4. Aids other departments involved in Aids other departments involved in economic planningeconomic planning

The White House OfficeThe White House Office The president appoints White House staff The president appoints White House staff

without Senate confirmation. without Senate confirmation. The White House staff perform whatever The White House staff perform whatever

duties the president assigns them: duties the president assigns them: 1.1. gathering information and providing advice gathering information and providing advice

on key issues; on key issues; 2.2. ensuring that executive departments and ensuring that executive departments and

agencies carry out key directives from the agencies carry out key directives from the president; president;

3.3. presenting the president’s views to the presenting the president’s views to the outside world; outside world;

4.4. deciding who and what information gets deciding who and what information gets through to the president. through to the president.

The WhitehouseThe Whitehouse

Click Here for WhitehouseClick Here for Whitehouse Tour Tour

Did You Know?Did You Know?

Strong presidents sometimes defy even the Strong presidents sometimes defy even the Supreme Court. President Andrew Jackson was Supreme Court. President Andrew Jackson was determined to force Native Americans in the determined to force Native Americans in the Southeast to move west to the Oklahoma Southeast to move west to the Oklahoma Territory. When Chief Justice Marshall ruled Territory. When Chief Justice Marshall ruled that the Cherokee nation’s treaty with Georgia that the Cherokee nation’s treaty with Georgia protected its rights and property, Jackson protected its rights and property, Jackson reportedly refused to accept the decision. “John reportedly refused to accept the decision. “John Marshall has made his decision. Now let him Marshall has made his decision. Now let him enforce it,” Jackson said. He ignored the Court enforce it,” Jackson said. He ignored the Court and carried out the Indian Removal Act passed and carried out the Indian Removal Act passed by Congress in 1830.by Congress in 1830.

Constitutional Powers of Constitutional Powers of the Presidentthe President

Article II grants the president broad Article II grants the president broad but vaguely described powers. He but vaguely described powers. He heads the executive branch, is heads the executive branch, is commander in chief, conducts foreign commander in chief, conducts foreign policy, and has judicial powers. policy, and has judicial powers.

The Founders intended for Congress The Founders intended for Congress to lead the country. Presidents have to lead the country. Presidents have expanded the power of their office expanded the power of their office and taken more of a leadership role.and taken more of a leadership role.

Presidential Expansion of Presidential Expansion of PowerPower

Theodore Roosevelt declared his intent Theodore Roosevelt declared his intent to do anything the needs of the nation to do anything the needs of the nation required if such action was not required if such action was not expressly forbidden by the Constitution. expressly forbidden by the Constitution.

During national crises, presidents like During national crises, presidents like Abraham Lincoln, Franklin D. Abraham Lincoln, Franklin D. Roosevelt, and George W. Bush greatly Roosevelt, and George W. Bush greatly expanded the powers of the presidency expanded the powers of the presidency as the federal government dealt with as the federal government dealt with dangers facing the United States. dangers facing the United States.

Limits of Presidential Power

Congress has the power to limit Congress has the power to limit presidential authority by overriding a presidential authority by overriding a veto or impeaching and removing the veto or impeaching and removing the president from office for abuse of power. president from office for abuse of power.

The Supreme Court can overturn The Supreme Court can overturn presidential actions.presidential actions.

Public opinion can limit the president’s Public opinion can limit the president’s actions, as it did with President Lyndon actions, as it did with President Lyndon Johnson’s policies in Vietnam and Johnson’s policies in Vietnam and President Clinton’s proposed national President Clinton’s proposed national health care program. health care program.

Presidential RolesPresidential Roles The President has 7 major roles.The President has 7 major roles.

1.1. As head of state: As head of state:

- represents the nation at ceremonial - represents the nation at ceremonial functions; - is considered more than a functions; - is considered more than a politician, but rather a symbol of the entire politician, but rather a symbol of the entire United States. United States.

2.2. As chief executive:As chief executive:

- influences how laws are executed - influences how laws are executed through executive orders, presidential through executive orders, presidential appointments, removal of appointed appointments, removal of appointed officials, and impoundment; also grants officials, and impoundment; also grants pardons, reprieves, or amnesty. pardons, reprieves, or amnesty.

President as Head of StatePresident as Head of State Entertaining the leaders of the Republic Entertaining the leaders of the Republic

of India at an official state dinner.of India at an official state dinner. Pardoning the Thanksgiving Turkey.Pardoning the Thanksgiving Turkey.

Chief ExecutiveChief Executive

President Obama signing a bill into President Obama signing a bill into law.law.

Presidential Roles Presidential Roles (cont.)(cont.)

3.3. As chief legislator, the president: As chief legislator, the president:

- proposes legislation to Congress, - proposes legislation to Congress, usually in the State of the Union usually in the State of the Union Address, his annual address to Congress.Address, his annual address to Congress.

4. 4. As economic planner, the president:As economic planner, the president:

- promotes high employment, - promotes high employment, production, and purchasing power; and production, and purchasing power; and is required to prepare the federal budget is required to prepare the federal budget each year. each year.

President as Chief President as Chief LegislatureLegislature

The State of the Union AddressThe State of the Union Address

Presidential Roles Presidential Roles (cont.)(cont.)

5.5. As party leader: As party leader:

- helps raise party funds and plan - helps raise party funds and plan campaign strategies; campaign strategies;

6.6. As commander in chief: As commander in chief:

- makes key military policy decisions; - makes key military policy decisions; supports war efforts on the home supports war efforts on the home front during wars; uses the armed front during wars; uses the armed forces to end disorders or give aid in forces to end disorders or give aid in natural disasters. natural disasters.

President as Party President as Party LeaderLeader

The President at the Republican The President at the Republican National Convention.National Convention.

President as Commander President as Commander in Chiefin Chief

The President meeting with soldiers.The President meeting with soldiers.

Presidential Roles Presidential Roles 7.7. As chief diplomat: As chief diplomat:

- directs foreign policy and - directs foreign policy and oversees foreign affairs oversees foreign affairs information agencies; has information agencies; has power to make treaties, with power to make treaties, with Senate approval; may make, Senate approval; may make, without congressional without congressional approval, approval, executive executive agreementsagreements having the force having the force of treaties with foreign of treaties with foreign nations; has the power to nations; has the power to recognize foreign recognize foreign governments. governments.

Clinton with a leader of Pakistan.

President as Chief President as Chief DiplomatDiplomat

Reagan with Soviet President Reagan with Soviet President Gorbachaf.Gorbachaf.

Obama with Chinese Foreign Obama with Chinese Foreign Minister.Minister.

Leadership Qualities and Skills

Presidents must understand the Presidents must understand the people. people.

Presidents must be able to Presidents must be able to communicate effectively and explain communicate effectively and explain their policies clearly in order to their policies clearly in order to inspire public support.inspire public support.

Presidents must know when the time Presidents must know when the time is right to introduce new policies or is right to introduce new policies or make key decisions. make key decisions.

Leadership Qualities and Skills

Successful presidents must:Successful presidents must: be flexible and open to new ideasbe flexible and open to new ideas be able to compromisebe able to compromise have political couragehave political courage

All the living PresidentsAll the living Presidents

Other Past PresidentsOther Past Presidents

Presidents back in the dayPresidents back in the day

Presidents in ChairsPresidents in Chairs

The Federal The Federal BureaucracyBureaucracy

Ch 10Ch 10

The Cabinet The Cabinet DepartmentsDepartments

A civilian that works for the federal A civilian that works for the federal government is called a government is called a bureaucratbureaucrat or or a a civil servantcivil servant..

The 15 executive departments are a The 15 executive departments are a major part of the federal major part of the federal bureaucracy and are headed by bureaucracy and are headed by secretaries and staffed with secretaries and staffed with assistant secretaries, deputy assistant secretaries, deputy secretaries, and directors of major secretaries, and directors of major units. units.

The Cabinet The Cabinet DepartmentsDepartments

Independent AgenciesIndependent Agencies The federal bureaucracy includes over 100 The federal bureaucracy includes over 100

independent organizations whose heads are independent organizations whose heads are appointed by the president.appointed by the president.

Some agencies such as the Central Some agencies such as the Central Intelligence Agency and the General Services Intelligence Agency and the General Services Administration provide services directly for Administration provide services directly for the executive branch. the executive branch.

Government corporations are independent Government corporations are independent agencies that directly serve the public, such agencies that directly serve the public, such as the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation as the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation and the United States Postal Service. and the United States Postal Service.

Include NASA, EPA, FEMA.Include NASA, EPA, FEMA.

Regulatory CommissionsRegulatory Commissions make rules for businesses and industries that make rules for businesses and industries that

affect the public interest; affect the public interest; are often under intense pressures from the are often under intense pressures from the

groups they regulate and their lobbyists; groups they regulate and their lobbyists; have become more limited in their powers have become more limited in their powers

because critics have complained that they because critics have complained that they over regulate the economy;over regulate the economy;

were the subject of regulatory reform by the were the subject of regulatory reform by the Republican Congress in the mid-1990s. Republican Congress in the mid-1990s.

The federal government has increased The federal government has increased regulation under the Obama administration.regulation under the Obama administration.

Regulatory CommissionsRegulatory Commissions

Influencing Policy Policy consists of all the actions and decisions Policy consists of all the actions and decisions

taken or not taken by the government. taken or not taken by the government. Federal bureaucrats carry out policy Federal bureaucrats carry out policy

decisions made by the president and decisions made by the president and Congress. Congress.

The bureaucracy often determines what the The bureaucracy often determines what the law means through the rules and regulations law means through the rules and regulations it issues. it issues.

Bureaucrats aid in shaping policy by helping Bureaucrats aid in shaping policy by helping Congress draft its new laws or by providing Congress draft its new laws or by providing ideas for legislation. ideas for legislation.