THE EXAMINATION OF THE BUILDING SHELLS DUE TO THE …€¦ · 1st International CIB Endorsed METU...

ABSTRACT

Buildings are usually covered by a shell, in order to provide the desired comfort condi-tions inside the building. A right settled building shell, composed of roof and/or wall,which separates indoor and outdoor should provide, visual, security, thermal, audio, psy-chological etc. comfort conditions for users. In the designs of multiple functioned shop-ping spaces, esthetics, security, comfort and hospitality become the first aims while theconception of the building shells. Nowadays, building shells are increasing in variety, dueto the improvement of building sector and the technological developments. Architectsshow their design talent by using the variety of building shells, either to invite the usersinside the building or to provide the users intimacy. One of the important examples ofbuilding type, which emphasizes the building design concept through the variety of build-ing shells, is the shopping space. In this paper, building shells were examined through theshopping spaces by their missions in the concept.

Shopping has been a popular human activity since the very early ages. Bazaar, arasta,bedesten, inn, ka-bbar, agora, fair, shop, market place, always have the same functions,through the shopping spaces’ history. In these days there is a tendency towards modernshopping centers, originating from America, especially since the first half of the 20th cen-tury, expanding to many countries all over the world. The real aim of shopping spaces isto offer new and inevitable living areas, as the same level and quality of their counterpartsin cities that will attract bigger capacities to come constantly. Shopping centers are nowturned into living spaces rather than just shopping spaces. People all go shopping spacesin part to shop, but they also go to see and be seen, to be entertained, often by nothingmore than the passing crowd, to relax. Architectural design and the building shell of shop-ping spaces have always to be subsidiary in retailing and the presentation should be enter-taining, however, the focus must always be the shopping itself.

Keywords: Building Shell, Shopping, Shopping Space

REFERENCES

AYDIN, B. (1999), Theme - Shopping Centers as Usage Spaces: New Agoras, Domus M, Architec-ture Design Art Communication, (October-November, no. 1), pp. 67-147, Ýstanbul.

CEYLAN, O. (1989), Geleneksel Türk Osmanlý Yapýlarýnýn Oluþumu, Geliþimi ve Yakýn DoðuKültürleri ile Olan Etkileþimleri, unpublished PhD dissertation, MSÜ FBE, Ýstanbul.

www.skyscrapercity.com/showthread.php?t=209595&goto=nextnewestwww.ulusalgazeteler.com/online_alisveris/alisveris_merkezi.htmwww.wowturkey.com

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THE EXAMINATION OF THE BUILDING SHELLS DUE TO THESHOPPING SPACES

Aslý Pýnar Biket, Ürün Biçer ÖzkunFaculty of Architecture, Yýldýz Technical University, Turkey [email protected], [email protected]

1st International CIB Endorsed METU Postgraduate Conference Built Environment & Information Technologies, Ankara, 2006

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ABSTRACT

The course Introduction to Architectural Design, taught during the fall-spring semestersat the YTU Architecture Department is especially important because it develops the per-sonality and creative thinking of the students. The main structure of the Introduction toArchitectural Design course was established by use of Kolb’s, quadruple experimentallearning theory (1984). (a) Concrete experience; learning through experience, learningfrom a defined experience, learning by doing; (b) Active experimentation; learning bydoing, developing the ability to learn from what has been done; (c) Reflective observa-tion; looking at problems from different perspectives, analyzing meaning of objects; (d)Abstract conceptualization; learning by thinking, thought analysis, systemic planning.Thus from Kolb’s theory, the process of abstract conceptualization from concrete experi-ence and at the end the objectification of concepts starts in Introduction to ArchitecturalDesign according to these targets: (a) Reading and analyzing the environment; (b) Origi-nating the creative force and freeing the imagination (setting up a creative thinkingprocess); (c) Communication with form and self expression; (d) Creative design problemsolving ability. According to the direction of these goals, exposing and deepening thesense of perception developing the visual language and expression via the communicationmethod of architectural language, gains importance. The word language indicates a meansof communication whether verbal or visual. According to Felder and Brent (1994) mostpeople are visual learners (90%-95%). So, what is called presentation is the language ofthe designers that can be in various manners for various purposes. In this poster, the prac-tices of the students in Introduction to Architectural Design courses in Y.T.U. Architectur-al Department through 2004-2005, using visual communication methods to improve thestudents’ ability to create and to express them take helped to support the process of think-ing on various design problems. It is therefore possible to raise the quality of the productsby strengthening visual communication and developing suitable methods through the edu-cation period.

Keywords: Creative Thinking, Visual Communication Methods, First Year Students

REFERENCES

AYTUÐ, A. (2000), Mimari Tasarým 1, unpublished Course Notes, YTU, Ýstanbul.FELDER, R., BRENT, R. (1994), Effective Teaching: A Workshop, The Center for Promotion Teach-

ing, Technion, I.I.T, Haifa, Israel.KOLB, D.A. (1984), Experiential Learning: Experience as The Source of Learning and Develop-

ment, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J.

FROM ABSTRACT TO CONCRETE: VISUAL COMMUNICATIONIN DESIGN

Özlem Þenyiðit*, Çiðdem Polatoðlu Baytin*, N. Ferah Akýncý*, Ayfer Aytuð**Faculty of Architecture, Yýldýz Technical University, Istanbul-Turkey [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]


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INVESTIGATION THE URBAN IDENTITY KARMI (KARAMAN)AND ESENTEPE VILLAGES: FINDING OUT THE STRATEGIESFOR THE SUSTAINABILITY THE CULTURAL IDENTITY OFESENTEPE VILLAGE

M. Selen Abbasoðlu1, Kamil Guley2

1Faculty of Fine Art, Cyprus International University, Cyprus2Faculty of Architecture, ,Eastern Mediterrenean University, [email protected], [email protected]

ABSTRACT

Whether people are aware of it or not, all cities have their own identities. Generally, thecity identity is composed of the activities of guiding, rulling, perceiving manner of the citythat makes in it and the things that have been lived. Harmony of the city that makes theliving environment and the values that more the city is quite important in the formation ofthe identity. (Güley, 2001)

The authors’ main aim in this research, is to analyze sustainability of urban identity to differentpoint of views in two different villages of the Cyprus which include spoilt and unspoilt urbanidentities. In this paper two villages selected as situated a in Kyrenia tourism center of Cyprus.Karmi (Karaman) Village(it preserves the urban identity character and tradition inside) andEsentepe Village (it does not preserve the urban identity character and tradition inside) consi-dered as a pilot villages in Kyrenia. The development of these villages in time process, the fac-tors that affect the urban identity, identical change process aspects that play a role these chan-ges are analyzed in this paper.

Considering its main concerns, the result of the whole paper can be summarized as follows:Village of Esentepe is will be unlivable place if the unhealthy and unplanned building cons-tructions do not stop as soon as possible.Therefore, some urgent planning politics should beformed and flexible operation decisions should be determinated before the big and versatileindefiniteness endanger the sustainability and the development of the city. On the other hand,Karmi (Karaman) village should be considered as the most successful example for the protec-tion of Esentepe Village and all other traditional areas in Cyprus.

Keywords: Urban Identity, Karmi Village, Esentepe Village, Sustainability, Cyprus,

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSpecial thanks go to our friend Iltem Enginol for all her spiritual helps.

REFERENCES

APPLEYARD, D. and JACOBS, A. (1982), Toward An Urban Design Manifesto, IURD WorkingPaper 384, University of California at Berkeley, June.

FASLI, M. and PAÞAOÐULLARI, N. (2001), The Significance of A Place Identity for TouristAttraction, Case Study: Bellapais, in Proceedings of International Congress:Livenarch 2001Livable Environments & Architecture, Karadeniz Teknik University (4-7 July 2001), Trab-zon, Turkey.

GULEY, K. (2001), Kent Kimliði Deðiþim Sürecinin Gazi Maðusa Örneðinde Ýncelenmesi, MimarSinan University, (unpublished master thesis), Ýstanbul.

LYNCH, K. (1990), City Sense and City Design, The MIT Press, London.OKTAY, D. (1997), The Meaning and Use of Open Spaces in Housing Areas: Resident’s Responses


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in Northern Cyprus, paper presented in the International Culture and Space in the HomeEnvironments Symposium, (4-7 June 1997), Ýstanbul.

OKTAY, D. (1998), Urban Spatial Patterns and Local Identity: Evaluation in A Cypriot Town, OpenHouse International , (vol. 23, no. 3), pp. 17-23.

ONAL, S. (1994), Functional and Physical Analysis of Squares-Publis Spaces in The Seljuk andOttoman Cities in Turkiye, University of Notthingham, (unpublished PhD dissertation),U.K.

ONAL, Þ. and DAÐLI, U. (1998), Revitalization of Yeni Boðaziçi (Ayios Seryios) Village in NorthCyprus, Educational Support Series no.1, Eastern Mediterrenean University, Cyprus.

TOWN PLANNING DEPARTMENT (2005), North Cyprus Villages Figure Ground.WEBSTER (1983), Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary. http://www.elca.org/countrypackets/cyprus/map.jpg

763

ÝZMÝR AND SKYSCRAPERS

Malike ÖzsoyFaculty of Interior Design, Yasar University, [email protected]

ABSTRACT

Skyscrapers help perceive our cities in third dimension and form an important componentof their silhouettes. They were born out of a desire to maximize usable indoor space onplots of limited size. The first examples were seen in the USA in parallel to industrializa-tion and rapid urban growth. First skyscrapers were built in Chicago and New York whilesteel constructions rapidly multiplied everywhere. They were located in city centers wherethere was not much of architectural heritage to be conserved. On the contrary, in city cen-ters of European cities tall buildings are not encountered rather they are placed in newdevelopment zones (Öke, 1989).

Skyscraper buildings started in Turkey in early 1950’s but didn’t exceed the height of 25floors until 1970’s. After 1985 buildings having 30-50-storey were designed and built. Incities where historical values and architectural aesthetics are valued, skyscrapers are locat-ed at the periphery and developed in a planned manner while also supported by vast openspaces (Ünal, 1994). A number of factors come into play when the location of skyscrap-ers is questioned from the viewpoint of livable and healthy environments. These includefollowings: Provision of green spaces in order to balance high building ratios; Design ofsufficient streets and boulevards in relation to building heights; Development of appropri-ate infrastructure in relation to building density; And finally the position of technical,social and cultural facilities.

The aim of this presentation in to compare Turkish and foreign skyscraper developmentswhilst considering the case of Ýzmir. It is evident that the Turkish examples ignore muchof the above-mentioned criteria for the sake of maximization of income. The dispersednature of skyscrapers in our cities causes a variety of urban problems and negatively altersthe silhouette of their cities.

Keywords: Skyscraper, Historical Values, Silhouette

REFERENCESÖKE, A. (1989), Dünyada ve Türkiye’de Yüksek Yapýlarýn Geliþmesi, Yapý, p. 102.ÜNAL, Ö. (1994), Gökdelenlerin Kentsel Mekanlara Etkileri ve Uygulamalarda Karþýlaþýlan Sorun-

lar ÝzmirHilton Oteli Örneði, Research Report.


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PROBLEMS IN RECOVERY OF USED BUILDING MATERIALS

Fatma Zehra ÇakýcýDepartment of Architecture, Middle East Technical University, Turkey [email protected], [email protected]

ABSTRACT

Today because of changes in the zoning plans, structural problems, building obsolescenceand owner’s wishes, old buildings are being demolished to erect newer, larger and tallerones (Çakýcý, 2005). Deconstruction requires disassembling, salvaging or recoveringmaterials and components from the structure manually. According to a report prepared byNAHB (1997), the process of building deconstruction is simply reverse order of construc-tion, that is, the material that was assembled last to the structure is the first to be disman-tled and so on. However, in practice, this process cannot be carried out so simply. Someproblems can occur during the dismantling processes.

The overall aim of this presentation is to determine problems in recovery of used build-ing materials from the structure. In this context, a case study and informal interviews withdemolishers were carried out. Therefore, it was possible to determine several problemsfaced in the recovery of used building materials. These problems include worker’s inex-perience and lack of appropriate tools, as well as materials, components and connectionsthat give rise to difficulties during the deconstruction of buildings. For instance, an inex-perienced worker, engaged in the deconstruction and demolition of a building observed,spent more than forty minutes to disassemble a glazed-2-bays window while other work-ers deconstructed the same sized window about fifteen to twenty minutes. Also, the begin-ner worker not only broke down whole windowpanes, but also severely damaged the tim-ber frame of the window. Furthermore, another worker recovered the built-in wardorobewith the help of a pickaxe. Due to the lack of appropriate tools, he damaged the items ofthe built-in wardorobe.

Consequently, training programme should be provided for workers engaged in the decon-struction and demolition job. Moreover, for ease of deconstruction, techniques should bedeveloped, and required tools and equipment should be provided to deconstruct existingbuildings that are not designed for disassembly. Finally, types and connections of materi-als and components to be used in a building should be designed for eventual disassembly.

Keywords: Building Deconstruction, Deconstruction, Problems in Recovery Works,Recovery of Used Building Materials, Used Building Materials

REFERENCESÇAKICI, F.Z. (2005), The Process and Feasibility of Building Deconstruction: A Case Study in

Ankara, Middle East Technical University, (unpublished master thesis), Ankara.NAHB RESEARCH CENTER, (1997), Deconstruction: Building Disassembly and Material Sal-

vage: The Riverdale Case Study, Prepared for U.S. Environmental Protection Agency andThe Urban and Economic Development Division, by the NAHB Research Center Inc.,Upper Marlboro, MD, USA.


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INNOVATIVE MASONRY BUILDING SOLUTIONS FROM THEARCHITECTURAL POINT OF VIEW FOR SMALL SCALE-CITIES INTURKEY

Aslý Er AkanFaculty of Architecture, Middle East Technical University, [email protected]

ABSTRACT

In most countries of the world residential construction is at a turning point. The issues of pro-viding large numbers of people with housing are being replaced increasingly by problems ofimproving the quality of housing. Today the vast majority of urban population in Turkey is liv-ing in multi-story apartment blocks constructed of reinforced concrete due to the fact that in20th century steel and concrete took the place of masonry. Notwithstanding masonry is still acrucial material for load bearing walls, internal walls and cladding of buildings. In addition tothis masonry construction system has many advantages. From the architectural point of view,it provides flexibility in plan, spatial composition, wide variety of colours and textures and animpressive appearance for external walls. From the construction point of view, masonry sys-tem eliminates the cost of the frame because the structure is also the enclosing wall. In spite ofthese advantages, until recently, masonry was not considered to be a convenient material forbuilding construction in seismic zones of Turkey. In these regions, the common material forresidential buildings is reinforced concrete.

Due to the developments in technology new construction materials whose properties are notexactly known started to be used instead of the common construction materials. Thus brick haslost its importance as a construction material. The majority of the built environment consists oftypical five-storey reinforced concrete buildings in Turkey as a result of the unhealthy urban-ization period in Turkey mostly in 1950s and 1960s. In fact, urbanization problem started in1920s. Initially, this urbanization process affects Ankara since Ankara is the capital of Turkey.So, the positive and the negative effects of urbanization can be seen in Ankara. During thisperiod, effects of this great urbanization process started to spread from Ankara to the nearestcities. Therefore in this study some of these cities which, are Kýrýkkale, Çankýrý, Çorum, Düzce,Bolu and Kastamonu, are investigated. These cities are located in earthquake prone areas ofTurkey so this is another important point that has been taken into consideration while choos-ing these cities. For these cities three-storey masonry residential buildings are proposed insteadof multi-story reinforced concrete apartment blocks. Also it is aimed to develop architecturaland structural solutions for these masonry buildings.

Therefore, in this part of the study cost analyses are performed on two different structural mate-rials: masonry and reinforced concrete. According to observations in case studies a typicalsmall-scale three-storey apartment building is designed. Then, firstly it is estimated that thebuilding is constructed with reinforced concrete. According to this assumption cost analysis ofthis building was done with the unit prices that is derived from The Ministry of Public Worksand Settlement. Secondly, it is assumed that the building is constructed with masonry. The costanalysis of the masonry apartment building is done too. The results of these cost analyses indi-cates that the cost of the masonry building system is nearly half of the cost of the reinforcedconcrete building system.

Keywords: Masonry Buildings, Residential Buildings, Seismic Zones of Turkey


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REFERENCESRAMCKE, P., ZILCH, A. (2001), Masonry Construction Manual, Birkhauser, Berlin, p. 11, 276.SCHNEIDER, R.R., DICKEY, W.L. (1994), Reinforced Masonry Design, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs,

New Jersey, p. 23.http://www.deprem.gov.tr/linkhart.htm, General Directorate of Disaster Affairs Earthquake Research

Department.http://www.yerelsecim.com/DetaySon.asp?HABERID=502000; Genel Nüfus Sayýmý Sonuçlarý.http://www.bayindirlik.gov.tr; The Ministry of Public Works and Settlements.www.ibiblio.org/ wm/paint/auth/bruegel/; WebMuseum Paris.

769

HAZARD SEISMIC STUDIES FOR THE ROMANIAN CAPITAL

Stefan Florin Balan*, Carmen Ortanza Cioflan*, Bogdan Felix Apostol**National Institute of Research Development for Earth Physics, [email protected]

ABSTRACT

Appling the shake map methodology for seismic hazard studies on a sector of Bucharest,the capital of Romania, we have the possibility for the representation of the seismic effectsover an area. About this region we know geological and geotechnical profiles. The calcu-lus of the seismic signal between source and base rock is based on the source characteris-tics of the 30.08.1986 earthquake, generating a synthetic signal from the source, which istransferred to the base rock of the different points in the studied sector of the city, usingthe method of summing multimodal media in semi-stratificated space. As results are pre-sented 3 maps with accelerations: recorded during the seismic event, recordings as a resultof the synthetic transfer and as the result of a Shake analysis at the surface. It can be seenthat the difference between the real recording and the simulated one is not exceeding 10%,what proves that the simulation technique can be extended to all points where we do nothave recordings.

Keywords: Shake Map, Hazard, Acceleration, Rock Base

REFERENCESPANZA, G.F. (1993), Synthetic Seismograms for Multimode Summation — Theory And Computa-

tional Aspects, Acta Geod. Geoph. Mont. Hyng., (vol. 28, no. 1-2), pp. 197-247.PANZA, G.F., ROMANELLI, F., VACCARI, F. (2000), Seismic Waves Propagation in Laterally

Heterogeneous Anelastic Media: Theory and Applications to Seismic Zonation, at ICTPWorkshop on 3D Modelling of Seismic Waves Generation and Their Propagation (Septem-ber 25 — October 6 2000), p. 153.

GUSEV, A.A. (1983), Descriptive Statistical Model of Earthquake Source Radiation and Its Appli-cation to An Estimation of Short Period Strong Motion, Geophys. J. R. Astr. Soc., no. 74, pp.784-808.

FLORSCH, N., FÄH, D., SUHADOLC, P., PANZA, G.F. (1991), Complete Synthetic SeismogramsFor High-Frequency Multimode SH-Waves, PAGEOPH, no. 136, pp. 529-560.

RADULIAN, M., VACCARI, F., MANDRESCU, N., PANZA, G.F., MOLDOVEANU, C.L. (2000),Deterministic Hazard Computation for Vrancea (Romania) Subcrustal Earthquakes, in Pro-ceedings of 3rd EU - Japan Workshop on Seismic Risk, (27-29 March 2000, Kyoto), pp. 61-67.


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THE URBAN SPRAWL AND MACROFORM DEVELOPMENT INANKARA: THE EMERGENCE OF NEW TOWN AND NEW CBD

A. Duygu Kaçar*, Feray Koca**Faculty of Architecture, Middle East Technical University, [email protected], [email protected]

ABSTRACT

Contemporary urban life is revealed as a mobile interaction from individual to global. Inthis perspective, cities and regions become the places of flow, movement and exchange.There emerged flexible regime of accumulation and new service sectors became popular.These new service sector developments have encouraged new office growth by reshapingof urban skylines. Technological developments at communication systems and other infra-structural systems like Internet, mobile phone and the new information technologiesrearranged the spatial pattern of activities in extended cities and metropolitan regions(Graham, 2000). Advanced industrial production with post industrialism leads to thedecentralization from the inner city, peripheral urbanization and the emergence of indus-trialized outer city (Le Gates & Stout, 2000).

Similarly, since 1950s, rapid population growth and economic developments caused arapid urbanization in Turkey and also in Ankara. In 1928, Ankara was planned by Her-mann Jansen with a competition project. Jansen accepted Ulus as the historical center ofthe city and offered Kýzýlay / Yeniþehir as the new city center.

Since 1932, the population of Ankara rated from 30.000 to 4 million. With the increasingpopulation, residential areas turned into business district and in the late 1970s, suburbansettlements and satellite towns were planned by decision makers, 15-30 km away from thecity center. After 1980s, a rapid office building construction process has started in citycenter in which financial and producer services have a tendency to accumulate. While pro-ducer services intensified on city center, consumer services have a tendency to sprawl toresidential areas and city peripheries. At this sprawl, the main transportation routes andtechnological developments have been very effective. The extending west part of the cityhas been occupied with the new CBD and residential districts (new towns), which com-pete with the old settlement and CBD’s of Ankara today (Terasaka & Mizuuchi, 1998).

Briefly, we can say that Ankara has sprawled rapidly in the south and west axis in the last20 years. It is believed that the growth of advanced service industries will be critical infor-mation to the development of city-regions and indeed to national economic progress overthe first decades of the new century. Therefore, the aim of the present poster is to discussthe restructuring of services in terms of spatial transformation of Ankara, which is anincreasingly important process of urban development.

Keywords: Urban Sprawl, Urban Transformation, Mobility, Service.

REFERENCES:

GRAHAM, S. (2000), Constructing Premium Network Spaces: Reflections on Infrastructure Net-works and Contemporary Urban Development, International Journal of Urban and Region-al Research, (vol. 24, no.1).


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LE GATES, R., STOUT, F. (2000), The City Reader, Taylor and Francis Group, Routledge, St.Edmundsbury Press, Bury St Edmunds, Suffolk, Great Britain.

TERASAKA, A. and MIZUUCHI, T. (1998), Geographical Views in The Middle Eastern Cities IVMigration & Ankara, The Study Group on Middle Eastern Cities, Ryutsu Keizai Universi-ty, pp. 88-108.

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ARCHITECTURAL LEGIBILITY IN ANCIENT PART OF SHIRAZ,IRAN (2500 YEARS OLD CITY)

Farnaz PakdelFaculty of Architecture, Department of Architecture, Eastern Mediterranean University,Gazimagusa, North Cyprus via Mersin 10, [email protected], [email protected]

ABSTRACT

Physical space as a word does not have any specific characteristic, but when a group of peoplestarts acting in that space, it immediately takes on a sense for itself, and a meaningful spacewill be created. Therefore, space becomes the place of human behavior and activity screen andplace makes people too. According to Le Corbusier (1931, 69 ff.), “human, after growing thesocial structure and culture, began to modify their natural environment to fit with their needs,the shelter was the appearance of primitive dwelling, but at the same time they create environ-ments spatial structure “regulated” the chaotic natural environment.” Place is formed with thepeople performance, which has been affected by the natural and social factors.

The observation and experience show that, in Iran the example of urban with high quality oflife and well-defined environment can be founded mostly in the historic cities, where physicaland natural elements were integrated in terms of human need. Therefore by analyzing historiccites there are possibilities to understand present condition and find appropriate way of quali-fying the future of urban development.

The objective of this paper is to present the findings of analysis to put forward architecturallegibility of the ancient part of Shiraz. Shiraz is one of the oldest cities in the world, which issituated in southwestern Iran. Its name can be found in the Elamite inscriptions of Persepolis(500 B.C).

Keywords: Legibility, Legible City, Shiraz.

REFERENCESDALTON, R. BAFNA, S. (2003), The Syntactical Image of The City: A Reciprocal Definition of

Spatial Elements and Spatial Syntaxes, in Proceeding of 4th International Space Syntax Sym-posium London, London, pp. 59.1- 59.22

KELLY, A. (2001), Building Legible Cities.Lynch, K. (1960), The Image of the City, M.I.T. Press, Cambridge.NENCI, A. M., DE ROSA A. M. S, TESTA, G.,CARRUS, G. (2000) ,People, Place, Sustainability:

Social and Architectural Legibility of the City, Hogrefe& Huber Publishers.OKTAY, D. (2005), Interfaces Between Local Urban Context, Identity and Sustainability: Analysis

in Two Mediterranean Towns- Taomina And Kyrenia, in Proceedings of International Con-ference for Integrating Urban Knowledge & Practice.

RAMADIER, T. MOSER, G. (1998), Social Legibility, The Cognitive Map And Urban Behavior,Journal Of Environment Psychology, (vol.18) pp. 307-319.

RUGGERI, D. (2000), Learning From A Small Town; Community Participation as the FoundationFor a 21st Century Design Process,

SANE, M. (1991), Photography in Shiraz, Soroush Press, Tehran.SHOKOUHI, M. (2003), Legible Cities: The Role of Visual Clues and Pathways Configuration in

Legibility of Cities, in Proceedings of 4th international Space Syntax Symposium London,pp. 71-1, 71-14

SULTANZADE, H. (1994), Urban Spaces in the Historical Texture of Iran, Cultural Research


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Bureau and Municipality of Tehran Press, Tehran.VAHIDI, T. (1975), the Examination of Economical and Social Facilities in the City Textures,

(unpublished PhD thesis). WERNER, S., LONG, P., Cognition Meets Le Corbusier- Cognitive Principles of Architectural

Design.WERNER, S. SCHINDLER, L. (2004), The Role of Spatial Reference Frames in Architecture

Misalignment Impairs Way-Finding Performance, ZMUDZINSKA, M. (2003), Searching for Legible City Form: Kevin Lynch’s Theory in Contempo-

rary Perspective, Journal of Urban Technology, (vol. 10, no. 3), pp. 19-39.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiraz,_Iran; Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

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USE OF COMPUTERS IN GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING EDUCATIONErdal ÇokçaMiddle East Technical University, Department of Civil Engineering, Ankara, [email protected]

ABSTRACT

The use of computers in undergraduate courses is becoming a more widespread form ofteaching in civil engineering education. In this paper, first the state-of-practice in under-graduate geotechnical engineering education is given. Than the internet resources aregiven for the computer aided learning of the undergraduate introductory courses in geot-echnical engineering (Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering).

Internet based teaching tools may be used for delivering soil mechanics and foundationengineering courses. Computer enhanced classrooms/visual presentation may help thestudents to better understand the subjects.

Resources Currently Available:

PC Programs

Cd-rom resources

Web-based resources

An approach is proposed for the delivery of these courses by mixing traditional methodssuch as lectures, laboratory work and textbooks with interactive on-line learning resources(PC Programs, web based resources and CD-ROM resources).

It is likely that, in the future, computer aided learning will play a more prominent role inteaching and learning practices than at present. This is due to the continued falling costsof computer hardware, the increasing presence of the internet. In addition, it seems cer-tain that many more online courses, simulations and virtual laboratories will be offeredover the internet.

Keywords: computers, geotechnical engineering, education

REFERENCES

BUDHU, M. (2000), Numerical and Visualization Techniques in Geotechnical Engineering Educa-tion, ASCE Geotechnical Special Publication No.109, 2000, pp.39-47.

MÝRATA, T. (2001). Laboratory Instructions for Soil Mechanics Students. Department of CivilEngineering, METU.

SHARMA, S. and HARDCASTLE, J.H. (2000), Geotechnical Laboratory, A Multimedia Experi-ence, ASCE Geotechnical Special Publication No.109, 2000, pp.48-59.


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MATHEMATICS AS A TOOL TO EVALUATE BIOMIMETICINSPIRATIONS: A STUDY ON SEASHELL MODELLING

Semra Arslan SelçukDepartment of Architecture, Faculty of Architecture, Middle East Technical University, [email protected]

ABSTRACTBiomimesis is a new term introduced and discussed systematically in 20th century defines theconception of existence of models and solutions in nature to improve and optimize the way ofliving mankind. Actually “inspiring from nature” is as old as the mankind and it can be seen inmany products. In architecture, there are several designs created by imitating/modeling orinspiring by the forms in nature. It is seen that most of the end products of those inspirationsare the milestones in the history of architecture with their innovative form, structure and con-struction techniques. However this success is limited with only the forms and shapes abstract-ed therefore, potentials of providing lightweight structures with high resistance to static anddynamic loads, less energy consumption etc. are mostly ignored due to lack of technology tounderstand best ideas in natural world.As discussed in many architectural styles, Biomimesis is mostly observed in the design offorms/shapes of buildings. Throughout history architects admired and inspired by the colors,patterns, shapes and forms of the natural beauties and imitated this forms to create challengingbuildings. In the last century developments in science and computer technologies revealedmuch potential for architects by understanding the “algorithmic beauty” of natural objects.While the aim of using computers at the beginning was developing new techniques for creat-ing representation medium in architecture, in recent years, the introduction of computer tech-nology in architecture has led important implications in terms making mathematical models ofcomplex forms both in the method of drawing production and in the method of producing datafor their structural analysis and manufacturing as well. Through the increasing availability ofsoftware incorporating tools, creating and using more complex forms and structures is becom-ing more accessible to the architects who are inspiring from the sophisticated models of natu-ral world. In literature there are numerous examples where natural forms have been fairlyapplied to architecture, but potential of Biomimesis is far from being exhausted. There are endless inspiring structural forms played out in nature, but in most cases the com-plexity of these forms causes problems while creating the mathematical models. However“seashells” which are all times subject of interest of architects and artists are one of the natu-ral forms whose functions are simple enough to be approximated by mathematical relations.Architects, artists and mathematicians admire the beauty of these shells; some are fascinatedby the various shapes and others are attracted to the different colors and unique patterns sinceancient times. Especially the mathematics; such as symmetry, self similarity and fractals, gold-en ratio, logarithm spirals etc. beneath those shapes and structures invited the researchers todescribe their mathematical model and reconstruction by the aid of the computer. In this poster presentation besides of those forms/shapes in nature, the mathematical model ofcoiled seashell is prepared. This model is expected to be a data base to analyze structuralbehavior and the optimized response to internal and external loads of these forms with theirgeometrical configurations. It is believed that in the further steps, discussing a “systematic” forthe design by nature and a “system design” for innovative structure design in architecture willbe available. Keywords: Biomimesis In Architecture, Shell Buildings, Seashells, Non Dimensional Param-eters


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