The Evolution of The Evolution of PsychologyPsychology

Course OutlineCourse Outline I. History and Approaches (Chapter 1) 2-4%I. History and Approaches (Chapter 1) 2-4% A. Logic, Philosophy, and History of ScienceA. Logic, Philosophy, and History of Science B. ApproachesB. Approaches -Historical approaches: structuralist, -Historical approaches: structuralist,

functionalist, psychodynamic, humanistic functionalist, psychodynamic, humanistic -Other approaches: Biological, behavioral, -Other approaches: Biological, behavioral,

cognitive, sociocultural, evolutionarycognitive, sociocultural, evolutionary Essential QuestionsEssential Questions Why should we study psychology? Why should we study psychology? How did the study of psychology develop?How did the study of psychology develop?

(Spiral) Psychology’s Roots(Spiral) Psychology’s Roots Read pgs. 2-6. Name and describe

the first perspectives and scientists in each major respective psychological field. Your major words are

1.structuralism,

2. functionalism,

3.psychoanalysis (search book)

4.behaviorism,

5. humanism, and

6.cognitive neuroscience.

“Physiological psychology is, therefore, first of all psychology.” Wilhelm Wundt

Structuralism vs FunctionalismStructuralism vs Functionalism Out of all of the historical schools of psychology, these Out of all of the historical schools of psychology, these

are the most difficult to understand.are the most difficult to understand. Review structuralism and functionalism in your Review structuralism and functionalism in your

textbooks. Pay attention to key words.textbooks. Pay attention to key words. Role play the following situation with a partner Role play the following situation with a partner focusing focusing

on key wordson key words. One of you will play the part of a . One of you will play the part of a structuralist. The other will play the part of a functionalist. structuralist. The other will play the part of a functionalist.

Randolf becomes interested in burning and freezing Randolf becomes interested in burning and freezing sensations on his skin. He notices that the sensations sensations on his skin. He notices that the sensations are similar. are similar.

What would a structuralist say to Randolf?What would a structuralist say to Randolf? What would a functionalist say to Randolf?What would a functionalist say to Randolf?

Who’s Who Activity IntroWho’s Who Activity Intro Match each quote or set of key words to Match each quote or set of key words to

each historical school of thought. each historical school of thought. Then match each psychologist to each Then match each psychologist to each

quote or set of key words.quote or set of key words. USE YOUR BOOK AND LECTURE USE YOUR BOOK AND LECTURE

NOTES TO HELP YOU!NOTES TO HELP YOU! Ready?!Ready?!

Wilhelm Wundt: The Father of Psychology

Stanley Hall: behaviorist, founder of the APA and Psychology’s American nanny

(Spiral) Who’s Who Activity(Spiral) Who’s Who Activity1.1. ““In my early professionals years I was asking the In my early professionals years I was asking the

question: How can I treat, or cure, or change this question: How can I treat, or cure, or change this person? Now I would phrase the question in this way: person? Now I would phrase the question in this way: How can I provide a relationship which this person How can I provide a relationship which this person may use for his own personal growth?” may use for his own personal growth?”

2.2. ““Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and my own specified world to bring them up in and I’ll my own specified world to bring them up in and I’ll guarantee to take any one at random and train him to guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I might select.”become any type of specialist I might select.”

3.3. Consciousness, basic elements, introspection, sensesConsciousness, basic elements, introspection, senses

4.4. ““The greatest discovery of my generation is that The greatest discovery of my generation is that human beings can alter their lives by altering their human beings can alter their lives by altering their attitudes of mind.”attitudes of mind.”

5.5. ““A man should not strive to eliminate his [inner] A man should not strive to eliminate his [inner] complexes but to get into accord with them: they are complexes but to get into accord with them: they are legitimately what directs his conduct in the world.”legitimately what directs his conduct in the world.”

PsychoanalysisPsychoanalysis

HumanismHumanism

FunctionalismFunctionalism

StructuralismStructuralism

BehaviorismBehaviorism

•John B. Watson

•Wilhelm Wundt

•Sigmund Freud

•Edward Titchener

•William James

•Carl Rogers

The arrival of modern psychology . . .

What does modern psychology DO?What does modern psychology DO? It can’t speak to issues like this:It can’t speak to issues like this: ““Why should I live? Why should I do anything? Is there in Why should I live? Why should I do anything? Is there in life any life any purpose purpose

which the inevitable death that waits me does which the inevitable death that waits me does not undo and not undo and destroy?” destroy?” -Leo Tolstoy, famous Russian novelist-Leo Tolstoy, famous Russian novelist

Lighten up, Leo!Lighten up, Leo! It can address ideas such as these:It can address ideas such as these: ““Knowledge transforms us . . . Learning psychology’s findings also Knowledge transforms us . . . Learning psychology’s findings also

changes people: They less often judge psychological disorders as changes people: They less often judge psychological disorders as moral failings, treatable by punishment and ostracism. They less moral failings, treatable by punishment and ostracism. They less often regard and treat women as men’s mental inferiors. They less often regard and treat women as men’s mental inferiors. They less often view and rear children as ignorant, willful beasts in need of often view and rear children as ignorant, willful beasts in need of taming” (Myers, 11)taming” (Myers, 11)

The Point:The Point: Psych helps people understand each other. Psych helps people understand each other.

(spiral) Modern Psychological (spiral) Modern Psychological Perspectives Perspectives Skill: Cause/Effect. Skill: Cause/Effect. Myers pgs. 6-11Myers pgs. 6-11. . Make three columns. Write each gold term in the Make three columns. Write each gold term in the first columnfirst column In the In the second columnsecond column, write , write three facts three facts about each of these modern types of about each of these modern types of

psychology. You may include definitions, how each developed, and key concepts. psychology. You may include definitions, how each developed, and key concepts. In the In the third columnthird column, use critical analysis and the background information the text , use critical analysis and the background information the text

gives you to infer gives you to infer whywhy each would be of use in our modern society. each would be of use in our modern society. Here are the terms:Here are the terms:

Biological and evolutionary perspectivesBiological and evolutionary perspectives Cognitive approachCognitive approach Sociocultural perspectives (cultural diversity),Sociocultural perspectives (cultural diversity), Basic researchBasic research Applied psychology (research) Applied psychology (research) Counseling psychologyCounseling psychology Clinical psychology, Clinical psychology, PsychiatryPsychiatry

Put them together Put them together and what do you get?and what do you get?

biopsychosocial approachbiopsychosocial approach: an integrated approach that : an integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and socio-cultural levels of incorporates biological, psychological, and socio-cultural levels of analysis.analysis.

A Birth in Psychology Visual:

Based on your reading, make a visual

aid that explains how and why psychology or one of its perspectives came about. It must contain five facts.

Present. As you hear people present, add to your visuals.

(Spiral) FRQ Basics(Spiral) FRQ Basics

If you were to encounter a FRQ that asked you to write about _________, which three words/phrases would you include for certain?1. Structuralism

2. Functionalism

3. Psychoanalysis

4. Behaviorism

5. Humanism

6. Cognition

7. Biological Perspectives

8. Evolutionary Perspectives

FRQ Basics Ctd.FRQ Basics Ctd. If you were to encounter a FRQ that asked you to write about _________, which

three words/phrases would you include for certain?

1. Structuralism: basic elements of consciousness, senses, introspection

2. Functionalism: consciousness, senses, adaptation, emotions

3. Psychoanalysis: unconscious, childhood, analysis, insight, defense mechanisms

4. Behaviorism: environment, observable behavior, stimulus, conditioning

5. Humanism: free will, growth, uniqueness, needs, potential

6. Cognition: thought processes, thinking, mind, problem solving, decision making, memory, language, structure/restructure

7. Biological Perspectives: brain, genetics, inheritance, nervous system, neurotransmitters, hormones

8. Evolutionary Perspectives: natural selection, adapt, fitness, survival, reproduction

Careers in Pscyhology

(Spiral) Psych Careers (Spiral) Psych Careers WorkshopWorkshop Set up a chart with these subtitles in your spiral:Set up a chart with these subtitles in your spiral:

SpecialtySpecialty Characteristics Education Work Locations (Salary) Misc. Characteristics Education Work Locations (Salary) Misc.

Begin by selecting four Begin by selecting four specialtiesspecialties from the list below: from the list below: Clinical/Counseling (includes private practice, MFT, drug counseling, and Clinical/Counseling (includes private practice, MFT, drug counseling, and

social work)social work) Private Practice (4 sets of just about everything)Private Practice (4 sets of just about everything) NeuropsychologyNeuropsychology Marriage and Family TherapyMarriage and Family Therapy Research PsychologyResearch Psychology School PsychologySchool Psychology Business/Industrial PsychologyBusiness/Industrial Psychology

Approach the desired workstation. No more that 7 people at a time.Approach the desired workstation. No more that 7 people at a time. Share the articles and information with whomever is at your workstation Share the articles and information with whomever is at your workstation

at the time to fill out your chart.at the time to fill out your chart. Use A-1 through A-10 in the back of Myers to factually supplement your Use A-1 through A-10 in the back of Myers to factually supplement your

information. You may also use pgs. 9-11 for a briefer summary.information. You may also use pgs. 9-11 for a briefer summary.

AP Quiz

The Evolution of Psychology

Take it on a scratch piece of paper!

Related Questions on AP Exam:

1994 Released Exam

41. Which of the following approaches to psychology emphasizes observable responses over inner experiences when accounting for behavior? A. Behaviorist B. Cognitive C. Existentialist D. Psychodynamic E. Structuralist

58. Which of the following statements is true of behaviorism? A. It was formulated to account for cognitive development. B. It is rooted in Sigmund Freud’s view of the importance of early

experiences. C. It focuses on the development of thought processes and

knowledge. D. It hold that development is largely a product of learning. E. It emphasizes the dominance of heredity over environment.

1999 Released Exam 7. One major objection to the early Skinnerian approach to

psychology is that A.did not take into account internal thoughts and feelings. B. did not take into account overt physical behaviors. C. did not take into account accumulated experiences. D. focused primarily on childhood experiences. E. focused primarily on the unconscious.

40. An important difference between humanistic and psychoanalytic approaches is that humanistic psychologists believe in the importance of A. learning B. free will C. determinism D. biological instincts E. unconscious processes

1999 Ctd.

57. Although Paul seems bright and capable to his parents and friends, he has been failing in school. Paul agrees to speak with a psychologist, who suggest that his problems stem from internal processes such as unrealistic expectations and negative thinking. The psychologist's view is typical of which of the following models of behavior? A. Psychoanalytic B. Humanistic C. Cognitive D. Sociobiological E. Behavioral

76. Which of the following therapeutic approaches is most likely to be criticized because it does not treat the underlying cause of the disorder? A. cognitive B. behavioral C. biological D. psychoanalytic E. phenomenological

2004 Released Exam 2. Which type of psychologist would be primarily

interested in studying whether people behave differently in groups than they do when alone? A. experimental B. cognitive C. developmental D. social E. clinical

5. Which of the following theoretical frameworks would argue most strongly that a healthy child will choose what is good for his or her growth? A. social learning theory B. psychoanalytic C. behavioral D. humanistic E. psychodynamic

2004 Ctd. 18. A psychologist is attempting to get Wade, an 8-year-old

autistic boy, to make eye contact when she speaks to him. She gives Wade a piece of candy every time he looks at her face. This treatment illustrates which of the following therapeutic approaches? A. cognitive B. biological C. psychodynamic D. humanistic E. behavioral

45. John B. Watson was a pioneer in which of the following perspectives of psychology? A. biological B. functionalism C. psychoanalytic D. structuralism E. behaviorism

2004 Ctd.

58. One perspective in clinical psychology proposes that adaptive and abnormal behaviors can be developed through similar processes. Which of the following terms best characterizes this approach to abnormal behavior? A. biological B. psychodynamic C. behavioral D. humanistic E. cognitive

76. A researcher studies the effects of brain lesions in rats. This research study reflects which of the following perspectives? A. cognitive B. biological C. behavioral D. humanistic E. psychodynamic

2004 Ctd.

92. Which perspective views the human condition as a mixture of unconscious desires and conflicts? A. humanistic B. trait C. psychoanalytic D. behavioral E. cognitive

2007 Released Exam 54. Dr. Williams is a therapist who believes that his client’s

depression is caused by internalized anger and other intrapsychic conflicts. Of which psychological perspective is Dr. Williams most likely a proponent? A. biopsychological B. Evolutionary C. Humanistic D. Behavioral E. psychoanalytic

62. Janet believes her brother Ralph is depressed because he has a distorted view of reality: he has unrealistically negative thoughts. Which of the following theories comes closest to describing Janet’s orientation to abnormal behavior? A. biological B. psychodynamic C. behavioral D. systems E. cognitive

2007 Ctd.

92. The quotation below is consistent with the views of which of the following schools of psychology? “Give me a dozen healthy infants, well formed, and

my own specified world to bring them up in and I’ll guarantee to take any one a random . . .”

A. existentialism B. structuralism C. humanism D. gestalt E. behaviorism

FRQ’s and the History of Psych

There haven’t been any FRQ’s on this subject in any released exam.

Key to AP Quiz on the Evolution of Psychology 1994 41. A 58. D 1999 7. A 40. B 57. C 76. B

2004 2. D 5. D 18. E 45. E 58. C 76. B 92. C

2007

54.E

62.E

92. E