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![Page 1: The Evolution of Microbial Life CHAPTER 15 Milestones in the Evolution of Life The Ubiquity of Microbes Prokaryotes Two Domains: Eubacteria vs Archaeans.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062304/56649f2a5503460f94c43e51/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
The Evolution of Microbial Life
CHAPTER 15
The Evolution of Microbial Life
CHAPTER 15•Milestones in the Evolution of Life
•The Ubiquity of Microbes
•Prokaryotes
•Two Domains: Eubacteria vs Archaeans
•Shape, Metabolism, and Reproduction
•Nutritional Modes
•Ecological Impact
•Development of Eukaryotic Life
•Protist Diversity
•Animal-like Protists: Protozoans
•Plant-like Protists: Unicellular and Multicellular Algae
![Page 2: The Evolution of Microbial Life CHAPTER 15 Milestones in the Evolution of Life The Ubiquity of Microbes Prokaryotes Two Domains: Eubacteria vs Archaeans.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062304/56649f2a5503460f94c43e51/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Major Episodes in the History of Life• Prokaryotes appeared about 3.5 billion
years ago.
• Oxygen production began about 2.5 billion years ago.
• Single-celled eukaryotic organisms evolved about 2.2 billion years ago.
• Multicellular eukaryotes evolved about 1 billion years ago.
• All the major phyla of animals evolved by the end of the Cambrian explosion, which began about 540 million years ago.
• About 475 million years ago:
– Plants and fungi colonized land.
– Amphibians evolved from fish, and vertebrate life moved onto land.
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• Most biologists now think it is possible that chemical and physical processes on the early Earth produced simple cells.
The Origin of Life and the First Cells
– Stage 1: Abiotic Synthesis of Organic Monomers
– Stage 2: Abiotic Synthesis of Polymers
– Stage 3: Origin of Self-Replicating Molecules
– Stage 4: Formation of Pre-Cells
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Figure 15.4b
The Primordial Soup
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Enclosed Structures – Pre-Cells?
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From Chemical Evolution to Darwinian Evolution• Over millions of years,
– Natural selection favored the most efficient pre-cells.
– The first prokaryotic cells evolved.
• Prokaryotes
– Lived and evolved all alone on Earth for 2 billion years.
![Page 7: The Evolution of Microbial Life CHAPTER 15 Milestones in the Evolution of Life The Ubiquity of Microbes Prokaryotes Two Domains: Eubacteria vs Archaeans.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062304/56649f2a5503460f94c43e51/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
The Evolution of Microbial Life
CHAPTER 15
The Evolution of Microbial Life
CHAPTER 15•Milestones in the Evolution of Life
•The Ubiquity of Microbes
•Prokaryotes
•Two Domains: Eubacteria vs Archaeans
•Shape, Metabolism, and Reproduction
•Nutritional Modes
•Ecological Impact
•Development of Eukaryotic Life
•Protist Diversity
•Animal-like Protists: Protozoans
•Plant-like Protists: Unicellular and Multicellular Algae
![Page 8: The Evolution of Microbial Life CHAPTER 15 Milestones in the Evolution of Life The Ubiquity of Microbes Prokaryotes Two Domains: Eubacteria vs Archaeans.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062304/56649f2a5503460f94c43e51/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Characteristics of Prokaryotes
• They’re everywhere!
– Prokaryotes far outnumber the eukaryotes and are found in soil, water, air, and inside other living things
– Most are beneficial or neutral to humans, a small percentage cause disease
• The majority of known prokaryotes belong to Domain Eubacteria
• The Archaeans (Domain Archaea) are often extremophiles
– Halophiles thrive in salty environments.
– Extreme thermophiles live in hot springs or vents
– Methanogens inhabit the bottoms of lakes and swamps.
Hydrothermal Vent
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The Structure, Function, and Reproduction of Prokaryotes
• Prokaryotic cells
– Lack true nuclei, membrane-enclosed organelles, and have cell walls of murein or pseudomurein
• Prokaryotes come in several shapes:
– Spherical (cocci)
– Rod-shaped (bacilli)
– Spiral (spirochetes)
• Most prokaryotes are unicellular and very small (1-10 um)
![Page 10: The Evolution of Microbial Life CHAPTER 15 Milestones in the Evolution of Life The Ubiquity of Microbes Prokaryotes Two Domains: Eubacteria vs Archaeans.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062304/56649f2a5503460f94c43e51/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
• Some prokaryotes are large, can perform photosynthesis, or can form colonies
The Structure, Function, and Reproduction of Prokaryotes
• About half of all prokaryotes can move by means of one or more flagella
• Some prokaryotes form endospores that can survive harsh conditions (chemicals & radiation)
Cyanobacteria)
• Most prokaryotes can reproduce by binary fission at very high rates if conditions are favorable.
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The Evolution of Microbial Life
CHAPTER 15
The Evolution of Microbial Life
CHAPTER 15•Milestones in the Evolution of Life
•The Ubiquity of Microbes
•Prokaryotes
•Two Domains: Eubacteria vs Archaeans
•Shape, Metabolism, and Reproduction
•Nutritional Modes
•Ecological Impact
•Development of Eukaryotic Life
•Protist Diversity
•Animal-like Protists: Protozoans
•Plant-like Protists: Unicellular and Multicellular Algae
![Page 12: The Evolution of Microbial Life CHAPTER 15 Milestones in the Evolution of Life The Ubiquity of Microbes Prokaryotes Two Domains: Eubacteria vs Archaeans.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062304/56649f2a5503460f94c43e51/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Table 15.1
Four Modes of Nutrition Seen in Prokaryotes
Includes photosynthetic cyanobacteria like Oscillatoria
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• Bacteria are successful when invading host organisms by producing poisonous exotoxin proteins or containing endotoxins within their cells walls
Some Bacteria Are Pathogenic (Disease-Causing)
• The best defenses against bacterial disease are: sanitation, antibiotics, and education.
• Examples of human bacterial diseases include Lyme Disease, tuberculosis, botulism, tetanus, gangrene, shigellosis, and “strep” throat
• Using antibacterial products everywhere in the home is not the answer!
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Prokaryotes Have a Huge Ecological Impact
• Prokaryotes are essential to chemical cycling and decomposition of dead organisms
• Without prokaryotes, new life would not be possible
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Using bacteria to decompose human sewage
Using bacteria to break down oil after an oilspill
Industrial Applications of Bacterial Growth in Society
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The Evolution of Microbial Life
CHAPTER 15
The Evolution of Microbial Life
CHAPTER 15•Milestones in the Evolution of Life
•The Ubiquity of Microbes
•Prokaryotes
•Two Domains: Eubacteria vs Archaeans
•Shape, Metabolism, and Reproduction
•Nutritional Modes
•Ecological Impact
•Development of Eukaryotic Life
•Protist Diversity
•Animal-like Protists: Protozoans
•Plant-like Protists: Unicellular and Multicellular Algae
![Page 17: The Evolution of Microbial Life CHAPTER 15 Milestones in the Evolution of Life The Ubiquity of Microbes Prokaryotes Two Domains: Eubacteria vs Archaeans.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062304/56649f2a5503460f94c43e51/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Figure 15.18
Eukaryotes Evolved From Prokaryotes
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The Evolution of Microbial Life
CHAPTER 15
The Evolution of Microbial Life
CHAPTER 15•Milestones in the Evolution of Life
•The Ubiquity of Microbes
•Prokaryotes
•Two Domains: Eubacteria vs Archaeans
•Shape, Metabolism, and Reproduction
•Nutritional Modes
•Ecological Impact
•Development of Eukaryotic Life
•Protist Diversity
•Animal-like Protists: Protozoans
•Plant-like Protists: Unicellular and Multicellular Algae
![Page 19: The Evolution of Microbial Life CHAPTER 15 Milestones in the Evolution of Life The Ubiquity of Microbes Prokaryotes Two Domains: Eubacteria vs Archaeans.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062304/56649f2a5503460f94c43e51/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Protists (Kingdom Protista)
• Protists
– Are eukaryotic
– Mostly unicellar but some multicellular
– Categorized by nutritional modes
• Animal-like protists called protozoans ingest food
• Plant-like protists called algae use sunlight
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• Protozoans (Animal-like protists) categorized by how they move
– Flagellates move by means of flagella (e.g. trypanosomes)
– Amoebas move by means of pseudopodia (e.g. foraminifera and radiolarians in ocean plankton) Amoeba Pseudopodia
– Ciliates move by means of cilia (e.g. Paramecium, Vorticella)
Euglena Motion
Paramecium Cilia
Vorticella Cilia
Protozoans
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The Evolution of Microbial Life
CHAPTER 15
The Evolution of Microbial Life
CHAPTER 15•Milestones in the Evolution of Life
•The Ubiquity of Microbes
•Prokaryotes
•Two Domains: Eubacteria vs Archaeans
•Shape, Metabolism, and Reproduction
•Nutritional Modes
•Ecological Impact
•Development of Eukaryotic Life
•Protist Diversity
•Animal-like Protists: Protozoans
•Plant-like Protists: Unicellular and Multicellular Algae
![Page 22: The Evolution of Microbial Life CHAPTER 15 Milestones in the Evolution of Life The Ubiquity of Microbes Prokaryotes Two Domains: Eubacteria vs Archaeans.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062304/56649f2a5503460f94c43e51/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Algae
• Algae (Plant-like Protists)
– Subdivided into unicellular and multicellular
Volvox Colony
– Unicellular algaes (often found in plankton)
• Diatoms
• Dinoflagellates
• Colonial Algae (e.g. Volvox)
– Multicellular algae (seaweeds)
• Large, multicellular, marine
• Classified by photosynthetic pigments : green, red, & brown
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Biology and Society: Bioterrorism
• During the fall of 2001, five Americans died from the disease anthrax in a presumed terrorist attack.
• Microbes can be used as weapons
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The Evolution of Microbial Life
CHAPTER 15
The Evolution of Microbial Life
CHAPTER 15•Milestones in the Evolution of Life
•The Ubiquity of Microbes
•Prokaryotes
•Two Domains: Eubacteria vs Archaeans
•Shape, Metabolism, and Reproduction
•Nutritional Modes
•Ecological Impact
•Development of Eukaryotic Life
•Protist Diversity
•Animal-like Protists: Protozoans
•Plant-like Protists: Unicellular and Multicellular Algae