The Evolution of English A talk by David Evans Vegetarians Humanitarians.

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The Evolution of English A talk by David Evans

Transcript of The Evolution of English A talk by David Evans Vegetarians Humanitarians.

Page 1: The Evolution of English A talk by David Evans Vegetarians Humanitarians.

The Evolution of English

A talk by David Evans

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Vegetarians

Humanitarians

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Olive oil

Baby oil

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The film was wicked!

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The film was wicked!

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How languages evolve

1. Novelty

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Old words, new meanings

Crash

Net

Mouse

Apple

Keyboard

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New words

• Phishing• Blog• Satnav• Wiki

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New words

• Phishing• Blog• Satnav• Wiki

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New words

• Phishing• Blog• Satnav• Wiki

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New words

• Phishing• Blog• Satnav• Wiki

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New words

• Phishing• Blog• Satnav• Wiki

• Neologism• Abbreviation• Blended word• Hawaiian

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Sources of hi tech words

• Neologisms

• Abbreviations

• Blended words• Compound words

• Acronyms

• Initialisms

• Phishing

• Blog

• Satnav

• Keypad

• Laser

• PC

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Blended or compound words?

• Netiquette• Hypertext• Emoticon• Cyberspace

• Internet + etiquette• Hyper + text• Emotion + icon• Cyber + space

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Acronym or initialism?

• Wysiwyg

• FAQ• RAM• CD-ROM• Jpeg

• What you see is what you get

• Frequently asked questions

• Random access memory

• Compact Disc read only memory

• Joint photographic experts group

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How languages evolve

1. Novelty2. New technologies and trends

3. Erosion

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Erosion

I’ll be seeing you.

Be seeing you.

See you.

See you later.

Later.

La’er.

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I’m going to see you tomorrow because we’re both going to the same meeting.

I’m gonna see you tomorrow because we’re both going to the same meeting.

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How languages evolve

1. Novelty2. New technologies and trends

3. Erosion4. Analogy

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floccinaucinihilipilification

The categorising of something as worthless or trivial

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floccinaucinihilipilificational

Pertaining to the categorising of something as worthless or trivial

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floccinaucinihilipilificationalise

To cause something to pertain to the categorising of something as worthless or trivial

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Word formation

Noun

Adjective

Adjective

+al

Verb

+ise

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Noun - verb cycles

Compute

Computer

Computerise

Computerisation

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164 irregular verbs +

sneak

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164 irregular verbs +

sneak - snuck

dive

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164 irregular verbs +

sneak - snuckdive - dove

drag

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164 irregular verbs +

sneak - snuckdive - dovedrag - drug

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Analogies

sneak - snuck (strike - struck)dive - dovedrag - drug

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Analogies

sneak - snuck (strike - struck)dive - dove (drive - drove)drag - drug

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Analogies

sneak - snuck (strike - struck)dive - dove (drive - drove)drag - drug (dig - dug)

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How languages evolve

1. Novelty2. New technologies and trends

3. Erosion4. Analogy

5. Symbolism

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Onomatopoeia

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Guess the creature

Ngeong (Indonesian)

Ngiau (Malay)

Tlatzomia (Nahuatl, Mexico)

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Guess the creature

Kwaak kwaak (Afrikaans)

Krooks krooks (Estonian)

Korekorekore (Munduruku, Brazil)

Berp (Argentinian Spanish)

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Guess the creature

Zoem zoem (Afrikaans)

Bhonbhon (Bengali)

Bunbun (Japanese)

Wing wing (Korean)

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Match the sounds

• Ata-ata (Rapa Nui, Easter Island)

• Kekek-kekek (Malay)

• Ringongo (Kiribati, Pacific)

• Yuyurungul (Yindiny, Australia)

• Zonk zonk (Turkish)

• To throb• To snore• To laugh• To giggle• The noise of a

snake slithering through the grass

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Match the sounds

• Ata-ata (Rapa Nui, Easter Island)

• Kekek-kekek (Malay)

• Ringongo (Kiribati, Pacific)

• Yuyurungul (Yindiny, Australia)

• Zonk zonk (Turkish)

• To laugh • To giggle

• To snore

• A snake slithering through the grass

• To throb

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Kiki and Bouba

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Maluma and Takete

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Sound symbolism

The sound [i] is associated with the small as it is made by using the tongue to create the smallest cavity in the mouth, while [u o a] are associated with large things as they are produced using a lowered tongue and larger mouth cavity.

[Otto Jespersen]

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Phonesthesia

Families of words that share sounds and meanings

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Phonesthesia: ‘sn…’

sneeze, sniff, sniffle, snore, snot, snout, snuff, snuffle

sneer, snicker, snide, snob, snooty, snotty

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Phonesthesia: ‘gl…’

glare, gleam, glimmer, glimpse, glint, glisten, glitter, gloss, glow

New word: glitzy

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Phonesthesia: ‘gr…’

grisly, gristly, grubby, grotesque, grotty, gruesome

New words: grunge, grungy

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How languages evolve

1. Novelty2. New technologies and trends

3. Erosion4. Analogy

5. Symbolism

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The Evolution of English

A talk by David Evans. April 2009

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Word Origins

• Alcohol• Banjo• Jumbo• Pundit• Vampire

• Arabic• Bantu• Swahili• Hindi• Serbo-Croat

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Impact on English

• Acceptance of non-standard accents

• Simplified vocabulary and grammar

• Greater influence of other ‘Englishes’

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Expansion of English

• English introduced at primary level (China 2001)

• Bilingual models (Finland, Netherlands, Singapore)

• Second official language (Chile, Mongolia)

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Hinglish

Life ho to aisi

(Coca Cola)

Life should be like this

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Hinglish

Life ho to aisi

(Coca Cola)

Hungry kya?

(Domino’s Pizza)

Life should be like this

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Hinglish

Life ho to aisi

(Coca Cola)

Hungry kya?

(Domino’s Pizza)

Life should be like this

Are you hungry?

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Hinglish

Life ho to aisi

(Coca Cola)

Hungry kya?

(Domino’s Pizza)

What your bahana is?

(McDonalds)

Life should be like this

Are you hungry?

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Hinglish

Life ho to aisi

(Coca Cola)

Hungry kya?

(Domino’s Pizza)

What your bahana is?

(McDonalds)

Life should be like this

Are you hungry?

What’s your excuse?

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How languages evolve

1. Novelty2. New technologies and trends

3. Erosion4. Analogy

5. Symbolism6. Contact with other languages

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Lexical gaps

• The current decade• Unmarried heterosexual partners• Gender-neutral third person pronoun (to replace

he or she)• Adult children• A collective noun for nephews and nieces

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The Welsh puzzle

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The Welsh puzzle

22% Welsh population speak Welsh (611,000)

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Words of Welsh origin

bard, booth, corgi, crag, druid, flannel,flummery, penguin, pout, whelk

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Innit?

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-ess

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phil

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fract

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loqu

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iatr

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clin

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The film was sick!

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The film was sick!