THE EUROPEAN MOMENT

By: Kaitlyn Glenn

Chapter 17: The Atlantic Revolutions

American Revolution 1775-1787 1760’s - British government

added new taxes & tariffs 1776 - Declaration of

Independence launched it Enlightenment – “popular

sovereignty, natural rights, consent of the governed” (Strayer 503)

1781 - Military victory against Britain occurred

1787 - Creation of federal constitution

Separated from Britain and brought separate colonies into one united nation

French Revolution 1789-1815 King Louis XVI raised taxes Commoners created the

Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen “men are born and remain free and equal

in rights” (Strayer 504)

1793 – King Louis XVI executed Terror of 1793-1794

Maximilien Robespierre & Committee of Public Safety executed tens of thousands of supposed enemies

They were executed themselves

1799 - Napoleon Bonaparte invaded France

1815 - Napoleon’s empire was brought down and marked the end of the Revolution

Chapter 17: The Atlantic Revolutions

Haitian Revolution 1791 – 1804 In Saint Dominigue (Haiti) slaves

outnumbered white landowners 500,000 to 40,000

To the slaves a revolution meant a promise of personal freedom

1791 – Huge slave revolt began 1790’s – Toussaint Louverture

led brutal massacres of whites Defeated foreign powers and

Napoleon

January 1, 1804 - Jacques Dessalines was made first head of state

“Only completely successful slave revolt in world history” (Strayer 509)

Spanish American Revolution

1810 – 1825 “Did not…generate a revolution as

much as have one thrust upon them by events in Europe” (Strayer 511)

1808 – Napoleon invaded Spain & Portugal and deposed King Ferdinand VII This forced Latin America to take action

Started with “scattered and uncoordinated protests” (Strayer 510)

Influenced by Enlightenment Simon Bolivar (died 1830) & Jose de

San Martin - Needed support of people “Americanos” – those born in America “Enemy” – born in Spain or Portugal

Chapter 17:Worldwide Effects of Revolutions Smaller effects: Enlarged voting publics Universal male suffrage – 1914 Ideas of “republicanism, greater social equality…liberation from foreign rule” (Strayer 513)

Abolition of Slavery: Abolishment was a huge transformation in the world because slavery was extremely acceptable since

the beginning of civilization “Enlightenment thinkers” believed that it was a violation of people’s natural rights Became widely known that slaves were not needed for economic advancement Freed slaves did not really have political equality (except in Haiti) nor did they really have economic

progress or success

Nationalism: America’s fight to free their colonies started it all (1776-1825) Divided society into separate nations based on culture and territory and gave them political freedom

within themselves “Europe’s modern transformation also facilitated nationalism” (Strayer 516)

Feminism Organized groups of women fought their subordination to men for the first time (transatlantic) Olympe de Gouges created the Declaration of the Rights of Woman in 1791 1870 – Focused mainly on suffrage (in the West) 1900’s – Women were granted entry to universities 1914 – 100,000 women participated in Feminist organizations in France

Chapter 18: Industrialization in Europe

Characterized by rapid technological improvement which led to greater output of goods and services

Industrial Revolution occurred first in Europe because possibly… Many of the states were small and extremely competitive Monarchs united with merchant class because they desperately needed revenue

Began in Britain Most highly commercialized country in Europe Factors that ensured there were plenty of industrial workers:

○ Agricultural improvement kept food prices low and “freed up labor from the countryside” (Strayer 532)○ The guilds (monitored how manufacturing enterprises were run) no longer existed○ Rapidly growing population

Factors that gave Britain the edge on being the first country to industrialize○ British Aristocrats were interested in commerce for a long time and many took part in new mining and

manufacturing enterprises○ British trade was worldwide (merchant fleets protected by Royal Navy)○ Politics promoted commerce and economic progress○ Religious toleration that allowed people with skills of any faith○ Scientific Revolution in Great Britain was more focused on observation and experiments than any other country

New energy sources – First, coal-fired steam engines Later, petroleum-fueled engines

Production of goods increased fiftyfold between 1750-1900

Chapter 18: How Society was Affected in Britain Textile Industry:

Cotton consumption – ○ (1800) 52 million lbs ○ (1850) 588 million lbs

Coal production – ○ (1750) 5.23 million tons○ (1850) 68.4 million tons

Aristocracy: Landowners Numbers declined because industrialization gave way to newly rich people who didn’t need land to be

wealthy (i.e. businessmen, bankers, manufacturers)

Middle Class: Benefited the most from industrialization Reform Bill of 1832 expanded the right to vote to many middle class men (not women) Their were more jobs available for women by late 1800’s (teachers, clerical work…etc)

○ (1881-1901) Female secretaries in Britain went from 7,000 to 90,000

Laboring Class: More than 70% of population Suffered most & benefited least Work conditions got worse and worse (1824) Trade unions were legalized Karl Marx (1818-1883)- Socialism – Idea that equality of classes would end poverty

Chapter 18: Industrialization: America & Russia

AMERICA 1820’s- Began in Textile Industry in

New England Labor protests (sometimes violent):

1877- Eastern Railroads gave 10% pay cut which created massive strikes

1892- Violent strike at Homestead Steel

No political party represented working class & Socialism was not accepted

American Federation of Labor - Focused only on skilled laborers Wouldn’t side with any political party

Politics: “Populists” – small farmers mostly “Progressives” – created reforms for better

industrial work conditions

“World’s leading industrial power by 1914” (Strayer 542) Produced 36% of world’s goods

RUSSIA Monarchy & Socialism 1861- Serfs were freed 1860- Began industrial growth 1900-

4th in the world in steel production Huge in coal, textile, and oil Mostly in major cities

Factory workers: 5% of population 13 hr workdays until 1897 Resentful of bad work conditions Radical beliefs leading to large-scale

strikes

1905- Worker revolts & strikes resulted in reforms

1917- Russian revolt in WWI “Only in Russia was industrialization

associated with violent social revolution” (Strayer 548)

Chapter 19: China China was seen as a huge market to others because of the large population Fighting the European expansion as well as dealing with internal conflicts:

Peasant uprisings and DRASTIC population increases ○ No Industrial Revolution & no increase in food production accompanied the population growth○ State did not enlarge to keep up with growth

1793- Emperor Qianlong denied Britain’s request to increase trade (1839-1842) Opium Wars began because opium was a huge trade product, but

Commissioner Lin Zexu decided, in court (1836), to destroy all imported opium 1842- Treaty of Nanjing ended 1st Opium War: British terms put limits on China’s independence (1856-1858) 2nd Opium War: Brutal vandalism of Summer Palace opened more treaty ports

○ Defeat by France (1885) and Japan (1895) caused China to lose Vietnam, Korea, and Taiwan

(1850-1864) Taipang uprise led by Hong Xiuquan- Peasants revolted and believed in their own form of Christianity Wanted revolutionary change and an industrial nation Landowners and Western military aided in the defeat of the Taipang & restored Qing dynasty

(1860’s-70’s) China’s “self-strengthening” applied Confucian beliefs to it’s attempt at reconstruction

1890’s- Failed attempt at nationalism by organizations of educated Chinese 1900’s- Boxer Rebellion

Made failure of “self-strengthening” evident Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists (“Boxers”) laid siege to foreign embassies in Beijing

1912- China collapsed and became dependent on Europe

Chapter 19: The Ottoman Empire

1750- “The central political fixture of a widespread Islamic World” (Strayer 571) 1798- Napoleon invaded Egypt and it was a huge blow to the Ottoman Empire Starting in late 18th century-Empire set up reforms to try to strengthen the state:

Sultan Selim III created new military and administrative groups based on Europe 1839- Imperial declaration that finally recognized equality of all men (most importantly, religion) (Decades following 1839)-Tanzimat (“reorganization”): Attempts to Westernize and modernize

○ Added new industries, schools, and laws based on Western culture, economy, and administration Made changes in the legal systems of diverse areas

The reforms changed the political and cultural identity of the nation: “Islamic renewal movements” inside and outside the empire occurred (Strayer 575) Mid-1800’s- “Young Ottomans” agreed with Westernizing of political system; “Islamic modernism”

○ 1876- short-lived constitution that tried to create a representative government○ Sultan Abd al-Hamid II agreed with reforms but not the constitution or intertwined religious school subjects

Young Turks appeared and sought a “militantly secular public life”, denouncing any Islamic beliefs as a nation 1908- military coup pushed for extreme secularization of schools, courts, and laws

○ Established Law of Family Rights (despite religion) and wanted Empire’s official language to be Turkish

By the end of 19th century- Was known as “the sick man of Europe” because it was unable to keep Christianity from overcoming region after region. Huge territorial losses to stronger European powers China (main Ottoman state) became weak Huge technology gap between Ottoman Empire and the West

In the end, Ottoman Empire became dependent on Europe (like China was) Desire for secular nationality ultimately led to the fall of the empire in WWI

Chapter 19: Japan 1600’s- Japan was governed by a shogun (military ruler) from the Tokugawa family

Sole purpose of these rulers was to prevent civil war between rival feudal lords (1600-1850) Peace gave way to “economic growth , commercialization, and urban development” (Strayer 578)

○ 1750- Japan was the most urbanized empire○ Provided a good basis for economic growth in late 1800’s

Shogun were undermined by corruption and the citizens having no respect for them:○ Caused “peasant uprisings and urban riots” (most notably in Osaka in 1837) (Strayer 579)

1853- Commodore Perry (US) arrived in Japan and broke the trade barrier This created a civil war which led to samurai’s overtaking Japan (1868) known as “Meiji takeover”

○ Goal was to get rid of Western powers in Japan

1871- Samurai’s influence was stopped and citizens were governed as equals 1877- short and peaceful rebellion by samurai which was ultimately unsuccessful Social, political, educational, technological, and cultural changes occurred 1889- Constitution established a parliament that was based on democratic politics and ideals “State-guided industrialization program”- only one like Europe and North America (Strayer 582)

○ 1883-1884- Huge taxes to fund this created a peak in violent protests

1902- Anglo-Japanese Treaty gave Japan status as a Great Power of the world After military conquests in Russia and China, Japan became “an economic, political,

and military equal in Asia” (Strayer 584) Created it’s own unique, industrialized, and modernized imperial empire

Chapter 20: European Rule in the Colonial Era (1500’s & 1600’s) Conquest over America was beginning of colonial takeovers (1750-1900) Second phase of conquests

Helped by Industrial Revolution and Europe’s military capacity (1750-1850) Conquest over India involved making and unmaking alliances over a long period of time (1875-1900) Europe divided Africa amongst themselves & the Great Powers Australia & New Zealand were colonized rather that conquered

“Violence was a prominent feature of colonial life both during conquest and after, various groups…willingly cooperated with colonial authorities” Strayer 595) Because of a lack of European overseers, they used people with status to govern their way Promoted European education (1857-1858)Indian Rebellion- started because the colonies were offended by the military forces

use of “a new cartridge smeared with animal fat from cows and pigs” (Strayer 596)○ Pigs were sacred to Hindus and cows were sacred to Muslims○ Caused a wave of uprisings throughout India and they wanted to bring back the Mughal Empire○ (1858) Rebellion was stopped, but the Europeans were afraid to change the society for fear of future rebellions○ Ended “the era of British East India Company rule in the subcontinent” (Strayer 596)

Differences of the European Colonial Empires in the late 1800’s vs. earlier empires: “Scientific racism”- Using science to promote degradation of Asian & African natives Colonial states were able to influence the colonies that they governed (i.e. centralized taxes) Classified their subjects “scientifically” by race and societal class European ruled colonies contradicted their original beliefs of democracy by ruling as dictators

Chapter 20: Colonial Economies Europe changed the ways the people in the colonies worked (violence & force)

Colonial state was able to tax, seize land, force labor, and create new industries (especially railroads)○ People were forced to work for free on public projects (i.e. railroads, construction of government buildings…etc)○ 1946- “Statute labor” was finally abolished in French Africa

Cash-crop agriculture became very popular among the colonies 1905- Massive Rebellion occurred in the Netherlands East Indies (Indonesia) to stop forced farming

of cash crops; The Dutch invaders used force & violence In some countries cash-crop’s were produced willingly and by choice

○ Cash-crop success created a shortage of jobs and made the use of slaves necessary , exploited laborers, and caused some men to marry women strictly because of their labor power

Colonial subjects began performing wage labor for European industries: Subjects needed money, didn’t have enough land to support their families or were ordered to work (Late 1800’s-Early 1900’s) Huge plantations developed all over Southeast Asia European colonies in Africa seized massive areas of land that belonged to the natives (plantations)

○ 1913- Law defined 88% of land belonging to whites (but they were only 20% of population) “Mines were another source of wage labor for many” (Strayer 603) Late 1800’s- fast growing cities of the colonial world attracted wage earners (by choice) Work conditions (like everywhere else) were horrible in most European-ruled colonies

European colonies presented women opportunities & hardships unlike men's “More land and labor were devoted to…the global market at the end of the

colonial era than the beginning” (Strayer 606)

Chapter 20:Identity & Culture in the Colonial Era

Western education among some minorities in Africa and Asia added to new identity Could give these people an escape from forced labor and access to better paying positions 19th century India- “Western-educated people organized a variety of reform societies” (Strayer 608)

○ Ram Mohan Roy (1772-1833), one of the leading reformers, believed that European education would modernize India

Religion “transformed identities during the colonial era” (Strayer 609) Most remarkable changes occurred in colonies where Christianity took hold

○ i.e. New Zealand, the Pacific Islands, and most importantly non-Muslim Africa 10,000 missionaries were in Africa by 1910, and 50 million non-Muslim Africans had converted by 1960

○ Military defeats created doubt of other gods and practices○ “Christianity was widely associated with modern education” (Strayer 609)○ Christianity soon became “Africanized” and still used old practices (charms and got advice from medicine men)

In India, “leading intellectuals and reformers began to define their region’s endlessly varied beliefs, practices, sects, rituals, and schools of philosophy as a more distinct, unified, and separate religion that we now know as Hinduism” (Strayer 610) ○ Swami Vivekenanda (1863-1902) saw Hinduism as a way to strengthen the communities○ Helped to build a cultural nation and the distinction of Muslims in their own communities

The ideas of race and ethnicity gave the citizens of colonial countries a way to identify and belong End of 19th century- “African Identity” gave Africans a way of identifying themselves in a nation full of

European oppression and racism Edward Blyden (1832-1912) played a prominent role in the argument that all races contributed in the making

of a “world civilization” The notion of a “tribe” was “the most important new sense of belonging that evolved from colonial

experience” (Strayer 612)

Sources NYU School of Law – Title Page Picture

http://centers.law.nyu.edu/jeanmonnet/totallaw/wheretostudy.html

American Revolution Resources- American Revolution Picture http://www.vcsc.k12.in.us/tcr/liberty/

Wikipedia – Haitian Revolution Picture http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:San_Domingo.jpg

Zunal,com- Slavery Picture http://www.zunal.com/index-matrix.php?Curriculum=110&Grade=104&page=6

Trenton Historical Society- Textile Picture http://trentonhistory.org/Documents/EagleFactory.html

Sociology 4 All – Europe Industrial Revolution Picture http://sociology-4-all.blogspot.com/2009/02/industrial-revolution-and.html

Intro to World History Blog - America & Russia Industrial Revolution Picture http://introductiontoworldhistory.blogspot.com/1999/04/industrial-revolution.html

Paul Chrastina- Opium Picture http://www.opioids.com/opium/opiumwar.html

Camille Sourget Librairie - Ottoman Empire Picture http://camillesourget.com/en/books-ottoman-empire/

Interesting Facts- Samurai Picture http://interestingfacts-themur.blogspot.com/2009/01/way-of-japanese-samurai-bushido.html

Kuoni Destination Management - European Rule (Map of Europe) Picture http://www.kuoni-dmc.com/destinations/europe/

Posters- Colonial Economies Picture http://www.posters.snngr.com/posters/posters.php?item=3591449

Latino Initiatives- Culture & identity in Colonial Era Picture http://latino.si.edu/virtualgallery/Sabor/bios/RaicesEXHIBITIONS.htm

Ways of The World Book Strayer, Robert W. Ways of the World: A Brief Global History. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2009