The ethnic enclave of Lloret de Mar: a personal network...
Transcript of The ethnic enclave of Lloret de Mar: a personal network...
Max Planck Institute for Religious and Ethnic Diversity - Göttingen, May 2012
The ethnic enclave of Lloret de Mar: a
personal network approach to investigate
mixed embeddedness and transnational fields
Project: Ref.: Profiles of Ethnic Entrepreneurship. (2010-2012). Perfiles del Empresariado Étnico en España. MICINN CSO2009-07057).
1. Introduction.
2. Propositions.
3. Mixed Methods.
4. The “transnational” ethnic enclave.
5. Discussion.
Profiles of Ethnic Entrepreneurship. (2010-2012). An approach to the
strategies, dynamics and transnational spaces of the small immigrant
entrepreneurs in the new economic context. (Funded by the Spanish
Ministry of Science and Innovation).
LLORET DE MAR: A CASE STUDY OF AN “ETHNIC ENCLAVE “
Participant observation (April – May 2010, April –May 2011, November
2011) & several meetings with representatives (association leaders, City
council …).
May 2011: 6 personal networks from Indian shop-keepers.
November 2011: short interviews in 60 shops in the main shopping area.
Moreover we collected 12 additional personal networks of Indian people,
both owners and employees, 3 Spaniards, 3 Moroccans and 1 Dutch
entrepreneur. This give a total of 24 personal networks and 1,080 persons
nominated.
IMMIGRATION From 0,5% migrant population
(1985) to 14,1% (2011)
1. Romania (809.409)
2. Morocco (766.187)
3. Ecuador (478.894)
… India (0,5%)
24% rate of UNEMPLOYMENT.
Local population: 40,000 (60% Spanish + Europeans + Latinos + Africans +
others) and becomes more than 100,000 during summer.
Lloret de Mar: 1st touristic destiny in Catalonia & 5th in Spain.
Mass tourism in Lloret is also called:
“Lumpen-tourism” /”Sun, sea, sand” tourism / “all-included” tourism”
/drunkenness tourism.
During 2011: 10 million tourists, 8.000 million dollars revenue .
There are 1500-1800 Indians in Lloret:
Sinds, Sikh and Punjabis
No previous historical contact.
Olympic Games
Displacement of previous local
“ethnic economies”
Moroccan, Pakistani, locals.
SOUVENIR SECTOR (80%) 1. Little economic (investment) and
human capitals (experience). 2. Unspecific, non-specialized sector:
▪ From t-shirts to bullfighter figurines.
▪ Great variety, flexibility and adaptation to new demands.
Project: Ref.: Profiles of Ethnic Entrepreneurship. (2010-2012). Perfiles del Empresariado Étnico en España. MICINN CSO2009-07057). IP. JL Molina González
EMPLOYEES Young male co-ethnics, non-skilled,
fresh migrants. Low consumption rates, low salaries
and long working days (> 14 hours). Social segregation + “circular migration” EMPLOYERS Early community and long settlement.
Barcelona (1992) and Andorra (15 years)
Most hold Spanish Nationality
Tenants and ownerships (>1) Integration + upward mobility.
1. “Transnational” ethnic enclave “There is not such thing as “ethnic enclaves” in Spain”
(Haller , 2004; Solé & Parella, 2005; Arjona & Checa, 2006)
2. Mixed embeddedness of owners
High proportion of Spaniards/Catalans + co-ethnics + low geographical dispersion index (“locals”).
3. Circular migration of employees
Low proportion of Spaniards/Catalans + High proportion of co-ethnics + high geographical dispersion index (“transnationals”).
4. Vertical integration with providers
Competitive pricing.
Participant observation – 60 short Interviews in shops.
24 Personal networks (45 alters) – 18 “Indians”.
50 questionnaires using position generator (social capital).
Geographical dispersion indexes
egodisp1= Ego-Michelle + Ego-Hillary + Ego - Craig + (…) /N
egodisp2= egodisp1 + Michelle-Craig + Michelle-Mum + Hillary – Angela …/N (N-1)
Enclave: a particular case of “ethnic economy” (Light, 2006)
“Permanent concentration in a particular spatial place of a
variety of ethnic enterprises with a significant presence of co-ethnic workers in a specialized economic sector” (Portes, 1981:290-91)
(…) possessing a sizeable entrepreneurial class with diverse
economic activities, and co-ethnicity between owners and workers and, to a lesser extent, consumers. But most importantly, they must evidence a geographic concentration of ethnic economic activities within an ethnically identifiable neighborhood with a minimum level of institutional completeness. (Kaplan and Li 2006:5)
Business type Percentage Indian
percentage
Local
percentage
Others
percentage
Souvenir retail
shops
40% total (26) 92% 8% 0
Restaurants
& Fast-food
shops
31% total (19) 31% 40% 29%
Liqueur shops 7,6% (2) 100% 0 0
Other services 21,6% (13) 15% 25% 60%
Total 100 100 100 100
Table 2. Percentage of businesses in the sample.
Spatial concentration + Sector specialization +
Ethnic co-workers + Ethnic Owners +
Ethnic clients / ethnic
Quarter - Ethnic solidarity (&
competition) +
Information and
opportunities flow + Institutional “completeness” +
Left: owners (N=6, 270 nominations). Right: employees (N=9, 405nominations).
Geographic dispersion differences (formula 1) (M owners = 5.58, SD = 1.15; M employees = 6.50, SD = .18; t > = -2.35, df = 8.38, p < .05).
“The providers are from Lloret, they are Indians. I
also go to different places to look for them,
Badalona or Barcelona. But I am not a big
businessman, I am not travelling abroad. The
Indians serve products from Catalonia, from my
own country, from France, Germany … I do not
import anything from anywhere. My shop is
rented; the landlord is Spanish, from here, from
Lloret (13H11JP).”
“Indians come because this is a joke. They do not
pay taxes and they steal” (Local Shopkeeper 1, Lloret de Mar, Spain)
“I am against to what is going on… But imagine an Indian comes and offers me 60,000€ straight away with a 5 years contract … I would take it! without thinking twice!“(Local Shopkeeper 2, Lloret de Mar, Spain)
“They live to work, we work to live”. (Local Shopkeeper 3, Lloret de Mar, Spain)
Some people are thinking in remigrating…
Some others to move to another country…
Most established owners are coping with the crisis negotiating better credit conditions with providers (not Banks!), closing more time and hiring less personnel. (…)
Danke!