The Ethics Surrounding Live and Recorded Music The Ethics Surrounding Live and Recorded Music A...

The Ethics Surrounding Live aThe Ethics Surrounding Live and Recorded Musicnd Recorded Music

A Study byA Study by

Mark A. McCormickMark A. McCormick &&

Amanda K. PlummerAmanda K. Plummer

This project represents graduate coursework done at the This project represents graduate coursework done at the University of Illinois in in Educational Policy Studies..

EPS 409: Ethics & Education EPS 409: Ethics & Education Professor Professor Nicholas C. Burbules

mailto:[email protected]

http://www.uiuc.edu/

http://www.ed.uiuc.edu/EPS/

http://faculty.ed.uiuc.edu/burbules/

•Introduction

•Historical Perspectives

•Purposes of Media

•Comparison of Media

•Property Rights & Copyright

•Educational Perspectives

ContentsContents

•Summary

•References

The purpose of this study is to examine the ethical The purpose of this study is to examine the ethical issues surrounding the relationships between live and issues surrounding the relationships between live and recorded music. Since the inception of recording recorded music. Since the inception of recording technology, live and recorded music have influenced each technology, live and recorded music have influenced each other’s existence and aesthetic purposes in both other’s existence and aesthetic purposes in both professional and educational settings. This study will professional and educational settings. This study will examine the roles of each and address issues of community, examine the roles of each and address issues of community, property rights and society.property rights and society.

Overview of ConceptsContents

IntroductionIntroduction

Live vs. Live vs. Recorded Recorded

MusicMusic

ProfessionalProfessional

EducationalEducationalCopyrightCopyright

Sensory Sensory ExperienceExperience

Back to IntroductionContents

Overview of ConceptsOverview of Concepts

July 2002 will mark the 125July 2002 will mark the 125thth anniversary of Thomas Edison’s first patent on recording and anniversary of Thomas Edison’s first patent on recording and playing back a sound to and from a cylinder. Theplaying back a sound to and from a cylinder. The progress of the recording industry over over the years has shown us that since the dawn of the gramophone, technology has the years has shown us that since the dawn of the gramophone, technology has influenced the way people live.influenced the way people live.

Presently, we’re faced with many challenges that will shape the way we interact with Presently, we’re faced with many challenges that will shape the way we interact with recorded music. However, history has shown us that people have been adapting recorded music. However, history has shown us that people have been adapting their lives to this technology decades ago. their lives to this technology decades ago.

Click on the picture of Thomas A. Edison to hear him speak in the oldest recording still available.

1888, Edison cylinder, full length

Uses RealPlayer Audio

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““In 1921, Thomas A. Edison Inc. claims to have sent out as many as 20,000 In 1921, Thomas A. Edison Inc. claims to have sent out as many as 20,000 copies of a questionnaire asking Americans in 43 states to list their ‘favorite copies of a questionnaire asking Americans in 43 states to list their ‘favorite tunes.’ Their often laborious answers sometimes ranged far beyond the details tunes.’ Their often laborious answers sometimes ranged far beyond the details of record issue numbers…of record issue numbers…Many took the occasion of the survey to explain how and why they simply Many took the occasion of the survey to explain how and why they simply would not have been able to live without their record players and records.” would not have been able to live without their record players and records.” (Kenney, p.5)(Kenney, p.5)

““The survey had been undertaken in part…to test the results of an experiment The survey had been undertaken in part…to test the results of an experiment designed by a group of psychologists headed by Dr. W. V. Bingham of the designed by a group of psychologists headed by Dr. W. V. Bingham of the Carnegie Institute of Technology. Bingham’s group believed that music Carnegie Institute of Technology. Bingham’s group believed that music stimulated human emotions and they wanted Edison records to ‘push the right stimulated human emotions and they wanted Edison records to ‘push the right emotional buttons.’ 135 of Edison’s records were divided into twelve emotional buttons.’ 135 of Edison’s records were divided into twelve categories: Recordings that ‘Stimulate & Enrich the Imagination,’ to those that categories: Recordings that ‘Stimulate & Enrich the Imagination,’ to those that brought ‘Peace of Mind,’ ‘Joy,’ ‘Wistfullness,’ ‘Good Fellowship,’ ‘More Energy,’ brought ‘Peace of Mind,’ ‘Joy,’ ‘Wistfullness,’ ‘Good Fellowship,’ ‘More Energy,’ ‘Love,’ ‘Dignity & Grandeur’, ‘Tender Memory’, ‘Devotion’, a ‘Stirring of the ‘Love,’ ‘Dignity & Grandeur’, ‘Tender Memory’, ‘Devotion’, a ‘Stirring of the spirits’, and a ‘Stimulation of Childish Fancy”. (Kenney, p. 6)spirits’, and a ‘Stimulation of Childish Fancy”. (Kenney, p. 6)

Historical PerspectivesHistorical PerspectivesThe Edison SurveyThe Edison Survey

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Historical PerspectivesHistorical PerspectivesSurvey Results:Survey Results:

Connecting with Memories & Life ExperiencesConnecting with Memories & Life Experiences

““Many customers recalled and reaffirmed familial love and family identity by replaying Many customers recalled and reaffirmed familial love and family identity by replaying recording of music that they felt pointed to particular departed family members. Another recording of music that they felt pointed to particular departed family members. Another female correspondent used the phonograph to help keep her family happy and summed female correspondent used the phonograph to help keep her family happy and summed up her experiences by saying: Our little son, a year old, often during the day points till I up her experiences by saying: Our little son, a year old, often during the day points till I put on a piece for him. Our two little girls love the dance pieces. We love our machine so put on a piece for him. Our two little girls love the dance pieces. We love our machine so much. If we had to part with any piece of furniture in our home, we would give up our bed much. If we had to part with any piece of furniture in our home, we would give up our bed before we would part with our Edison.” (Kenney p.11)before we would part with our Edison.” (Kenney p.11)

““These and other statements like these showed that people recorded music to reconnect These and other statements like these showed that people recorded music to reconnect with memories or life experiences. What Claude S. Fischer has written about the with memories or life experiences. What Claude S. Fischer has written about the innovation of telephone can be applied to recording: ‘As much as people adapt their lives innovation of telephone can be applied to recording: ‘As much as people adapt their lives to the changed circumstances created by a new technology, they also adapt that to the changed circumstances created by a new technology, they also adapt that technology to their lives.” (Kenney p. 7)technology to their lives.” (Kenney p. 7)

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While some say that the gramophone brought on the “shattering of the Victorian While some say that the gramophone brought on the “shattering of the Victorian culture,” the survey responses proved that the Victorian sense of cross-generational culture,” the survey responses proved that the Victorian sense of cross-generational continuity in family, community, ethnicity and nationality was prevalent. “If Edison’s continuity in family, community, ethnicity and nationality was prevalent. “If Edison’s customers listened alone, they listened together.” (Kenney p.14) In comparing the customers listened alone, they listened together.” (Kenney p.14) In comparing the effect on society that some say television would later have, the technology in both effect on society that some say television would later have, the technology in both cases is reflective of the values already embedded in the culture. cases is reflective of the values already embedded in the culture.

The strong community values in place at the birth of the home phonograph were The strong community values in place at the birth of the home phonograph were also the same values that gathered families around a piano or fireplace. It was a also the same values that gathered families around a piano or fireplace. It was a central place where families could experience an emotion and a connection to central place where families could experience an emotion and a connection to others. While the experience of hearing a recording or using a live instrument for the others. While the experience of hearing a recording or using a live instrument for the purpose of familial bonding may have seemed the same, there is a difference which purpose of familial bonding may have seemed the same, there is a difference which plays an important role in the development of technology. plays an important role in the development of technology.

Historical PerspectivesHistorical PerspectivesStirring the Emotions or Shattering a Culture?Stirring the Emotions or Shattering a Culture?

Contents Continue Historical PerspectivesContinue Historical PerspectivesPrevious PagePrevious Page

Historical PerspectivesHistorical PerspectivesThe Gramophone as an InstrumentThe Gramophone as an Instrument

In the case of the parlor piano, where the audience and performer roles may In the case of the parlor piano, where the audience and performer roles may have been blurred because everyone was involved, the source of the live music have been blurred because everyone was involved, the source of the live music could organically change based on the live, spontaneous interaction. However, could organically change based on the live, spontaneous interaction. However, just as a musician uses the piano as a tool based on group interaction, a person just as a musician uses the piano as a tool based on group interaction, a person could also use the gramophone as a tool to change the musical output based on could also use the gramophone as a tool to change the musical output based on the group emotional response. For example, the person operating the the group emotional response. For example, the person operating the gramophone could act as a DJ, changing the music to match the group’s gramophone could act as a DJ, changing the music to match the group’s response. The subtle difference however, arises with the variety of options. A response. The subtle difference however, arises with the variety of options. A musician has a vast array of choices to make while performing and can musician has a vast array of choices to make while performing and can implement them at will simply by changing the way the instrument is played. The implement them at will simply by changing the way the instrument is played. The gramophone could not be spontaneously changed at will without stopping the gramophone could not be spontaneously changed at will without stopping the music, nor could subtle musical changes other than volume be made in the music, nor could subtle musical changes other than volume be made in the performance.performance.


As playback devices gained popularity, As playback devices gained popularity, there was a technological device there was a technological device introduced that shortened the gap between introduced that shortened the gap between performance and recording. It was the performance and recording. It was the player piano. The device was a real piano player piano. The device was a real piano fitted with pneumatic pumps and levers fitted with pneumatic pumps and levers that allowed for the playback of a that allowed for the playback of a recording done on the piano. Using a recording done on the piano. Using a paper roll, holes were punched that paper roll, holes were punched that allowed air to pass through the paper, allowed air to pass through the paper, fluctuating the pressure in air and causing fluctuating the pressure in air and causing pitches to be played using the mechanical pitches to be played using the mechanical action of the instrument. action of the instrument.

<http://www.pianola.demon.co.uk/>

Historical PerspectivesHistorical PerspectivesPlay your piano or Player Piano?Play your piano or Player Piano?

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Click on the picture to hear a player piano.Click on the picture to hear a player piano.

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Moving a step toward live performance, the Moving a step toward live performance, the pianola was a device set in front of a regular pianola was a device set in front of a regular piano. It had control levers and pedals that piano. It had control levers and pedals that allowed the “player” to adjust tempo and allowed the “player” to adjust tempo and dynamics in subtle ways that mimicked live dynamics in subtle ways that mimicked live performance. This technology allowed the performance. This technology allowed the user to add musical elements and make an user to add musical elements and make an interpretation of the recording, while the piano interpretation of the recording, while the piano roll took care of playing the correct notes.roll took care of playing the correct notes.

Historical PerspectivesHistorical PerspectivesBlurring the Lines of DistinctionBlurring the Lines of Distinction


These innovations allowed virtuosic music to be instantly performed on a real musical instruments. These innovations allowed virtuosic music to be instantly performed on a real musical instruments. However, since one did not need to be a trained musician to operate a player piano, who became However, since one did not need to be a trained musician to operate a player piano, who became the performer? The person operating the instrument functioned as a battery and an interpreter, the performer? The person operating the instrument functioned as a battery and an interpreter, supplying the kinetic energy needed to run the device as well as adjusting the volume and making supplying the kinetic energy needed to run the device as well as adjusting the volume and making interpretive decisions. interpretive decisions.

Is this live music or is the operator nothing more than a different type of DJ, operating controls and Is this live music or is the operator nothing more than a different type of DJ, operating controls and making decisions? Do the piano hammers coming in contact with the strings constitute live music? making decisions? Do the piano hammers coming in contact with the strings constitute live music? Rather than finding two distinct camps for recorded and live music, the player piano helped to Rather than finding two distinct camps for recorded and live music, the player piano helped to define a continuum that blends the two areas seamlessly into one another. define a continuum that blends the two areas seamlessly into one another.

Like the record player, the player piano had an effect on culture as well. While the early piano Like the record player, the player piano had an effect on culture as well. While the early piano players needed a live operator, electric devices were invented to generate the air pumps and turn players needed a live operator, electric devices were invented to generate the air pumps and turn the rolls. This allowed for someone to let the piano play by itself. While the player piano and record the rolls. This allowed for someone to let the piano play by itself. While the player piano and record player are not entirely responsible, the nature of having automatic features in a device normally player are not entirely responsible, the nature of having automatic features in a device normally used for live music allowed for the degradation of the performing medium. While the record player used for live music allowed for the degradation of the performing medium. While the record player or player piano performed, it was ethically inoffensive to talk or carry on with other household or player piano performed, it was ethically inoffensive to talk or carry on with other household activities while the music being played. Subconsciously and through generational influence, people activities while the music being played. Subconsciously and through generational influence, people have placed less importance on the value of listening to music as a prime activity. have placed less importance on the value of listening to music as a prime activity.

Historical PerspectivesHistorical PerspectivesCommentaryCommentary


Today, the same holds true with the grandson of Today, the same holds true with the grandson of the player piano; the Pianodisc, which combines the player piano; the Pianodisc, which combines midi (musical instrument digital interface) midi (musical instrument digital interface) technology with an instrument used for live technology with an instrument used for live performance. “Digital” piano roles can be performance. “Digital” piano roles can be recorded and played back instantly using a recorded and played back instantly using a floppy disc. This has also allowed for a play list floppy disc. This has also allowed for a play list of songs to be created so that the user simply of songs to be created so that the user simply pushes a button and hears an exact replica of pushes a button and hears an exact replica of the intended performance on a live instrument. the intended performance on a live instrument. This may in fact be the best example of a hybrid This may in fact be the best example of a hybrid which combines elements of the recording which combines elements of the recording technology with the actual medium used in a live technology with the actual medium used in a live setting. A tradeoff with this technology it that it setting. A tradeoff with this technology it that it has become quite easy to turn on the has become quite easy to turn on the performance and go on to other things, givingperformance and go on to other things, giving

Historical PerspectivesHistorical PerspectivesBack to the FutureBack to the Future

the performance a “background music” status. Its perfection in technology has led to a the performance a “background music” status. Its perfection in technology has led to a weakening of its musical purpose as a message through an art form.weakening of its musical purpose as a message through an art form.

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http://www.yamaha.com/cgi-win/webcgi.exe/DsplyModel/?gDKG00002PRO2000

Better than a Real Musician?Better than a Real Musician?

In the late 1960s, Wendy Walter Carlos programmed a synthesizer to In the late 1960s, Wendy Walter Carlos programmed a synthesizer to

play a selection of J.S. Bach’s compositions. The resulting album was play a selection of J.S. Bach’s compositions. The resulting album was

entitled entitled Switched on Bach.Switched on Bach. The implication was that a machine could The implication was that a machine could

play with more accuracy than a live performer. While this is certainly play with more accuracy than a live performer. While this is certainly

true, one must question whether this is truly a better performance. You true, one must question whether this is truly a better performance. You

be the judge...be the judge...

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Jesu, Joy of Man’s Desiring:Jesu, Joy of Man’s Desiring:

Performed by the Academy of St. Martin on the FieldsPerformed by the Academy of St. Martin on the Fields

Switched on BachSwitched on Bach

The purpose of any art form, at its core, is the communication and The purpose of any art form, at its core, is the communication and expression of human emotion, values, and culture. As with the development expression of human emotion, values, and culture. As with the development of any technology, intent can alter the very medium and purpose of that of any technology, intent can alter the very medium and purpose of that which it is trying to improve. Ethically and socially, unforeseen intentions and which it is trying to improve. Ethically and socially, unforeseen intentions and misuse inevitably arise that previously have not been considered. misuse inevitably arise that previously have not been considered.

In examining live music, there are four purposes or intentions that a In examining live music, there are four purposes or intentions that a performer may have. Realistically, an artist may have several intentions performer may have. Realistically, an artist may have several intentions functioning simultaneously, but the order in which these intentions are functioning simultaneously, but the order in which these intentions are prioritized tends to define the philosophy of the performer.prioritized tends to define the philosophy of the performer.

Intention 1: Self Expression, CommunicationIntention 1: Self Expression, Communication

Purposes of MediaPurposes of Media

True to the definition of art, self-expression and the desire to True to the definition of art, self-expression and the desire to communicate to an audience is the highest of these intentions. Since the communicate to an audience is the highest of these intentions. Since the earliest of civilizations, we know that music was used to communicate earliest of civilizations, we know that music was used to communicate and that the fundamental expressive qualities inherent in music appeal to and that the fundamental expressive qualities inherent in music appeal to inherent human qualities.inherent human qualities.

Contents Continue Purposes of MediaContinue Purposes of Media

Purposes of MediaPurposes of MediaIntention 2: Wealth, Power, StatusIntention 2: Wealth, Power, StatusWith the development of the recording and music industry in connection with the With the development of the recording and music industry in connection with the market driven economy came the profit seeking nature of some performers to market driven economy came the profit seeking nature of some performers to desire wealth, power, and status.desire wealth, power, and status.

Intention 3: Preservation of an Art FormIntention 3: Preservation of an Art Form

Intention 4: Self-Improvement, Self-EsteemIntention 4: Self-Improvement, Self-Esteem

Historically, the invention of the gramophone also filled the purpose of preserving Historically, the invention of the gramophone also filled the purpose of preserving recordings for for those who could not access the live performance and for future recordings for for those who could not access the live performance and for future generations to learn from. Recorded music provides a snapshot of an art form that generations to learn from. Recorded music provides a snapshot of an art form that may change or cease to exist years later.may change or cease to exist years later.

Some musicians may view live performance as a medium through which they can Some musicians may view live performance as a medium through which they can develop skills related to performing. Performance anxiety affects the way a develop skills related to performing. Performance anxiety affects the way a performer can communicate to an audience and for this reason, a performer may performer can communicate to an audience and for this reason, a performer may choose to record instead of perform live. With each opportunity to perform in a choose to record instead of perform live. With each opportunity to perform in a recording session or in a live setting, the artist can learn something new about the recording session or in a live setting, the artist can learn something new about the self.self.

Recorded or live music can also be used as therapy. Studies have shown that Recorded or live music can also be used as therapy. Studies have shown that certain types of music reduce stress.certain types of music reduce stress.

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The core purpose of any art form is the communication and expression of human The core purpose of any art form is the communication and expression of human emotion, values, and culture. While the evolution of technology plays a role in emotion, values, and culture. While the evolution of technology plays a role in developing intentions for some performers, those intentions in turn play a part in developing intentions for some performers, those intentions in turn play a part in affecting the technology. For example, a performer that accumulates wealth generated affecting the technology. For example, a performer that accumulates wealth generated from recordings may in turn have an influence over future uses of that technology. from recordings may in turn have an influence over future uses of that technology.

Each of the intentions apply to both the recording and live genres, although some better Each of the intentions apply to both the recording and live genres, although some better than others. While making a recording enables the performer to reach a wider audience, than others. While making a recording enables the performer to reach a wider audience, the live, spontaneous energy generated between the performer and that audience is the live, spontaneous energy generated between the performer and that audience is sacrificed. Herein lies the greatest difference between recorded and live music. sacrificed. Herein lies the greatest difference between recorded and live music.

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Purposes of MediaPurposes of MediaCommentaryCommentary

The same applies to groups that lie between the artist and the consumer. Recording, The same applies to groups that lie between the artist and the consumer. Recording, publishing, and distribution companies, rooted in the market driven economy, filter and publishing, and distribution companies, rooted in the market driven economy, filter and change the way the audience perceives an artist either through image or accessibility. change the way the audience perceives an artist either through image or accessibility. These intermediaries can frame or alter the perception of the artist’s intention. These intermediaries can frame or alter the perception of the artist’s intention.

While issues of diversity are increasingly taken into account, the underlying factor in While issues of diversity are increasingly taken into account, the underlying factor in determining who will get recorded, published, distributed, or presented is revenue. determining who will get recorded, published, distributed, or presented is revenue. Who will buy the product and how much are they willing to pay? Issues like these are Who will buy the product and how much are they willing to pay? Issues like these are generally answered by popular culture.generally answered by popular culture.


In this study, it is important to compare the similarities and differences in live and In this study, it is important to compare the similarities and differences in live and recorded music. The live musical experience deals with a real time, spontaneous, recorded music. The live musical experience deals with a real time, spontaneous, aesthetic experience between artist and performer. There is an exchange of energy aesthetic experience between artist and performer. There is an exchange of energy that does not occur in recorded media. However, different musicians have different that does not occur in recorded media. However, different musicians have different opinions regarding the similarities and differences in each of the media. Below are opinions regarding the similarities and differences in each of the media. Below are some quotes from different orchestral conductors expressing their feelings.some quotes from different orchestral conductors expressing their feelings.

““I don’t think there is any difference between a live performance and a I don’t think there is any difference between a live performance and a recording. A recording has also to be full of spontaneity.”recording. A recording has also to be full of spontaneity.”

(Badal, 1996: p. 112)(Badal, 1996: p. 112)

- Vladimir Ashkenazy- Vladimir Ashkenazy

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Comparison of MediaComparison of Media

““I think recordings put people in a position where they just lean back and I think recordings put people in a position where they just lean back and listen. But that’s something very different from a concert, it is more passive…the media listen. But that’s something very different from a concert, it is more passive…the media put too many people in this situation of not being creative…this tremendous put too many people in this situation of not being creative…this tremendous development of technological equipment cuts down the creation, the ability of people to development of technological equipment cuts down the creation, the ability of people to create themselves.”create themselves.”

- Christoph von Dohnány- Christoph von Dohnány

(Badal, 1996: p. 68)(Badal, 1996: p. 68)

Continue Comparison of MediaContinue Comparison of Media

““I don’t feel that making records is really a true way of making music, because I don’t feel that making records is really a true way of making music, because there’s nobody there to listen to it. It’s a slightly incestuous thing because it’s musicians there’s nobody there to listen to it. It’s a slightly incestuous thing because it’s musicians making music with musicians, trying to produce something perfect, which is impossible making music with musicians, trying to produce something perfect, which is impossible because we are human, and we do make mistakes, and nothing we do in a performance because we are human, and we do make mistakes, and nothing we do in a performance is that perfect. The human element is variable, and very often the [live] performance of a is that perfect. The human element is variable, and very often the [live] performance of a piece is greater than the number of mistakes made in it.”piece is greater than the number of mistakes made in it.”

- Colin Davis- Colin Davis(Badal, 1996: p. 26)(Badal, 1996: p. 26)

Contents

Comparison of MediaComparison of MediaThe Search for TruthThe Search for Truth

The development of new recording technologies has raised the standard of perfection in The development of new recording technologies has raised the standard of perfection in the industry. With many production companies, every attempt is made to end up with a the industry. With many production companies, every attempt is made to end up with a perfect performance. Giving the public unrealistic expectations and an untrue perfect performance. Giving the public unrealistic expectations and an untrue performance does a disservice to the live performing arena. performance does a disservice to the live performing arena.

““The danger of a record is that it catches a moment’s expression and The danger of a record is that it catches a moment’s expression and eternalizes it in a way which shouldn’t be. It’s like a photograph which catches a person eternalizes it in a way which shouldn’t be. It’s like a photograph which catches a person in a moment, and if you don’t know that person, then that moment is a false in a moment, and if you don’t know that person, then that moment is a false impression.” impression.”

-Antal Dorati (Badal, 1996: p.45)

Continue Comparison of MediaContinue Comparison of MediaPrevious PagePrevious Page

In addition to the energy that happens between a live performer and an audience, In addition to the energy that happens between a live performer and an audience, there are visual elements that impact the experience. Music is not how it is there are visual elements that impact the experience. Music is not how it is performed, but how an audience perceives it to be through all of the senses.performed, but how an audience perceives it to be through all of the senses.

““When you realize that…the visual effects, those which play a role in When you realize that…the visual effects, those which play a role in projecting your expression cannot be used, then obviously your timing is affected, and projecting your expression cannot be used, then obviously your timing is affected, and you tend to tighten the spaces between notes.”you tend to tighten the spaces between notes.”

-Lorin Maazel-Lorin Maazel

(Badal, 1996: p.18)(Badal, 1996: p.18)

In a live performance, body language also has a deep visual impact on the message In a live performance, body language also has a deep visual impact on the message and the experience of the musical performance. and the experience of the musical performance.

Contents

Comparison of MediaComparison of MediaA Sensory ExperienceA Sensory Experience


Because the visual aspect of live performance was appealing and meaningful along Because the visual aspect of live performance was appealing and meaningful along with the audio sensation, technology gave way to the advent of MTV and the music with the audio sensation, technology gave way to the advent of MTV and the music video. MTV brought an entirely new genre to the industry as well as new ethical video. MTV brought an entirely new genre to the industry as well as new ethical problems. Some of these questions are addressed in Burnett’s book, problems. Some of these questions are addressed in Burnett’s book, The Global The Global Jukebox: the international music industryJukebox: the international music industry..

Burnett quotes Jon Pareles from a New York Times article:Burnett quotes Jon Pareles from a New York Times article:

“…“…in a visual culture like ours, MTV has amplified the importance of image in a visual culture like ours, MTV has amplified the importance of image over sound, which has repercussions in everything from stage shows to who gets a over sound, which has repercussions in everything from stage shows to who gets a chance to record.”chance to record.”

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Comparison of MediaComparison of MediaThe MTV RevolutionThe MTV Revolution

He goes on to say…He goes on to say…

““MTV favors pretty people…Aging performers, or those whose only talents MTV favors pretty people…Aging performers, or those whose only talents are musical rather than visual, tend to hide in their own video clips, if they get a are musical rather than visual, tend to hide in their own video clips, if they get a chance to make them at all.” chance to make them at all.”

(Pareles, 1991 in Burnett, 1996)(Pareles, 1991 in Burnett, 1996)


““Music video has also changed the nature of the live concert situation. Before Music video has also changed the nature of the live concert situation. Before music video, artists and fans faced each other primarily in concerts, with the music video, artists and fans faced each other primarily in concerts, with the chance of missed notes or mishaps. Now the image of a performance can be chance of missed notes or mishaps. Now the image of a performance can be fabricated with studio perfect sound and every accessory in place. Many fabricated with studio perfect sound and every accessory in place. Many musicians have been willing to sacrifice spontaneity for such security, and in the musicians have been willing to sacrifice spontaneity for such security, and in the belief that audiences want to confirm what they’ve seen on MTV. Many live belief that audiences want to confirm what they’ve seen on MTV. Many live concert tours have become visual spectacles, where music might be concert tours have become visual spectacles, where music might be prerecorded so that singers can concentrate on dance steps.” (Burnett, 1996: p. prerecorded so that singers can concentrate on dance steps.” (Burnett, 1996: p. 97)97)

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Comparison of MediaComparison of MediaCommentaryCommentary

With MTV redefining popular culture and the demand for a different type of music With MTV redefining popular culture and the demand for a different type of music recording and live performance, will live performances need special effects to recording and live performance, will live performances need special effects to draw an audience? If the consumers of live music attend concerts for their visual draw an audience? If the consumers of live music attend concerts for their visual spectacle, what has happened to the music itself? Has the live concert evolved to spectacle, what has happened to the music itself? Has the live concert evolved to where the music in some performances take a secondary role to the other where the music in some performances take a secondary role to the other sensory experiences? This illustrates another example of how the technology sensory experiences? This illustrates another example of how the technology has changed the original purpose of the art form.has changed the original purpose of the art form.

Previous PagePrevious Page Educational PerspectivesEducational Perspectives

The digital age has brought with it many ethical questions in the music industry. The digital age has brought with it many ethical questions in the music industry.

““Traditionally, music publishers acted as middlemen between composers and record Traditionally, music publishers acted as middlemen between composers and record companies and collected a mechanical royalty on behalf of the composer for every companies and collected a mechanical royalty on behalf of the composer for every recording sold and a performance royalty for every time a piece was performed live or recording sold and a performance royalty for every time a piece was performed live or played on the radio.” (Burnett, 1996: p. 85) The advent of the internet has enabled the played on the radio.” (Burnett, 1996: p. 85) The advent of the internet has enabled the artist to bypass the middleman and transact directly with the general population. artist to bypass the middleman and transact directly with the general population.

Each recording and distribution company is now jockeying for a leading position in the Each recording and distribution company is now jockeying for a leading position in the online community and is struggling with the laws of copyright, property, and ethical online community and is struggling with the laws of copyright, property, and ethical questions surrounding ownership.questions surrounding ownership.

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Property Rights & CopyrightProperty Rights & Copyright

Continue Property Rights & CopyrightContinue Property Rights & CopyrightEducational PerspectivesEducational Perspectives

Musical WorksMusical Works (printed forms or performances) (printed forms or performances)•Reproducing the work in any material formReproducing the work in any material form•Publishing the workPublishing the work•Broadcasting the workBroadcasting the work•Causing the work to be transmitted to subscribers by a diffusion serviceCausing the work to be transmitted to subscribers by a diffusion service•Making an adaptationMaking an adaptation

Sound Recordings Sound Recordings (specifically)(specifically)•Making a record embodying the recordingMaking a record embodying the recording•Causing the recording to be heard in publicCausing the recording to be heard in public•Broadcasting the recordingBroadcasting the recording

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Property Rights & CopyrightProperty Rights & CopyrightWhat do the copyright laws protect?What do the copyright laws protect?

(Biederman, 1992 in Burnett, 1996)(Biederman, 1992 in Burnett, 1996)

While ethically valid, the challenge lies in enforcing these principles.While ethically valid, the challenge lies in enforcing these principles.

Continue Property Rights & CopyrightContinue Property Rights & CopyrightPrevious PagePrevious Page

Information is costly to produce, yet it costs relatively little to transmit. This is extremely Information is costly to produce, yet it costs relatively little to transmit. This is extremely hard for anyone who has devoted resources to the production of information. The hard for anyone who has devoted resources to the production of information. The digitization of music and other information has enabled consumers to form a direct link digitization of music and other information has enabled consumers to form a direct link with the artists, bypassing the middleman. In this case, copyright isn’t just about with the artists, bypassing the middleman. In this case, copyright isn’t just about intellectual property, but copyright becomes an issue of securing the financial gain from intellectual property, but copyright becomes an issue of securing the financial gain from the property. the property.

The instant the producer sells the information to some consumer, that consumer The instant the producer sells the information to some consumer, that consumer becomes a potential competitor of the original producer, paying no more than the cost of becomes a potential competitor of the original producer, paying no more than the cost of transmission for the commodity. Some would argue that music companies are most transmission for the commodity. Some would argue that music companies are most threatened by this act of piracy.threatened by this act of piracy.

(Burnett, 1996)(Burnett, 1996)

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Property Rights & CopyrightProperty Rights & CopyrightThe Digital DomainThe Digital Domain

Previous PagePrevious Page Continue Property Rights & CopyrightContinue Property Rights & Copyright

The inevitable consequence of denying music publishers and record producers any The inevitable consequence of denying music publishers and record producers any income from unauthorized private copying is to diminish the level of available funds for income from unauthorized private copying is to diminish the level of available funds for investment in the promising young artists and writers who could become the megastars of investment in the promising young artists and writers who could become the megastars of the future. (Burnett 1996) the future. (Burnett 1996)

This problem is not only the result of domestic consumers making illegal copies, but is This problem is not only the result of domestic consumers making illegal copies, but is also widespread in the international market. “Copyright pirates plunder $2.5 billion a year also widespread in the international market. “Copyright pirates plunder $2.5 billion a year from the world’s record industry and one in four albums is now counterfeit. China and from the world’s record industry and one in four albums is now counterfeit. China and Bulgaria are suspected of being the biggest counterfeiters of compact discs,” said Mike Bulgaria are suspected of being the biggest counterfeiters of compact discs,” said Mike Edwards, director of operations of the IFPI. (Pirating of Albums, 1995 in Stamm 2000)Edwards, director of operations of the IFPI. (Pirating of Albums, 1995 in Stamm 2000)

However, critics have argued that because of supply and demand models, we would see However, critics have argued that because of supply and demand models, we would see the price of recordings go first. “If piracy were having a negative effect on record the price of recordings go first. “If piracy were having a negative effect on record companies, they would merely raise the price of the original and suffer no net loss in companies, they would merely raise the price of the original and suffer no net loss in product.” (Katz, 1989 in Stamm, 2000)product.” (Katz, 1989 in Stamm, 2000)

Contents

Property Rights & CopyrightProperty Rights & CopyrightPiracyPiracy


In theory, by stopping piracy, the industry would recover the losses incurred by In theory, by stopping piracy, the industry would recover the losses incurred by those that illegally copy music. However, research has shown that the people who those that illegally copy music. However, research has shown that the people who copy are the ones buying more of the music than people who don’t copy.copy are the ones buying more of the music than people who don’t copy.

Aside from the blatant copying of entire CD’s, web sites like Napster and MP3 offer Aside from the blatant copying of entire CD’s, web sites like Napster and MP3 offer the sharing of music. With the stance that they’re not breaking any copyright laws, the sharing of music. With the stance that they’re not breaking any copyright laws, Napster will continue to be under scrutiny in the court system by the recording Napster will continue to be under scrutiny in the court system by the recording industry. industry.

The development of sharing musical files over the internet has given way to a new The development of sharing musical files over the internet has given way to a new way of thinking about music. Some more radical than others. The Free Music way of thinking about music. Some more radical than others. The Free Music Philosophy is just one of the radical view s that music should be free.Philosophy is just one of the radical view s that music should be free.

Contents

Property Rights & CopyrightProperty Rights & CopyrightPiracyPiracy


Property Rights & CopyrightProperty Rights & CopyrightThe Free Music PhilosophyThe Free Music Philosophy

This liberal view states that “music is a creative process. Today when a This liberal view states that “music is a creative process. Today when a musician publishes music, i.e., exposes it to the outside world, only a musician publishes music, i.e., exposes it to the outside world, only a privileged set of individuals are able to use the music as they please. privileged set of individuals are able to use the music as they please. However, the artist has drawn from the creativity of many other musicians However, the artist has drawn from the creativity of many other musicians and there is an existential responsibility placed upon them to give this back and there is an existential responsibility placed upon them to give this back unconditionally, so creativity is fostered among people.” unconditionally, so creativity is fostered among people.”

Included in the article is a statement from the Audio Home Recording Act. Included in the article is a statement from the Audio Home Recording Act. “No action may be brought under this title alleging infringement of copyright “No action may be brought under this title alleging infringement of copyright based on the noncommercial use by a consumer of such a device or based on the noncommercial use by a consumer of such a device or medium for making digital musical recordings or analog musical recordings.”medium for making digital musical recordings or analog musical recordings.”

The article suggests that music become a form of freeware, where The article suggests that music become a form of freeware, where consumers would honestly pay for what they enjoy and use. In an attempt to consumers would honestly pay for what they enjoy and use. In an attempt to rid the industry of the middlemen that come between the artist and the rid the industry of the middlemen that come between the artist and the consumer, the article includes instructions on setting up your own server to consumer, the article includes instructions on setting up your own server to share music with others. share music with others.

http://www.eff.org/pub/intellectual_property/free_music.article

Contents Previous PagePrevious Page Continue Property Rights & CopyrightContinue Property Rights & Copyright

http://www.eff.org/pub/Intellectual_property/free_music.article

On the other side of the coin, lobbying organizations in the music industry have been On the other side of the coin, lobbying organizations in the music industry have been active in developing solutions that will impact the future of digital music in a way that active in developing solutions that will impact the future of digital music in a way that protects the recording industry from becoming extinct.protects the recording industry from becoming extinct.

International Federation of Phonogram and Videogram Producers

International Standard Recording Code

Secure Digital Music Initiative

Contents

Property Rights & CopyrightProperty Rights & CopyrightThe Evolving SolutionThe Evolving Solution


The recording industry has its own international lobby organization, the International The recording industry has its own international lobby organization, the International Federation of Phonogram and Videogram Producers, which is active in Federation of Phonogram and Videogram Producers, which is active in intergovernmental debates regarding the protection of the rights of composers, intergovernmental debates regarding the protection of the rights of composers, recording artists and producers.recording artists and producers.

The primary goal of the IFPI is to encourage governments to adhere to the existing The primary goal of the IFPI is to encourage governments to adhere to the existing international copyright conventions which will enable the industry to increase its international copyright conventions which will enable the industry to increase its earnings for the secondary usage of recorded music such as from songs played on earnings for the secondary usage of recorded music such as from songs played on the radio or television.the radio or television.

Contents


IFPIIFPI


www.ifpi.org

http://www.ifpi.org/

http://www.ifpi.org/

Because the largest loss from piracy is incurred in the global market, the IFPI, in a Because the largest loss from piracy is incurred in the global market, the IFPI, in a desperate attempt to gain back their control, decided that affecting the blank tape desperate attempt to gain back their control, decided that affecting the blank tape market would be a remedy. “In the last decade, the IFPI has lobbied aggressively for a market would be a remedy. “In the last decade, the IFPI has lobbied aggressively for a levy on blank tapes as a partial solution. The industry position is clear: every blank tape levy on blank tapes as a partial solution. The industry position is clear: every blank tape sold, means one less CD or cassette sold.” (Burnett 1996)sold, means one less CD or cassette sold.” (Burnett 1996)

Clearly, the root of piracy does not lie in the buying and selling of blank tapes. The fact Clearly, the root of piracy does not lie in the buying and selling of blank tapes. The fact that the IFPI would consider trying to gain back their control over the market through that the IFPI would consider trying to gain back their control over the market through levying blank tapes shows that they’re struggling to find a solution to this problem. levying blank tapes shows that they’re struggling to find a solution to this problem. While the blank tape levy is not the answer, the IFPI does have other alternative While the blank tape levy is not the answer, the IFPI does have other alternative solutions.solutions.

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The IFPI has worked to establish the International Standard Recording Code. The ISRC is the The IFPI has worked to establish the International Standard Recording Code. The ISRC is the international identification system for sound recordings and music video recordings. Each international identification system for sound recordings and music video recordings. Each ISRC is a unique and permanent identifier for a specific recording which can be permanently ISRC is a unique and permanent identifier for a specific recording which can be permanently encoded into a product as its digital fingerprint. Encoding the ISRC into each digital encoded into a product as its digital fingerprint. Encoding the ISRC into each digital transmission will provide the means to automatically identify recordings for royalty paymentstransmission will provide the means to automatically identify recordings for royalty payments.

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ISRCISRC


The IFPI claims that the ISRC system is the key to royalty collection for The IFPI claims that the ISRC system is the key to royalty collection for recordings in the digital information age. recordings in the digital information age.

•ISRC is a unique, reliable, international identification system. ISRC is a unique, reliable, international identification system.

•ISRC provides a unique tool for the purpose of rights administration. ISRC provides a unique tool for the purpose of rights administration.

•ISRC is a useful identification tool in the electronic distribution of music. ISRC is a useful identification tool in the electronic distribution of music.

•ISRC coding is compatible with standards developed in the field of consumer ISRC coding is compatible with standards developed in the field of consumer electronics and is readable by hardware already used in the recording industry. electronics and is readable by hardware already used in the recording industry.

•ISRC is cost effective - it can be put into operation without requiring special ISRC is cost effective - it can be put into operation without requiring special investment in equipment or technologies. investment in equipment or technologies.

In seeking to create a secure trading environment, whilst at the same time In seeking to create a secure trading environment, whilst at the same time ensuring that music fans can enjoy the music in as many reasonable ways as ensuring that music fans can enjoy the music in as many reasonable ways as possible, the recording industry has worked with other industries to create the possible, the recording industry has worked with other industries to create the Secure Digital Music Initiative (SDMI). Secure Digital Music Initiative (SDMI).

SDMI includes a vast range of companies, both large and small, who come from SDMI includes a vast range of companies, both large and small, who come from consumer electronics, the computer industry and security technology. consumer electronics, the computer industry and security technology.

They meet regularly to develop specifications for music systemsThey meet regularly to develop specifications for music systems . .

Contents


SDMISDMI


Recorded Music in the Recorded Music in the General General Music Classroom Classroom

Copyright in Copyright in the Classroom Classroom

Issues of Issues of Privacy and and RecordingRecording

Aesthetics and Sensory Aesthetics and Sensory Experience

Contents

Educational PerspectivesEducational Perspectives

BackBack ContinueContinue

““School music teaching of recent years has made School music teaching of recent years has made extensive use of recorded musical compositions. One of the extensive use of recorded musical compositions. One of the advantages of the phonograph is that the teacher can present a advantages of the phonograph is that the teacher can present a desired selection whenever and as often as she wishes. The desired selection whenever and as often as she wishes. The phonograph presents a marvelously faithful reproduction of a phonograph presents a marvelously faithful reproduction of a musical performance, and the library of recorded music is so musical performance, and the library of recorded music is so inclusive that almost any desired composition or type of music is inclusive that almost any desired composition or type of music is available.”available.”

(McConathy, et al., 1937, p. 104)(McConathy, et al., 1937, p. 104)

Contents

Recorded Music in the Recorded Music in the General Music ClassroomGeneral Music Classroom

Educational Perspectives ContinueContinue

““Now consider the claim that musical works are abstract entities Now consider the claim that musical works are abstract entities because they are not susceptible to definitive performances. Rock because they are not susceptible to definitive performances. Rock and pop musicians would disagree. Hit songs are often conceived and pop musicians would disagree. Hit songs are often conceived and produced as unambiguous and meticulously recorded and produced as unambiguous and meticulously recorded performances that their originators often duplicate exactly in live performances that their originators often duplicate exactly in live performances.”performances.”

- Elliott, 1995, p. 34.- Elliott, 1995, p. 34.

Contents

One best performance?One best performance?


A Captured MomentA Captured Moment

When teachers select and present musical recordings to When teachers select and present musical recordings to children they should present only the best possible recordings children they should present only the best possible recordings while at the same time helping children understand that a while at the same time helping children understand that a recording is like a snapshot: many things happen before and after recording is like a snapshot: many things happen before and after any single captured moment in time. When you revisit a place it any single captured moment in time. When you revisit a place it rarely looks (or sounds) exactly the same as when you took that rarely looks (or sounds) exactly the same as when you took that original snapshot.original snapshot.

Contents

Photo Source: Photo Source: http://www.npr.org/prhttp://www.npr.org/programs/lnfsound/ograms/lnfsound/


• What place does recorded music have in the classroom?What place does recorded music have in the classroom?

• Is recorded music an acceptable substitute for the real thing?Is recorded music an acceptable substitute for the real thing?

• What is our purpose in teaching music in public schools?What is our purpose in teaching music in public schools?

Contents

Finding Harmony in the Finding Harmony in the ClassroomClassroom

Recorded music is rarely an equal substitute for live music. Recorded music is rarely an equal substitute for live music. However, few music teachers have professional orchestras or However, few music teachers have professional orchestras or choirs in their classrooms five days a week. Teachers must choirs in their classrooms five days a week. Teachers must decide how much to use recordings, and to what ends.decide how much to use recordings, and to what ends.


Why teach music?Why teach music?

• Aesthetic ExperienceAesthetic Experience

• Development of ConnoisseurshipDevelopment of Connoisseurship

• MusicianshipMusicianship

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Aesthetics and Sensory Aesthetics and Sensory ExperienceExperience


““Aesthetic experience is involvement with expressive qualities Aesthetic experience is involvement with expressive qualities rather than with symbolic designations… One’s attitude in rather than with symbolic designations… One’s attitude in aesthetic experience is to regard a thing as an expressive form aesthetic experience is to regard a thing as an expressive form rather than a symbol, to expect to get what one gets from an rather than a symbol, to expect to get what one gets from an expressive form rather than a symbol, to be interested in the expressive form rather than a symbol, to be interested in the thing as an expressive form rather than a symbol…. Finally, thing as an expressive form rather than a symbol…. Finally, aesthetic experience always comes from involvement in the aesthetic experience always comes from involvement in the qualities of some perceptible material. There is always a qualities of some perceptible material. There is always a sensuous element in aesthetic experience --- a presentation to sensuous element in aesthetic experience --- a presentation to the actual senses.”the actual senses.”

- Reimer, 1989, pp. 103-4- Reimer, 1989, pp. 103-4Contents

Educating for Aesthetic Educating for Aesthetic ExperienceExperience


On selecting recordings for children:On selecting recordings for children:

““But let those records sound forth the trashy and worthless But let those records sound forth the trashy and worthless so-called ‘melodies,’ with their accompanying verses of vulgar so-called ‘melodies,’ with their accompanying verses of vulgar slang and coarse innuendo and you set a standard of musical taste slang and coarse innuendo and you set a standard of musical taste to your children that is as morally dangerous as it is musically to your children that is as morally dangerous as it is musically misleading.”misleading.”

- Francis E. Clark, 1907, quoted in Kenney, 1999, p. 93.- Francis E. Clark, 1907, quoted in Kenney, 1999, p. 93.

Contents

Educating for Educating for ConnoisseurshipConnoisseurship


E.D. Hirsch: E.D. Hirsch: Cultural LiteracyCultural Literacy MENC: MENC:

National Standards for Music EducationNational Standards for Music Education Lisa Delpit: Lisa Delpit:

Other People’s Children: Cultural ConfliOther People’s Children: Cultural Conflict in the Classroomct in the Classroom

H. Kliebard: H. Kliebard: The Struggle for the American CurriculuThe Struggle for the American Curriculum 1893 - 1958m 1893 - 1958

Contents

Conflicting Views on Conflicting Views on ConnoisseurshipConnoisseurship

Educational PerspectivesEducational Perspectives ContinueContinue

Cultural LiteracyCultural Literacy

Contents Conflicting Views References

““To thrive, a child needs to learn the traditions of the particular human To thrive, a child needs to learn the traditions of the particular human society and culture it is born into. Like children everywhere, American society and culture it is born into. Like children everywhere, American children need traditional information at a very early age.” (p. 31)children need traditional information at a very early age.” (p. 31)

Hirsch advocates teaching a specific body of traditional songs including Hirsch advocates teaching a specific body of traditional songs including “America the Beautiful,” “Auld Lang Syne,” and “When the Saints Go “America the Beautiful,” “Auld Lang Syne,” and “When the Saints Go Marching.” In his list of “What Literate Americans Know” Hirsch also Marching.” In his list of “What Literate Americans Know” Hirsch also includes the 3 B’s: Bach, Beethoven, and the Beatles.includes the 3 B’s: Bach, Beethoven, and the Beatles.

““When the Saints go marching in”When the Saints go marching in”

Sung by the Mormon Tabernacle ChoirSung by the Mormon Tabernacle Choir


National Standards for National Standards for Music EducationMusic Education


““6. Content Standard: Listening to, analyzing, and describing music.6. Content Standard: Listening to, analyzing, and describing music.

““Achievement Standard: Students: a. Identify simple music forms when Achievement Standard: Students: a. Identify simple music forms when presented aurally; b. Demonstrate perceptual skills by moving, by answering presented aurally; b. Demonstrate perceptual skills by moving, by answering questions about, and by describing aural examples of music of various styles questions about, and by describing aural examples of music of various styles representing diverse cultures…” (p. 15)representing diverse cultures…” (p. 15)

Bela Fleck playing jazz banjo “Rocky Road”Bela Fleck playing jazz banjo “Rocky Road”

““Mama Angeli” performed by members of the BaAka Mama Angeli” performed by members of the BaAka Pygmy TribePygmy Tribe

ContinueContinue

Other People’s ChildrenOther People’s Children


““The clash between school culture and home culture is actualized in at least two The clash between school culture and home culture is actualized in at least two ways. When a significant difference exists between the students’ culture and ways. When a significant difference exists between the students’ culture and the school’s culture, teachers can easily misread students’ aptitudes, intent, or the school’s culture, teachers can easily misread students’ aptitudes, intent, or abilities as a result of the difference in styles of language use and interactional abilities as a result of the difference in styles of language use and interactional patterns. Secondly, when such cultural differences exist, teachers may utilize patterns. Secondly, when such cultural differences exist, teachers may utilize styles of instruction and/or discipline that are at odds with community norms.” styles of instruction and/or discipline that are at odds with community norms.” (p. 167)(p. 167)

In teaching for connoisseurship, it is possible to perpetuate stereotypes and In teaching for connoisseurship, it is possible to perpetuate stereotypes and overlook the needs of individual students or groups of students in the overlook the needs of individual students or groups of students in the classroom. Consider the needs of African American students taught by teachers classroom. Consider the needs of African American students taught by teachers of other cultural backgrounds.of other cultural backgrounds.

““Amazing Grace” not sung in Gospel StyleAmazing Grace” not sung in Gospel Style

ContinueContinue

The Struggle for the The Struggle for the American CurriculumAmerican Curriculum


1) Humanist Curriculum1) Humanist Curriculum

““There would be no curricular distinction between those students There would be no curricular distinction between those students who were preparing for college and those who were preparing for who were preparing for college and those who were preparing for ‘life.’” (p. 10)‘life.’” (p. 10)

This is a curriculum based on the study of the seven liberal arts, or This is a curriculum based on the study of the seven liberal arts, or the ‘classics.’ Such a curriculum would surely include study of the ‘classics.’ Such a curriculum would surely include study of musical ‘great works’ like Mozart’s “Eine Kleine Nachtmusik”musical ‘great works’ like Mozart’s “Eine Kleine Nachtmusik”

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2) Developmentalist Curriculum2) Developmentalist Curriculum

““The natural order of development in the child was the most significant and The natural order of development in the child was the most significant and scientifically defensible basis for determining what should be taught.” (p. 11)scientifically defensible basis for determining what should be taught.” (p. 11)

Presumably musical choices should reflect developmental needs of children. Presumably musical choices should reflect developmental needs of children. Consider for example, “Shake My Sillies Out” by Raffi. This song is Consider for example, “Shake My Sillies Out” by Raffi. This song is developmentally appropriate for children in preschool and primary grades.developmentally appropriate for children in preschool and primary grades.

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3) Social Efficiency Curriculum3) Social Efficiency Curriculum

“…“…the elimination of waste in the curriculum through the application of the the elimination of waste in the curriculum through the application of the kind of scientific management techniques that presumably had been so kind of scientific management techniques that presumably had been so successful in industry.” (p. 20) successful in industry.” (p. 20)

Connoisseurship has little place in such a curriculum. Music only has a place Connoisseurship has little place in such a curriculum. Music only has a place when it furthers an extra-musical goal. Songs like Buffalo Bob’s “Don’t Talk when it furthers an extra-musical goal. Songs like Buffalo Bob’s “Don’t Talk to Strangers,” whose text has a specific educational message, might fit in such to Strangers,” whose text has a specific educational message, might fit in such a curriculum.a curriculum.

ContinueContinue



4) Social Meliorist Curriculum4) Social Meliorist Curriculum

““Civilization … was not achieved by letting cosmic natural forces take their Civilization … was not achieved by letting cosmic natural forces take their course, but by the power of intelligent action to change things for the better.” course, but by the power of intelligent action to change things for the better.” (pp. 21-22)(pp. 21-22)

A primary aim of this curriculum is to fix all that ails society. Connoisseurship A primary aim of this curriculum is to fix all that ails society. Connoisseurship is not necessarily part of social meliorism. Instead, music is used when it is not necessarily part of social meliorism. Instead, music is used when it furthers the common good. One way this might be interpreted is using music furthers the common good. One way this might be interpreted is using music to help students enhance their self esteem. Consider for example, Red to help students enhance their self esteem. Consider for example, Red Grammer’s “I Think You’re Wonderful.”Grammer’s “I Think You’re Wonderful.”

ContinueContinue

““Although music instruction in school is important in the Although music instruction in school is important in the development of those students who are talented in music, its development of those students who are talented in music, its primary purpose is to improve the quality of life for primary purpose is to improve the quality of life for allall students students by developing their capacities to participate fully in their musical by developing their capacities to participate fully in their musical culture.”culture.”

- MENC, 1994, p. 2- MENC, 1994, p. 2

““I intend to highlight the importance [the praxial philosophy of I intend to highlight the importance [the praxial philosophy of music education] places on music as a particular form of action that music education] places on music as a particular form of action that is purposeful and situated and, therefore, revealing of one’s self and is purposeful and situated and, therefore, revealing of one’s self and one’s relationship with others in a community.”one’s relationship with others in a community.”

- Elliott, 1995, p. 14- Elliott, 1995, p. 14

Contents

Educating for MusicianshipEducating for Musicianship


Fair UseFair Use Home UseHome Use Institutional UseInstitutional Use Public UsePublic Use Aural and Printed FormsAural and Printed Forms

Contents

Copyright in the ClassroomCopyright in the Classroom


Fair UseFair Use

Contents Copyright in the Classroom Educational Perspectives

The right to copy excerpts for study, criticism, reporting, or educational use The right to copy excerpts for study, criticism, reporting, or educational use depends upon the nature, amount or substantiality of the excerpt in question.depends upon the nature, amount or substantiality of the excerpt in question.

In general, fair use includes excerpts that are not self-contained units. (A In general, fair use includes excerpts that are not self-contained units. (A chapter or song is an example of a self-contained unit.) The excerpt must be chapter or song is an example of a self-contained unit.) The excerpt must be less than 10% of the whole. Further, the copy of an excerpt must not have less than 10% of the whole. Further, the copy of an excerpt must not have impact on the commercial unit or devalue the original. That is, the copy impact on the commercial unit or devalue the original. That is, the copy may not supplant a purchase.may not supplant a purchase.

For more information, see US Code, Title 17.For more information, see US Code, Title 17.

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Home UseHome Use


Many of the recorded materials used in the classroom are specifically Many of the recorded materials used in the classroom are specifically

licensed for home use. Consider, for example, the warning displayed on licensed for home use. Consider, for example, the warning displayed on

most commercially produced videotapes: “Licensed for private home most commercially produced videotapes: “Licensed for private home

exhibition only.” My public school classroom is clearly not my private exhibition only.” My public school classroom is clearly not my private

home.home.

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Institutional UseInstitutional Use


While it takes special effort to procure permission or license to display While it takes special effort to procure permission or license to display

most recordings in institutional settings, some companies have made most recordings in institutional settings, some companies have made

special effort to make institutional copies of materials readily available. special effort to make institutional copies of materials readily available.

Most notable among these is PBS.Most notable among these is PBS.

http://www.pbs.org

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http://teacher.shop.pbs.org/

Public UsePublic Use


Are institutional and public use the same thing? Even though a classroom Are institutional and public use the same thing? Even though a classroom

is public in regards to funding and enrollment, it is private in the sense is public in regards to funding and enrollment, it is private in the sense

that it is a discrete and narrowly defined subsection of the general public. that it is a discrete and narrowly defined subsection of the general public.

While the classroom is not the same as a private home, few (if any) While the classroom is not the same as a private home, few (if any)

financial gains are made by teachers who play recordings for children.financial gains are made by teachers who play recordings for children.

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Aural and Printed FormsAural and Printed Forms


Consider the following dilemma:Consider the following dilemma:

The Walt Disney Company. (1993). The Walt Disney Company. (1993). Disney: The illustrated treasury of songs.Disney: The illustrated treasury of songs. Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI: Hal Leonard Corporation.WI: Hal Leonard Corporation.

““No part of this book may be used or reproduced in any manner whatsoever without written No part of this book may be used or reproduced in any manner whatsoever without written permission of the Publisher.”permission of the Publisher.”

BUT: This book is published by a company that specializes in materials for BUT: This book is published by a company that specializes in materials for educational/institutional use; is marketed to teachers; contains convenient lyric sheets for educational/institutional use; is marketed to teachers; contains convenient lyric sheets for many of the songs; retails for $24.95, a price that makes purchasing a copy for each student many of the songs; retails for $24.95, a price that makes purchasing a copy for each student prohibitive; and student versions of the book are not readily available (if at all).prohibitive; and student versions of the book are not readily available (if at all).

SO: Can these songs be taught in the classroom? Presumably only if they are taught aurally, SO: Can these songs be taught in the classroom? Presumably only if they are taught aurally, entirely by rote.entirely by rote.

BackBack

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Permission to recordPermission to record Permission to use recordingPermission to use recording Reasons to record and playbackReasons to record and playback Is there a functional difference between Is there a functional difference between

audio and video recording of children?audio and video recording of children? Copyright issues regarding recordingCopyright issues regarding recording

Contents

Issues of Privacy and Issues of Privacy and RecordingRecording


Permission to RecordPermission to Record

Contents Issues of Privacy Educational Perspectives

Teachers should obtain Teachers should obtain

informed consent from informed consent from

children and their children and their

parents before recording parents before recording

children.children.

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Permission to Use RecordingPermission to Use Recording


Closely linked to Closely linked to the permission to the permission to record is the record is the permission to use permission to use the recording. the recording. Children and Children and parents should parents should know in advance know in advance why the recording why the recording is being made and is being made and how it will be used.how it will be used.

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Reasons to Record and Reasons to Record and PlaybackPlayback


Why might a teacher record children in music class?Why might a teacher record children in music class?

• So the students may hear their own work.So the students may hear their own work.

• For portfolio assessment.For portfolio assessment.

• To document performance.To document performance.

• For commercial or non-commercial distribution.For commercial or non-commercial distribution.

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Differences between Audio Differences between Audio and Video Recordingand Video Recording


Depending on the reasons students are being recorded, there may be Depending on the reasons students are being recorded, there may be

significant differences between audio and video recording. For example, a significant differences between audio and video recording. For example, a

parent who is concerned that the recording may be used for predatory parent who is concerned that the recording may be used for predatory

reasons may object to video recording, but may have fewer concerns about reasons may object to video recording, but may have fewer concerns about

audio recording. In many cases, audio recordings are more convenient for audio recording. In many cases, audio recordings are more convenient for

music teachers to make and use. However, video recordings are music teachers to make and use. However, video recordings are

particularly useful when discussing the visual aspects of performance. particularly useful when discussing the visual aspects of performance.

Visual aspects may include playing posture, poise, and stage presence.Visual aspects may include playing posture, poise, and stage presence.

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Copyright Issues Regarding Copyright Issues Regarding RecordingRecording


Print music that is copyrighted often has additional restrictions on Print music that is copyrighted often has additional restrictions on

performance and/or recording. Usually purchase of the printed scores performance and/or recording. Usually purchase of the printed scores

covers the right to perform a work in public. However, it is not safe to covers the right to perform a work in public. However, it is not safe to

assume that the right to record is also granted. If there is a question, it is assume that the right to record is also granted. If there is a question, it is

always best to contact the publisher. Remember the Disney Corporation always best to contact the publisher. Remember the Disney Corporation

example? This is a case where public performance and recording are example? This is a case where public performance and recording are

restricted. restricted.

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SummarySummary

In this study, the connection between live and recorded music is examined by In this study, the connection between live and recorded music is examined by studying its impact on present and past societies. The study has shown that as studying its impact on present and past societies. The study has shown that as recording technology evolves, society changes and people view live music in a new recording technology evolves, society changes and people view live music in a new way. Through these changes, issues regarding the nature of music, aesthetic way. Through these changes, issues regarding the nature of music, aesthetic satisfaction, property rights, and privacy emerge that challenge the existence and satisfaction, property rights, and privacy emerge that challenge the existence and purpose of the recording industry as well as the live performance arena.purpose of the recording industry as well as the live performance arena.

Rather than view live music and recorded music as two separate entities, this study Rather than view live music and recorded music as two separate entities, this study shows that the two media are set on a continuum. As with other forms of technology, shows that the two media are set on a continuum. As with other forms of technology, as it develops over time, the technology challenges how the world is viewed. as it develops over time, the technology challenges how the world is viewed. Everything that technology touches is woven into a complex web of purpose and use. Everything that technology touches is woven into a complex web of purpose and use. The once distinct areas of live and recorded music become more and more The once distinct areas of live and recorded music become more and more interrelated with each technological advancement. While the two forms of media can interrelated with each technological advancement. While the two forms of media can never be completely homogenized, they will forevermore be an influence on each never be completely homogenized, they will forevermore be an influence on each other and on the way consumers of music use both of the media.other and on the way consumers of music use both of the media.

Contents References

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Contents

ReferencesReferences


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http://www.eff.org/pub/ 5/9/01 5/9/01

Contents

ReferencesReferences


http://www.eff.org/pub/

RecordingsRecordings

ContentsContents BackBack

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