Ro os evelt & Progressivism The Progressive Era Chapter 22, Section 1.
The Era of Progressivism
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Transcript of The Era of Progressivism
The Era of ProgressivismCh. 16 and 18
Essential and Guided Questions Essential Question:
How is progress measured?GUIDED QUESTIONS:
What would you do to improve living and working conditions?
Does the U.S. have a duty to fight for freedom in neighboring countries?
Presidents leading up to Progressivism
22- Grover Cleveland Interstate Commerce Commission- regulated interstate commerce
23- Benjamin Harrison Lost the popular vote but won electoral vote McKinley Tariff- cut and increased certain tariffs Sherman Anti-Trust Act- declared trusts illegal▪ Trust- combination of firms to reduce competition
24- Grover Cleveland Panic of 1893 18% unemployment Goldbugs v. Silverites
25- William McKinley Defeated William Jennings Bryan (Populist candidate) The Spanish-American War Aquired Guam, Puerto Rice and the Phillipines
Progressivism Sweeps the Nation
The 20th Century (1900’s) was an age of reform! Urban reformers and Populists helped to
raise awareness to the nation’s problems Who were the Progressives???
Urban Lived in the Northeast U.S. Well-educated Middle class Protestant reform-minded men and women
A Movement or Political Party?PROGRESSIVE PRESIDENTS:
Theodore Roosevelt (Republican) William Howard Taft (Republican) Woodrow Wilson (Democrat)
What united them? the belief that the laissez faire, Social
Darwinist outlook of the Gilded Age was morally and intellectually wrong
The Progressive Party was eventually formed in 1912
Results What all was included in the progressive
movement? Worker and consumer issues Protecting social welfare Promoting moral improvement (prohibition) Creating economic reform (urban poverty) Fostering efficiency (conservation of natural resources)
Numerous national and state regulations were issued, along with the passage of 4 amendments to the Constitution 16th- income tax 17th –direct election of Senators 18th-Temperance (banning alcohol) 19th-Woman’s suffrage (right to vote)
16th and 17th Amendments
17th Amendment
Worker and Consumer issues Protecting working children
1904- National Child Labor Committee formed to gather evidence of children working in harsh conditions
Efforts to limit working hours 1908- Muller v. Oregon limited women to a 10 hour workday▪ Other states passed similar laws
1917- Bunting v. Oregon limited men to a 10 hour workday Workers’ Compensation
Aid for families of workers who were hurt or killed on the job 1906- Meat Inspection Act
Cleanliness requirements for meatpackers and created the program of federal meat inspection
1906- Pure Food and Drug Act Halted the sale of contaminated foods and medicines Called for truth in labeling
Worker Issues
Meat Inspection
Social Welfare Social Gospel and settlement house movement helped the poor
by setting up: Community centers, churches, social services, YMCA (Young Men’s
Christian Association), libraries, Salvation Army, etc. Florence Kelley- worked to improve the lives of women and
children 1893- Helped to win passage of the Illinois Factory Act which prohibited
child labor and limited women’s working hours This became a model for other states
Education Reform Started in the 1830’s Horace Mann- main leader in public school reform▪ Established teacher training programs▪ Instituted curriculum reforms▪ Doubled the money that the state spent on schools
1865-1895- states passed laws requiring 12-16 weeks annually of school attendance by students between the ages of 8-14.
Early 1900s- more than 500,000 students attended high school Racial discrimination towards African Americans and immigrants
Social Reform
Moral Improvement Prohibition- banning alcohol
18th amendment passed 1874- Women’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU)
Led the movement for prohibition Had 245,000 members by 1911 making it the largest women’s
group Reforming elections
Secret ballots Initiative- a bill originated by the people rather than lawmakers Referendum-voting for an initiative Recall- voters can remove public officials from elected positions by
forcing them to face another election before the end of their term if enough voters asked for it
Direct primary- enabled voters to choose candidates for public office
1913-17th Amendment passed to allow popular election of Senators
Prohibition
Economic Reform 1893- Economic panic prompted Americans to question
the capitalist economic system Some Americans chose to embrace socialism (equal
distribution of wealth by the government- Ex: Amish) Eugene V. Debs- helped organize the American Socialist Party
in 1901 Muckrakers- journalists who wrote about the corrupt side
of business and public life Ida M. Tarbell- wrote a monthly article called “History of the
Standard Oil Company” to describe the company’s cutthroat methods of eliminating competition
Upton Sinclair -wrote the novel “The Jungle” in 1904 to describe the sickening conditions of the meatpacking industry
Jacob A. Riis- wrote “How the Other Half Lives” to expose the hardships of New York City’s poor
MuckrakersJacob Riis Photography (below)
Hardships for African Americans 9 out of 10 African Americans lived in the South in
1900 Segregation
Jim Crow laws 1896 Plessy v. Ferguson (separate but equal was legal)
Education 1890- less than 1% attended high school
15th Amendment (right to vote) Poll taxes, violence, literacy tests
Economy Poor sharecroppers Debt
Reform- Booker T. Washington About Booker:
Born into slavery in 1856 After receiving his freedom and finishing school, he became a teacher He believed demanding socialequality was unproductive because racism in the South was so widespread Established Tuskegee Institute in Alabama by age
25
Tuskegee Institute
Center for agricultural research Purpose- to train African Americans in
skills that would help them succeed Most famous product- George
Washington Carver Thought agricultural lands could be more
productive by diversifying crops. He discovered hundreds of new uses for
sweet potatoes, pecans, and peanuts (Ex: Peanut butter)
The Atlanta “Compromise” Speech delivered by Washington in 1895
at the Atlanta Exposition He declared that African Americans should
focus on Vocational Education Said that African Americans should
abandon their hopes for short term social and political equality Equality would come naturally when whites saw
African Americans as contributors to society African Americans were split on this idea
Washington’s Legacy
Leader in the African American community for his entire life
Published his autobiography “Up From Slavery” in 1901 Self-made man Role model to thousands First African American to be invited to the
White House 1906- Invited by President Theodore Roosevelt
Died in 1915
Reform- W.E.B. DuBois About W.E.B:
Born in Massachusetts in 1868 as a free black Attended FISK UNIVERSITY Became the first African American to receive a Ph. D. from Harvard Teacher at Atlanta University Believed in a classical education Biggest critic of Booker T. Washington Believed that African Americans should work towards
social and political equality to be able to succeed economically
Attacked Jim Crow Laws Published “The Souls of Black Folk” in 1903▪ Criticized Washington’s accommodation of racism in the South
The Niagra Movement
1905- DuBois met with a group of 30 men at Niagra Falls, Canada They drafted a document demanding
the immediate end to all forms of discrimination
The “Niagra Movement” was described as radical by most whites
Educated African Americans supported the resolutions
NAACP In 1909, members of the Niagra Movement formed the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)
Formed to fight for equality on a national level Intended to improve the self-image of African Americans
Dubois was the editor of the organization’s periodical called “The Crisis” for 20 years Contained political essays, poems, and stories glorifying
African American culture
Dubois’s Legacy
Strong leader in the African American community his entire life
Role model to thousands 1946- invited to attend the
organizational meeting for the United Nations
1961- moved to Ghana Died at age 96- just before Martin
Luther King Jr. led the Civil Rights March on Washington
Other African American Progressive Leaders
Marcus Garvey- created the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) Immigrant from Jamaica Believed that African Americans should build a separate society 1920’s- claimed to have 1 million followers Encouraged his followers to return to Africa, remove colonial
oppressors, and build a mighty nation Left a powerful legacy of newly awakened black pride, economic
independence, and reverence for Africa Carter G. Woodson- lobbied to establish Black History Month
as a nationwide institution Dedicated his career to the field of African American history Known as the “Father of Black History” Woodson chose the month of February to honor the birthdays of Frederick Douglass and Abraham Lincoln
Progressives in the White House
REVIEW!!! The Progressive Party was formed in 1912 PROGRESSIVE PRESIDENTS: ▪ Theodore Roosevelt (Republican)▪ William Howard Taft (Republican)▪ Woodrow Wilson (Democrat)
Between 1901 and 1921, the Presidents were more active and powerful than any since the days of Abraham Lincoln
“Teddy” Roosevelt
Theodore Roosevelt- Early Life Born: 1858 Parents:
Father-wealthy New York banker Mother- from a prosperous family in Georgia
Childhood: Bad eyesight Small and weak Acute Asthma
Lifestyle: Dedicated to mental and physical fitness Graduated from Harvard University in 1880 Married Alice Hathaway Lee▪ Died during the birth of their daughter Alice in 1884
Theodore Roosevelt- Accomplishments 1886- remarried in New York to a childhood friend named Edith 1898
Member of the Civil Service Commission Police Commissioner of NYC Assistant Secretary to the Navy
Spanish-American War Leader of the volunteer regiment called the “Rough
Riders” Hero of the Battle of San Juan Hill in Cuba
After the war, he was elected Governor of New York
Theodore Roosevelt- V.P. 1900- nominated to run as V.P. for William
McKinley Reason 1- to help McKinley get reelected Reason 2- to decrease his power▪ He was seen as a reckless cowboy by many Republican
leaders▪ His popularity made him a threat▪ They thought he could do less harm as V.P. than governor
of NY September ,6-13 1901- President William
McKinley was shot by assassin Leon Czolgosz at the Pan-American Exhibition in Buffalo on September 6, 1901. He died 8 days later.
Theodore Roosevelt- 26th President He is 42 years
old when he takes office The youngest
president ever What Teddy
Roosevelt was before he adds president to the
list >>>>>>>• Author of over 20 books• Expert on North American
wildlife• Adventurer• Historian• Cowboy• Boxer• Socialite• Explorer • Hunter• Naturalist• Harvard graduate• Cavalryman• Police Chief• Conservationist• Governor• Vice president• Husband• Father• Hard worker
Theodore Roosevelt- Beliefs When Roosevelt took office, it seemed like
Congress had been ruling the government, and big business was ruling Congress.
Roosevelt took an active role as president He used the White House as a "BULLY PULPIT" to
promote an active government that protected the interests of the people over big business.
Beliefs: No individual, no matter how wealthy, should control
the people’s representatives Workers should not be abused Capitalism should be preserved
Theodore Roosevelt- A Man of the People Wanted people to see him as a man who wasn’t
afraid to get his hands dirty He never went anywhere without his
photographer He traveled often and spoke with confidence and
enthusiasm He interacted with the people directly He was the first president to travel out of the
country while in office Roosevelt was seen as a popular hero
Sold merchandise, a film was made to portray him as a fairy-tale hero, paintings created in his honor, etc.
Theodore Roosevelt- Trustbuster Roosevelt lashed out against the trusts and sided with
American labor (filed 44 antitrust suits) Trust- a combination of firms or corporations for the purpose
of reducing competition and controlling prices throughout a business or an industry
Trusts controlled about 4/5ths of the industries in the U.S. in 1900
He believed WALL STREET FINANCIERS and powerful trust titans were greedy Docked wages to increase profits High railroad rates
Reasons Roosevelt criticized the wealthy class of Americans Exploitation of the public could cause a violent uprising They thought they were more powerful than the government
Sherman Anti-Trust Act Passed by Congress in 1890- law that
declared illegal all combinations "in restraint of trade“ Did not accomplish much in the first 12 years Courts would side with business over
government The only time an organization was deemed in
restraint of trade was when the court ruled against a labor union
Used by Roosevelt to bring down a holding company called Northern Securities
Teddy v. J.P. 1902- Roosevelt took action against the
court systems The first trust giant to fall was one of the
most powerful industrialist in the country- J. P. Morgan Morgan controlled a railroad company known
as Northern Securities. In combination with railroad MOGULS JAMES J.
HILL and E. H. HARRIMAN, Morgan controlled the bulk of railroad shipping across the northern United States.
“No man is above the law!” Morgan was furious to learn that Roosevelt's
Attorney General was suing the Northern Securities Company
Four days later, Morgan was at the White House with the President Morgan argued that he was being treated like a
common criminal Roosevelt said that no compromise could be reached The matter would have to be settled in court
The Supreme Court, in a narrow 5 to 4 decision, agreed and dissolved the Northern Securities Company.
Railroad Regulation 1903- Elkins Act
Made it illegal for railroad officials to give, and shippers to receive, rebates for using particular railroads
Railroads could not charge set rates without notifying the public
1906- Hepburn Act Limited the distribution of free railroad passes, a
common form of bribery Gave the ICC (Interstate Commerce Commission)
the power to set maximum railroad rates
Theodore Roosevelt- Legacy Hero of San Juan Hill Commissioned the Panama Canal (1903) The Pure Food and Drug Act and the Meat
Inspection Act made to protect consumers Created the U.S. National Park System to protect
America’s wilderness lands 1906 Nobel Peace Prize winner for negotiating the
Treaty of Portsmouth between Russia and Japan “Teddy Bear” named after him “Speak softly, but carry a big stick” Roosevelt Corollary- the U.S. would use force to
protect its economic interests in Latin America
William Howard Taft
William Howard Taft
The Progressive lock on the Presidency did not end with Theodore Roosevelt.
His popularity secured the election in 1908 of his hand-picked successor and secretary of war, William Howard Taft.
Taft continued busting America's trusts, but he was unable to control the conservative wing of the Republican party.
Election of 1912 Taft had angered the Progressives with his
cautious nature. Teddy Roosevelt challenged Taft for the
Republican nomination in 1912, splitting the party in two.
Roosevelt created the Progressive Party (Bull Moose Party) to be able to run against Taft.
Although the Republicans lost the election, it was not necessarily a loss for Progressives.
The winning Democrat, Woodrow Wilson, embraced much of the Progressive agenda himself.
Woodrow Wilson
Thomas Woodrow Wilson28th President 1856-Born in Staunton, Virginia President of Princeton University Governor of New Jersey Platform- New Freedom
Sought to achieve the vision of a nation of small farmers and small businesspeople
Wilson wanted to attack what he called the TRIPLE WALL OF PRIVILEGE ▪ tariffs▪ banks▪ trusts
Progressive Acts passed by Wilson 1913- Underwood Simmons Act
Reduced tariff rates Federal Reserve Act of 1913
Divided the nation into 12 districts and established a regional central bank in each district to take care of the other banks in that district
Made the nation’s currency more flexible Federal Reserve System still serves as the nation’s banking
system 1914-Clayton Antitrust Act
Clarified the Sherman Act by specifically naming certain business tactics illegal
Exempted labor unions from antitrust suits, and declared strikes, boycotts, and peaceful picketing perfectly legal
Progressive Acts passed by Wilson
1914- Federal Trade Commission Act Set up the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) as an antitrust measure Investigated possible violations of regulatory statutes Required periodic reports from corporations Put an end to a number of unfair business practices Administered almost 400 cease and desist orders to companies
engaged in illegal activities under Wilson’s administration 1913-Federal Income Tax (16th Amendment)
Legalized a graduated federal income tax Provided revenue by taxing individuals earnings and corporate
gains Larger incomes taxed at higher rates than smaller incomes Main source of revenue for the federal government today
Women Win Suffrage 1869- Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady
Stanton create the National Women Suffrage Association (NWSA)
NWSA joined with the National American Women Suffrage Association in 1890 to form (NAWSA)
Other prominent woman suffrage leaders- Lucy Stone, Julia Ward Howard, Carrie Chapman Catt, Lucy Burns, Alice Paul
1919- Congress passed the 19th Amendment giving women the right to vote
Suffrage
Wilson’s appeal to the Roosevelt Progressives Legislative measures suggested by the
BULL MOOSE CAMPAIGN: Approved the creation of a federal trade
commission to act as a watchdog over business Child labor bill Workers' compensation act Limited the workday of interstate railroad
workers to 8 hours. Signed a FEDERAL FARM LOAN ACT to ease the
pains of life on the farm
Wilson’s Progressive Legacy Before his two terms came to a close,
the federal government passed legislation: Restricting trusts Banning child labor Requiring worker compensation Prohibition of alcohol (18th Amendment) Women's right to vote (19th Amendment)
Wilson also had to deal with the nation’s First World War!!!!
The End