The Era of Good Feelings Marked by spirit of nationalism, optimism,

& goodwill Republicans dominated politics “Good feelings” actually a misnomer Debates over tariffs, the national bank,

internal improvements, & public land sales

Slavery Republican party would soon split in two

Era of Good Feelings• President James Monroe

• Easily won 1816 & 1820 elections over Federalist opponents

• Notable events:• Acquisition of Florida• Missouri Compromise• Monroe Doctrine

• Cultural Nationalism• American writers & artists

• Gilbert Stuart, Charles Willson Peale, & John Trumball

• Parson Mason Weems, Noah Webster,

Era of Good Feelings• Economic Nationalism

• Tariff of 1816• Henry Clay’s American System

− Protective tariffs− National bank− Internal improvements

• Tariff & bank passed• Monroe thought internal improvements

unconstitutional

Panic of 1819Panic of 1819 First major financial panic since ConstitutionFirst major financial panic since Constitution Caused when 2Caused when 2ndnd Bank of the U.S. tightened Bank of the U.S. tightened

credit to control inflationcredit to control inflation– State banks closedState banks closed– Value of money deflatedValue of money deflated– Increased unemployment, bankruptcies, and Increased unemployment, bankruptcies, and

imprisonment for debtimprisonment for debt West hurt the worst due to land speculationWest hurt the worst due to land speculation

– Bank foreclosures Bank foreclosures – Nationalist beliefs were shakenNationalist beliefs were shaken– Westerners called for land reform & opposition to Westerners called for land reform & opposition to

national banknational bank

Political PartiesPolitical Parties• FederalistsFederalists

– Failed to adapt to changing needs of Failed to adapt to changing needs of nationnation•Opposed War of 1812Opposed War of 1812•Hartford ConventionHartford Convention

• Soundly defeated in Election of 1816Soundly defeated in Election of 1816– No candidate in Election of 1820No candidate in Election of 1820

Political PartiesPolitical Parties• Republican PartyRepublican Party

– Party began dividing due to changing Party began dividing due to changing timestimes

– Some members clung to old idealsSome members clung to old ideals•Limited governmentLimited government•Strict interpretationStrict interpretation

– Most Republicans adopted former Most Republicans adopted former Federalist programsFederalist programs•Large army & navyLarge army & navy•Second National BankSecond National Bank

– Some Republicans flip-flopped on issues Some Republicans flip-flopped on issues • John C. Calhoun from War Hawk nationalist John C. Calhoun from War Hawk nationalist

to states’ rights advocateto states’ rights advocate

The Marshall CourtThe Marshall Court John MarshallJohn Marshall

Appointed in 1800 by John AdamsAppointed in 1800 by John Adams Consistently favored strong central Consistently favored strong central

government & rights of propertygovernment & rights of property Marbury v. Madison (1803)Marbury v. Madison (1803)

Established principal of judicial reviewEstablished principal of judicial review Fletcher v. Peck (1810)Fletcher v. Peck (1810)

States cannot pass legislation States cannot pass legislation invalidating contractsinvalidating contracts

First time state law ruled unconstitutional First time state law ruled unconstitutional

The Marshall CourtThe Marshall Court Martin v. Hunter’s Lease (1816)Martin v. Hunter’s Lease (1816)

Established that Supreme Court had Established that Supreme Court had jurisdiction over state courts involving jurisdiction over state courts involving constitutional rightsconstitutional rights

Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819)Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819) Contract for a private corporation cannot Contract for a private corporation cannot

be altered by a statebe altered by a state McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)

Federal government had implied power to Federal government had implied power to create national bankcreate national bank

States cannot tax federal institutionsStates cannot tax federal institutions Federal laws supreme over state lawsFederal laws supreme over state laws

The Marshall CourtThe Marshall Court

Cohens v. Virginia (1821)Cohens v. Virginia (1821) Supreme Court can review a state Supreme Court can review a state

court’s decision involving any of the court’s decision involving any of the powers of the federal governmentpowers of the federal government

Gibbons v. Ogden (1821)Gibbons v. Ogden (1821) Established the federal government’s Established the federal government’s

broad control of interstate commercebroad control of interstate commerce