The Enlightenment & the American Revolution Ms. Garratt.

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The Enlightenment & the American Revolution Ms. Garratt

Transcript of The Enlightenment & the American Revolution Ms. Garratt.

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The Enlightenment & the American Revolution

Ms. Garratt

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Linkage of the Scientific Revolution to the Enlightenment

• Belief in Progress– The successes of the Scientific Revolution gave

philosophes the confidence that human reason could solve social problems.

• More secular Perspective– Scientists made discoveries that contradicted &

challenged religious teachings. • Importance of the Individual– People turned away from the Church & royalty for

guidance - looked to themselves.– Encouraged to use their own abilities & reason to

problem solve

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Core Values of the Philosophes

• 1. Reason – truth could be discovered through reason

• 2. Happiness – rejected medieval belief that people should concentrate on finding happiness in the hereafter rather than finding contentment & joy in this world

• 3. Progress – Humankind could improve• 4. Liberty – called for liberties achieve from

the Glorious Revolution in the English Bill of Rights

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“I do not agree with a word you say but will defend to the death

your right to say it”

Voltaire

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Voltaire• Prolific writer who used

satire against his enemies.• Attacked clergy, aristocrats

& gov• Fought for religious

freedom & speech.• Was jailed & exiled for his

beliefs.• Fought superstition,

intolerance and prejudice.• He corresponded directly

with many rulers

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Hobbes

• Influenced by the English Civil War

• Human nature was wicked & life was like state of war

• Social Contract req’d people to give up liberties to an absolute monarch.

• In return they gain order & security.

• Wrote the Leviathan

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Locke• Locke believed that

human nature was essentially good.

• Humans were born with natural rights of life, liberty, property…..

• Purpose of gov was to protect those rights

• If gov abused it’s authority as Britain had done people had a right to overthrow the gov

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Locke’s Chief Influence

• Principles include:– Natural rights– Purpose of gov– Justification to overthrow

gov

– Author of the Two Treatise on Government

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Montesquieu

• Believed the best organization of gov included:

• Separation of powers &• Checks and balances• SOP was by itself a C/B• Both ideas are part of

the US Constitution.• Wrote Spirit of the Laws

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“Man is born free and everywhere he is in chains.”

Rousseau

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Rousseau

• Civilization corrupted man.• Only good gov had to be freely

formed & guided by the “general will” of society.

• Favored “direct democracy” in which individuals agree to give up some freedoms in favor of the common good.

• Consent of government• Titles of nobility should be

abolished• Influenced French Revolution/• Consent of the governed in US

Constitution

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Beccaria

• Interested in the justice system

• Condemned torture & irregular procedings.

• Favored:– Speedy trial– Fair treatment– Punishment

commensurate with the crime

– Abolishing capital punishment

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Wollstonecraft

• Women were not treated fairly by most philosophes.

• Wollstonecraft believed that women were entitled to an equal education.

• Wrote A Vindication of the Rights of Women

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How did Enlightenment Ideas Spread?

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Diderot

• Published the Encyclopedia.

• Censorship used to prevent the spread of ideas.

• Enlightened despots, absolute rulers, were those willing to consider some reforms

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Salons & Salonieres

• Originated in 1600s• Noblewomen began

inviting enlightenment philosophes in all fields to their homes

• By the 1700s middle class women began holding salons.

• Another way in which ideas were disseminated

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Catherine the Great

• Experimented with Enlightenment ideas

• Communicated with Voltaire & Diderot.

• Gave some rights to nobles

• However she allied herself with nobles who opposed change.

• Suppressed serf revolt

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Frederick the Great

• King of Prussia• Religious tolerance• Hired Voltaire to set up

Prussian Academy• Instituted reforms to

help commoners• However reforms were

largely to make Prussian gov more efficient

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Joseph II• Dedicated reformer• Disguised himself so he

could learn about their problems and improve them.

• Hired qualified civil servants rather than nobles

• Religious toleration• Ended censorship• Sold some church property

to build hospitals

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Music, Literature and Architectural Changes during the Enlightenment

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Baroque

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Neoclassical

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Baroque Music

• Johann Sebastian Bach• George Friedrich Handel• Dramatic Organ &

choral music

I’ll be Bach!

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Classical Music - Enlightenment• Composers– Joseph Haydn– Wolfgang Amadeus

Mozart– Ludwig van Beethoven

– Lighter, more elegant music

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Literature

• Novels which had plots, suspense & character development.

• Entertaining stories enjoyed by middle classes.

• Written in language that was understood

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Mercantilism vs. Laissez-Faire

• Government regulated

• Restricted trade– Tariffs– Navigation Acts

• Regulated by the market

• Liberal free trade

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Mercantilism• Government regulated

economic policy based on the following beliefs:

• Wealth was measured by the amount of gold/silver in treasury which req’d that nations maintain favorable balance of trade.

• Colonies were desired because they (1) provided raw materials and (2) markets for finished products.

• Restrictive trade policies which was reflected in the Navigation Laws

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Adam Smith• Leading physiocrat who

opposed mercantilism.• Wrote Wealth of

Nations which argued that natural forces of supply & demand should operate the economy.

• Strong supporter of laissez-faire.

• Encouraged individual initiative

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Enlightenment Influences on the American Revolution

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Impact of the Enlightenment on the Majority

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Le

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