Official Daily School Attendance (ODSA) / Electronic Gradebook Overiew
The enlightenment overiew
-
Upload
middle-township-high-school -
Category
Documents
-
view
364 -
download
0
Transcript of The enlightenment overiew
![Page 1: The enlightenment overiew](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022022415/5443a1228d7f7238158b52d7/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
The EnlightenmentSummary
![Page 2: The enlightenment overiew](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022022415/5443a1228d7f7238158b52d7/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Objectives• How did scientific progress promote trust
in human reason?• How did the social contract and separation
of powers affect views on government?• How did new ideas affect society and the
economy?• Identify the philosophies of major
Enlightenment thinkers such as: John Locke, Baron de Montesquieu, Adam Smith.
![Page 3: The enlightenment overiew](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022022415/5443a1228d7f7238158b52d7/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Scientific Revolution Leads to Enlightenment
• 1500-1700: European scientists using reason to discover laws of nature–Very successful: Planetary movements,
chemistry, vaccine for smallpox, etc.• Early 1700’s: If people used reason to
find laws that governed the physical world, why not use reason to discover natural laws?–Laws that govern human nature–Reformers begin studying human nature
and societal problems
![Page 4: The enlightenment overiew](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022022415/5443a1228d7f7238158b52d7/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Major Enlightenment Ideas• Every social, political and
economic problem could be solved through the use of reason
• Governments are created to secure an orderly society
• Separation of powers is the best way to protect human liberties
• All men are created “free and equal”• A free market should be allowed to
regulate trade
![Page 5: The enlightenment overiew](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022022415/5443a1228d7f7238158b52d7/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Enlightenment Thinkers
John Locke
Baron de Montesquieu
Voltaire
![Page 6: The enlightenment overiew](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022022415/5443a1228d7f7238158b52d7/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Social Contract Thomas Hobbes John Locke
•Humans are naturally cruel, greedy and selfish.•To escape this “brutish” life people entered into a social contract.•Only a powerful government could ensure an orderly society.•Believed only an absolute monarchy could keep a society completely orderly.
•Humans are naturally reasonable, moral and good•Humans have natural rights: life liberty and property•People form governments to protect natural rights•Best government was one with limited power•If a government violates people’s natural rights, people have the right to overthrow government
![Page 7: The enlightenment overiew](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022022415/5443a1228d7f7238158b52d7/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Separation of Powers• Baron de Montesquieu: Criticized
absolute monarchy and admired British government–British protected themselves from tyranny
by dividing powers of government between three branches: legislative, executive and judicial (misconception)
–Each branch of government should be able to ‘check’ the other two
• What government does this sound like?
![Page 8: The enlightenment overiew](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022022415/5443a1228d7f7238158b52d7/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Enlightenment and the Economy• Physiocrats rejected mercantilism in
favor of a policy called laissez faire.–Physiocrats were Enlightenment thinkers who focused on economic reforms
• Laissez-Faire: allowing business to operate with little or no government interference–Real wealth comes from productive land
not gold and silver–Supported free trade and opposed tariffs
![Page 9: The enlightenment overiew](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022022415/5443a1228d7f7238158b52d7/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Enlightenment and the Economy• Adam Smith: Free market should be
allowed to regulate business activity– Manufacturing, trade, wages, profits and economic
growth are all linked to the market forces of supply and demand
– Where there is demand, suppliers will seek to meet it because there are profits and economic rewards to be had
–Smith supported laissez faire, but also believed that a government had a duty to protect society, administer justice, and provide public works.
• His ideas lead to very productive economies during the Industrial Revolution (1800’s and 1900’s)
![Page 10: The enlightenment overiew](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022022415/5443a1228d7f7238158b52d7/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Supply and
Demand
![Page 11: The enlightenment overiew](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022022415/5443a1228d7f7238158b52d7/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Major Enlightenment Ideas for Society• Detested the slave trade and slavery• Deplored religious prejudice• Defended freedom of speech• Attacked divine right theory• Urged education for all• Hated unequal distribution of
property• Believed governments should be
freely elected• Women’s first duty was to her family
![Page 12: The enlightenment overiew](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022022415/5443a1228d7f7238158b52d7/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Enlightenment Changes Society• Women: Women were not equal and were
criticized for attempting to gain equality• Salons: Men and women gather in living
rooms to discuss Enlightenment ideas (chat rooms)
• Music: Ballets and operas become popular (Bach, Handel, Mozart)
• Art: Baroque gives way to rococo art (simple, elegant and charming)
• Literature: Novels become popular (Robinson Cruesoe)
![Page 13: The enlightenment overiew](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022022415/5443a1228d7f7238158b52d7/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Enlightenment Changes Society• Majority/Lower Class/Peasants: Slow to
change and hurt the worst– Serfdom disappears in the west, rises in the east– Peasants in Western Europe allowed to own or rent
land– All peasants throughout Europe dealt with similar
issues• Forced into military• Lands could be torn up without compensation by nobility
• Some peasants become eager for change, some resist change completely
![Page 14: The enlightenment overiew](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022022415/5443a1228d7f7238158b52d7/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
REVIEW QUESTIONSWho believed that people are naturally cruel and greedy?
a) Montesquieub) Hobbesc) Rousseaud) Voltaire
Which of the following is true of the physiocrats?a) They rejected laissez faire in favor of
mercantilism. b) They rejected mercantilism in favor of
laissez faire.c) They rejected both mercantilism and
laissez faire.d) They focused on social reform.
![Page 15: The enlightenment overiew](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022022415/5443a1228d7f7238158b52d7/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
REVIEW QUESTIONSWho believed that people are naturally cruel and greedy?
a) Montesquieub) Hobbesc) Rousseaud) Voltaire
Which of the following is true of the physiocrats?a) They rejected laissez faire in favor of
mercantilism. b) They rejected mercantilism in favor of
laissez faire.c) They rejected both mercantilism and
laissez faire.d) They focused on social reform.
![Page 16: The enlightenment overiew](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022022415/5443a1228d7f7238158b52d7/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Enlightenment ThinkersIn republican governments, men are
all equal; equal they are also in despotic governments: in the former, because they are everything; in the
latter, because they are nothing.
~Baron de Montesquieu The Spirit of Laws Bk. VI, Ch.2
The market price of every particular commodity is
regulated by the proportion between the quantity which is actually brought to
market, and the demand of those who are willing to pay the natural price of the commodity or the whole value of the
rent, labor and profit which must be paid in
order to bring it thither.
~Ada
m S
mith
The
Wea
lth
of N
atio
ns V
ol.I,
bk.
1, c
h.7
The reason why men enter into society is the preservation of their property, and putting themselves
under government, is the preservation of their property.
~John Locke Second Treatise of Government ChXIX, “Of the Dissolution in Government”