The late 17th – 18th centuriesChallenged Political AuthorityChallenged Religious AuthorityChallenged the Social Order

French Aristocrat Wanted a

Constitutional Monarchy in France

Wrote the book - The Spirit of the Laws in 1748

Separation of Powers - 3 Branches of Gov’t Executive Legislative Judicial

Checks and Balances each checks the power

of the other Power shouldn’t rest in

one person

French Middle Class Exiled to Great

Britain “Letters on the

English” Candide

Civil Liberties Universal

toleration of all people

Religious Tolerance

“I disapprove of what you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it.”

Freedom of SpeechFreedom of Expression

From the lower-class

Emile Education

children must develop naturally and spontaneously

learn by direct experience

“man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains.”

The Social Contract people entered into a

social contract among themselves

surrender all their rights to the community

= General Will

the will of the majority Government is a

necessary evil if it does not carry out

the General Will, the people can overthrow it

Popular Sovereignty Power of the

government rests in the people

Highly Educated Editor of The

Encyclopedievirtually all

important French philosophes contributed

Articles attacked The Old Regimereligious

intoleranceunjust taxationgovernmental

absolutism

Scottish Father of Modern

Economics Believed in Capitalism

The Invisible Hand Competition will regulate

the economy laissez-faire policy

No Government intervention

Hands-off

English A Vindication on

the Rights of Men A Vindication on

the Rights of Women

Supported the idea of Natural Rights

Believed Women should be educated

Mary Wollstonecraft

Scottish ATreatise of

Human Nature Empiricism

Knowledge comes from experience

Skepticism

AustrianHis work influenced other composers, i.e. Beethoven

His music reflected “a vision of humanity”

He was able to show mood through his works: Operas, Sonatas, Symphonies etc….

German Transitioned music from Classical to Romantic

Dedicated Eroica [French for Hero] to Napoleon

Retracted dedication when Napoleon declared himself Emperor

Started going deaf in his 20s – used a special rod attached to a soundboard that he bit, the vibrations helped him to perceive the sounds

Completely lost his hearing in 1815, but continued to compose and to conduct successfully

Suffered from Bipolar disorder and suicidal thoughts

Most likely died of lead poisoning

Women played an important role

Rich women held gatherings in their drawing rooms, or salons

Writers, musicians, painters, and philosophes exchanged ideas

Began well before the Enlightenment, dating as far back as the Renaissance

Lasted through the Enlightenment period

Contributed to the questioning of Royal and Religious Authority

Ptolemy Greco-Roman

citizen of Egypt Geocentric

Theory Ideas were

widely accepted by the Catholic Church

Scientific Revolution – disproved Ptolemy

Polish Countered the teachings of the Church

Heliocentric Theory of the Universe

Ptolemy!

Copernicus!

Italian Contradicted the teachings of the Church

Invented a more powerful Telescope

Proved the Heliocentric Theory of the Universe

Danish Astronomer Combined the Teachings of the Church with Science

Observed the Universe with the Naked Eye

Collected Data used by later Astronomers

The Tychonic Theory

Brahe’s Observatory

Lost his Nose in a drunken duel w/ fellow Danish Noble

Had a replacement nose of Gold and Silver attached by paste

His father died of pneumonia after saving Frederick II of Denmark from drowning

He kept a “dwarf” named Jepp who he believed was clairvoyant

Jepp sat under the table during dinner

Had a pet Elk that died after drinking too much beer and falling down the stairs

For 100s of years it was believed he died from an exploded bladder at a dinner party

Recent studies show mercury poisoning

Johannes Kepler• German• He was Brahe’s apprentice – may have killed Brahe for his data

• Used Brahe’s data to Mathematically prove the Heliocentric Theory

Kepler’s 3 Laws of Planetary Motion

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dRT3m2Wzyh4&feature=related

Galen Physician in Ancient

Rome His Medical

knowledge was based on dissections of monkeys and pigs

Scientific Revolution – disproved Galen

Italian Founder of Modern Human Anatomy

De Humani Corporis Fabrica Libri Septem (On the Fabric of the Human Body in Seven Books)

Disproved Galen

A PageFrom Vesalius’

Book

English Discovered how the Heart works and how it pumps blood through the Circulatory System

Disproved Galen

EnglishCalculus3 Laws of MotionUniversal Gravitation

"A body continues to maintain its state of rest or of uniform motion unless acted upon by an external unbalanced force."

"F = ma: the net force on an object is equal to the mass of the object multiplied by its acceleration."

"To every action there is an equal and opposite reaction."

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UVdqxYyFRKY