The Enlightenment (1600-1750)

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The Enlightenment (1600-1750)

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The Enlightenment (1600-1750). Goal. To understand the natural world and humankind's place in it solely on the basis of reason and without turning to religious belief . Fundamental Concepts. faith in nature belief in human progress. Apply scientific methods to the study of human society. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Transcript of The Enlightenment (1600-1750)

Page 1: The Enlightenment (1600-1750)

The Enlightenment(1600-1750)

Page 2: The Enlightenment (1600-1750)

GoalTo understand the natural

world and humankind's

place in it solely on the

basis of reason and

without turning to

religious belief

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Fundamental Concepts

faith in nature

belief in human progress

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Apply scientific methods to the study of human society

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Basic principles about human affairs

Human beings are naturally good

Humans can be educated to be better

Reason was the key to truth

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Main Currents of Enlightenment Thought

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Hugo Grotius(1583 – 1645)

• Natural law

• Natural duties

• Natural rights

• Just War (De Jure Belli ac Pacis, 1625)

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Benjamin Franklin(1706-1790)

Pennsylvania

Printer/Scientist/ Diplomat

Poor Richard’s Almanac

“Well done is better than well said”

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Thomas Hobbes(1588 – 1679)

Leviathan (1651)

religion useful as propaganda

human life "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short"

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Thomas Jefferson(1743-1826)

Virginia

Planter/Politician/ President

Declaration of Independence

Religious Freedom

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John Locke(1632-1704)

Second Treatise on Government (1680)• Divine Right theory of

Kingship• power to govern was

obtained from the permission of the people

• natural rights: life, liberty and property

Essay Concerning Human Understanding (1690)tabula rasa

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James Madison(1751-1836)

Virginia

Planter/Statesman/Political Theorist

“Father of the United States Constitution”

The United States Bill of Rights

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Adam Smith(1723 – 1790)

• Wealth of Nations (1776)

self-interest the division of labor the function of markets laissez-faire economy “invisible hand”

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John Adams(1735-1826)

Massachusetts

Lawyer/Statesman/ President

“Thoughts on Government”

Virtuous Citizens and a Well-Designed Government

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Voltaire(1694 – 1778)

Deism

Candide (1759)

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Thomas Paine(1737-1809)

England?

Corset maker/Political Writer

Common Sense

Divine right?

“Without the pen of the author of Common Sense, the sword of Washington would have been raised in vain”

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Montesquieu(1689 – 1755)

De L'Esprit Des Lois (On the Spirit of Laws) (1748)

checks & balances

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Cesare Beccaria (1738 – 1794)

On Crimes and Punishments (1764)

• heighten happiness and power while at the same time reducing misery and weakness

• prevent crimes than to punish them

• laws, not punishments, should be feared

• nature of the evidence presented should determine whether imprisonment is a reasonable punishment

• punishment should befit the crime

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The Enlightenment & Revolution