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The English

Grammar

osnove

http://engleski-jezik.com/index.htm

zato je sve prepuno ijekavice-valjda vam nece smetati

+beleske iz srednje

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Alphabet A, a(ei:)N, n(en)B, b(bi:)O, o(o:)C, c(si:)P, p(pi:)D, d(di:)Q, q(kju:)E, e(i:)R, r(a:)F, f(ef)S, s(es:)G, g(di:)T, t(ti:)H,

h(eie)U, u(ju:)I, i(ai)V, v(vi:)J, j(dei)W, w(dabl ju)K, k(kei)X, x(eks)L, l(el)Y, y(uai)M, m(em)Z, z(zi, zed) Brojevi Brojevi izmeu 13 i 20 obrazuju se kada se broju prve desetine doda sufiks"teen", izuzev nekih manjih izuzetaka (thirteen umesto threeteen i fifteen umesto fiveteen). Brojevi desetica obrazuju se na slian nain, dodavanjem sufiksa "ty". Brojevi koji imaju desetice i jedinice prave se kao i u srpskom: 25 - twenty f ive, 71 - seventy one. Rei hundred i thousand posle kojih dolazi broj manji od sto, vezuju se veznikom "and": 328 - three hundred and twenty eight 3.020 - three thousand and twenty. "One" ima mnoinu koja glasi "ones" i upotrebljava se kao imenica, najee da bi se izbeglo ponavljanje imenice u reenici: Black gloves are stronger than white ones. (crne rukavice su jae od bijelih) Redni brojevi Prva tri redna broja se tvore nepravilno: first (prvi), second (drugi) i third (trei). Svi ostali redni brojevi prave se dodavanjem nastavka "th" na glavne brojeve: seventh (sedmi), tenth (deseti), sixteenth (esnaesti), ninetieth (devedeseti), thousandth(hiljaditi) etc. Slova "ve" kod f ive postaju slovo "f" kod f i f th (peti), f if teenth (petnaesti) i f if t ieth (pedeseti). Isto tako kod twelve se menja u twelf th. Nine u rednom broju gubi krajnje "-e": nine ninth. Kod desetica krajnje "y" mijenja se u "ie" pred nastavkom "th": thir tieth (trideseti). Kod sastavljenih rijei nastavak dobijaju samo jedinice: twenty-fourth (dvadeset etvrti). Razlomci u imeniocu imaju redni broj: 4/5 - four f if ths 3/10 - three tenths Razlika je jedino kod 1/2 - one half i 1/4 - one quarter ili a quarter, 3/4 - three quarters. *Redni brojevi dobijaju odreeni lan the. Brojevi za ponavljanje prave se pomou rijei "times": four times (etiri puta), twenty t imes (dvadeset puta). Izuzetak: once (jedanput), twice (dva puta), thr ice (tri puta) zadrali su se jo u poeziji, inae su zastareli. lanovi Odreeni lan: THE korisi se u jednini i u mnozini

govorimo o neem odreenom, zna se tano o emu kada smo vec nesto pomenuli, pa opet pricamo o tome kada onaj kome govorimo zna o kome/emu govorimo kada nesto pominjemo 1. put ali je to odredjeno frazom koja sledi: the boy riding a bike( (taj) decak

koji vozi bicikl) ispred imenica koje oznaavaju neto ega ima samo jedno: the Earth, the Sun ako imenica u jednini odreuje celu vrstu, a ne samo pojedinu stvar koja pripada toj vrsti:

the Earth satell ite is faster then the aeroplane (Zemljin satelit je bri od aviona); pred superlativima: this is the best thing you can do (to je najbolja stvar koju moe uiniti); ispred rednih brojeva: i t is the second day of my arr ival here (drugi je dan otkako sam stigao ovamo); ispred "same": the same to you (isto i vama); ispred imena zgrada, ustanova, brodova i sl: The Houses of Parliament (parlament),

The Ministry of Defence (ministarstvo odbrane), The Majest ic (hotel) itd OSIM Buckingham palace Windsor Castle Westminster abbey imena institucija koja pocinju vlastitim imenom;

ispred imena listova, asopisa, magazina, alo je u nazivu zajednicka imenica: the Times; ispred licnih imena koja se sastoje od prideva i imenice:

The Black Sea (Crno more), The Pacif ic Ocean (Tihi okean); ispred imena naroda u mnoini: the English (Englezi); ispred prideva koji oznacavaju skup osoba: The young are hyperactive (mladi su hiperaktivni)

ispred imena poslije kojih dolazi "of": we signed the treaty of Locarno (potpisali smo sporazum u Lokarnu); ispred imena reka, plananskih lanaca, jezera i mora: we climbed the Alps (popeli smo se na Alpe); ispred prideva koji su upotrebljeni kao imenice: the poor of London (sirotinja Londona);

The English Grammar

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u nekim stalnim izrazima i frazama: he made a joke at the expense of this o ld woman (naalio se na raun ove starice); I don't want to run the r isk (ne elim da rizikujem).

ispred strana sveta imenicki upotrebljenih: The South Of Serbia has mountains (jug srbije je brdovit) reke, mora, planinski venci, pustinje, grupe ostrva: The Danube, The Adriatic sea, The Hymalai, the

Sahara, The Hawai zvanaicni nazivi drzava U MNOZINI: The United Kingdom, The United States of America nazivi jezika ako pored stoji language: the English language, ako je samo, onda ide: I speak English ispred imena brodova, aviona, vozova: The Titanic ispred vlastitog imena ako se misli na bas tog: The Dijana is smart (bas ta Dijana je pametna) ispred prezimena porodice: The Simpsons ispred komparativa u idiomima (ustaljen izraz) The sooner the better (sto pre to bolje) ispred muzickih instrumenata u opstem smislu: I play the piano, ali ako govorimo o odredjenom

instrumentu onda ne ide odredjeni clan: I bought a new piano (kupila sam novi klavir) da pokaze mere: aples are sold by kilo (jabuke se prodaju na kilo) ispred duzih delova dana: In the afternoon , in the morning (popdne, ujutro)

Neodredjeni clan: a/an an se koristi za imenice koje pocinju samoglasnikom (a man, an open window, an hour-ne samo kako se pise nego I ako se cita kao samoglasnik!) , a za sve ostalo; oba se koriste samo u jednini, u mnozini se koristi some , neodredjeni pridev ili nista. Misaone i gradivne imenice koje nemaju mnoinu i koje se ne mogu brojati, nemaju neodreeni lan.

za zajednicke imenice kad imenicu pomijnemo prvi put kao deo imenskog predikata ako imenicu pominjemo u sklopu

o nacionalnosti: He is an Australian o zanimanja: I am an artist o veroispovesti: You are an orthodox o hobija: She is a dancer

uvek sa to be : He is an footballer to be kad odredjuje vrstu (genericki clan): A rose is a flower ispred vlastitiog imena u znacenju jedan ili neki posle fraza:

o what a/an o such a/an o half a/an o many a/an o quite a/an o rather a/an o a day: 10 hours a day( 10 sati dnevno) o a

hundred dozen (tuce, 10-12 komada) score (20 komada necega) thousand

u kombinaciji sa many znai mnoinu: many a ship (mnogi brodovi) uz imenicu koja je izdvojena iz celine ili mnotva ali koja nije posebno odreena:

the boy saw a bird in the t ree (deak je video pticu na drvetu) uz razlomke: a half (polovina), a third (treina) iza "not" pojaava negaciju: I have not a single penny(nemam ni jedan jedini peni).

Izostavljenje lana:

pojedinana imena drava (osim the Sudan) ulice, parkovi, trgovi (osim The High street) jezera, osim ako se upotrebi OF: Pali lake=the lake of Pali sportovi (osim ako mislis na odredjenu utakmicu: the football I watched last night) obroci objekti, ako mislimo na svrhu kojoj slue ( I hate school) osim ako prias o odredjenoj zgradi/predmetu.

school church preason/jail

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bed hospital

konkretni delovi dana dani u nedelji meseci godinja doba nain na koji obavljamo nesto( I go by bus) kad se neto nabraja: my brother is a runner, swimmer and jumper (moj brat je trka, pliva i skaka uz misaone i gradivne imenice koje se ne mogu brojati:

he put wood on f ire (stavio je drva na vatru), we have conf idence in you (imamo povjerenja u vas) u sluaju kada neku titulu moe imati samo jedno lice u isto vreme: he is President of the Republic (on

je predsednik republike) ispred linih imenica: Jack gave me an apple (Jack mi je dao jabuku) imenice koje oznaavaju porodine odnose, a lanovi su porodice:

mother cal led me back (majka me je pozvala da se vratim) imena vrhova planina: Magli is the highest mountain in Bosnia

(Magli je najvea planina u Bosni) ali planinski venci imaju clan!

GLAGOLI Glagol "to be" biti

be-was/were-been Be kao glagol punog znaenja znai postojati, ivjeti, stii itd. Be se vrlo esto upotrebljava kao deo imenskog predikata (His brother was a sailor. (njegov brat je bio mornar)).

Present Simple - Prezent

I am - I 'm (ja sam) I 'm not (ja nisam) am I? (je sam li) you are - you're you're not are you? he is - he's, she's, it 's he's, she's, it 's not is he, she, it? we are - we're we're not are we? you are - you're you're not are you? they are - they're they're not are they?

Past Simple - Preterit (Prosto prolo vrijeme)

I was (ja sam bio) I wasn't ( ja n isam bio) was I? you were you weren't were you? he was he wasn't was he?

Present Perfect - Perfekt

I have been (ja sam bio) I haven't been have I been? you have been you haven't been have you been? he has been he hasn't been has he been?

Past Perfect - Pluskvamperfekt (Pluperfekt)

I had been (ja bijah bio) I had not been had I been? you had been you had not been had you been?

he had been he had not been had he been?

Futur Simple - Futur

I shal l be (ja u biti) I shal l not be shall I be? you wi l l be you wi l l not be wil l you be? he wi l l be he wi l l not be wil l he be?

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Futur Perfect - Svreni futur

I shal l have been (ja u biti) I shall not have been shall I have been? you wi l l have been you wi l l not have been wil l you have been? he wi l l have been he wi l l not have been wil l he have been?

Present Conditional - Pogodbeni nain sadanji

I should be (ja bih bio) I should not be should I be? you would be you would not be would you be? he would be he would not be would he be)

Past Conditional - Pogodbeni nain proli

I should have been (bio bih bio) I should not have been should I have been? you would have been you would not have been would you have been? he would have been he would not have been would he have been?

Glagol "to have" - imati Have kao glagol punog znaenja:- Have iza kojeg slijedi infinitiv izraava obavezu. Npr: They had to leave. (morali su otii) I have to buy some chocolate for her g ir l. (moram kupiti okolade za njenu devojicu) - U toj se konstrukciji moe upitni oblik tvoriti s pomou do ili inverzijom, a odrini pomou do ili dodavanjem not, npr:

Did they have to leave? Had they have to leave? { Jesu li morali otii

They did not have to leave. They had not to leave. { Nisu morali otii.

Kada have znai posedovati, ne upotrebljava se u nesvrenim vremenima! Have se upotrebljava u nekim stalnim izrazima:

to have breakfast (dorukovati) to have tea (popiti aj) to have a good time (dobro se zabavljati)

Imperativ have Infinitiv prezenta to have Infinitiv perfekta to have had Particip prezenta having Particip perfekta had - having had Gerund prezenta having Gerund perfekta having had

Imperativ be Infinitiv prezenta to be Infinitiv perfekta to have been Particip prezenta being Particip perfekta been - having been Gerund prezenta being Gerund perfekta having been

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Glagol "to do" - raditi do did done

S pomonim glagolom do tvori se upitni i odrini oblik prezenta i preterita glagola punog znaenja.Does he drive a car? (vozi li on auto) You do not understand me. (vi me ne razumete) They did not arr ive in t ime. (nisu stigli na vreme)

U imperativu, prezentu i preteritu upotrebljava se pomoni glagol do i u potvrdnim reenicama ako elimo istaknuti glagol. Takvo do se zove emfatino do (Emphatic do).Do sit down! (ta sedi!) I do l ike this cakes. (zaista volim ove kolae)

-Do se kao glagol punog znaenja upotrebljava u znaenju initi, raditi. Npr:They did their job very well. (oni su vrlo dobro obavili svoj posao) He did not do what he had promised. (nije uinio to je obeao) When does she do the room? (kada ona sprema sobu)

Bezlini glagoli su glagoli koji se upotrebljavaju samo u 3. licu jednine sa it. Oni obino oznaavaju vremenske uslove. Npr.: Neki glagoli u treem licu jednine mogu imati bezlino znaenje: to seem (izgledati): it seems to be true (izgleda da je istina) to appear (izgledati): it appears as if it would be a change in weather (izgleda kao da e se vreme promijeniti) to look (izgledati): i t looks l ike rain (izgleda kao da e kia) to feel (osjeati): i t feels cold (osjea se hladnoa) to make (initi): i t makes me afraid (to me plai).

Nepotpuni glagoli su: can (moi), may (moi, smjeti), ought (trebati) i must (morati). - nemaju sve oblike i vremena, - u sadanjem vremenu u treem licu nemaju nastavak "s"; - upitni im se oblik pravi inverzijom, odrini oblik obrazuju sa rjeicom "not"; - trae infinitiv bez "to" (izuzev glagola "ought").

Nepotpuni glagol "can" (moi, umjeti, znati) oznaava fiziku ili umnu sposobnost. Ima oblik"could" za prolo vrijeme (Past Tense) i za pogodbeni nain sadanji (Present Conditional):

I can swim (umijem, znam da plivam), I could swim (umio sam da plivam), Could you show me the way, please? (da li biste mogli da mi pokaete put, molim?) *Umesto glagola "can" u vremenima koje on nema upotrebljava se izraz "to be able" (moi, biti u stanju):I shall be able to this for you. (moi u to da uinim za vas).

Nepotpuni glagol "may" (moi, smeti) oznaava odobravanje, doputanje, verovatnost, mogunost i elju:he may come tomorrow (moda e on sutra doi) may I go in? (smijem li ui?) may he jo in us? (smije li da nam se pridrui?) may he rest in peace! (neka poiva u miru!).

U prolom vremenu "may" ima svoj drugi oblik "might":He might have arr ived earlier. (mogao je ranije da stigne) He might be present. (mogao bi biti prisutan).

Nepotpuni glagol must (morati) ima samo taj jedan oblik. Izraava moranje, dunost, nunost. I must take leave now. (sada se moram pozdraviti, moram otii), The soldiers knew that they must die. (vojnici su znali da moraju umrijeti)

Infinitiv Present Simple

to rain (pada kia) it rains to hai l (pada grad) it hails to freeze (mrznuti se) it freezes to snow (pada snijeg) it snows to thunder (grmjeti) it thunders

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U vremenima koje glagol must nema upotrebljava se glagol to have sa infinitivom bilo kog glagola sa obaveznim "to":I had to go at once. (morao sam smjesta otii) We shall have to work hard. (moraemo mnogo raditi) U odreenom obliku "must not" ne prevodimo sa "ne morati" ve "ne smeti":You must not to do this. (ne smijete to uiniti). "Ne morati" kaemo pomou glagola "need not". Skraeni oblik od "must not" je "mustn't".

Nepotpuni glagol "ought" (trebati) je jedini koji se upotrebljava u infinitivu sa "to": You ought to learn more seriously. (treba da ui ozbiljnije), You ought to know this. (treba to da zna) Glagol "ought" izraava obavezu, dunost (prevodi se sa "treba", "mora" i sl.). Odrini oblik glasi "ought not", skraeno "oughtn't". Kako ovaj glagol nema prolog vremena, misao o onome to je trebalo da se dogodi izraavamo sa "ought" i infinitivom prolim (infinitiv proli glasi: "to have said", "to have left" itd.): You ought to have gone. (trebalo je da ode)

Nepravilni glagoli Pravilni glagoli tvore past simple i particip perfekta tako da se infinitivu doda nastavak "-ed". Npr:

play - p layed, open - opened itd.

Ako se glagol u infinitivu zavrava na "-e" dodaje se samo "-d". Npr: smile - smiled, hope - hoped itd.

Kod nepravilnih uptrebljavas tabelu, koju treba da znas napamet. Prelazni glagoli su oni uz koje moe stajati objekat u akuzativu tj. direktni objekat (subject +verb + object):

He speaks English. (on govori engleski) We are watching TV. (mi gledamo TV) I saw an elephant. (vidio sam slona)

Neprelazni glagoli su oni uz koje ne moe stajati direktni objekat (subject + verb [+indirect object]). He has arrived. (on je stigao) She speaks fast. (ona govori brzo) John goes to school. (John ide u kolu)

Povratni glagoli su oni kod kojih se radnja vraa na subjekat. Uz takve glagole stoje povratne zamenice. Povratnih glagola u engleskom jeziku nema mnogo. Najei su:

Povratni glagoli se menjaju ovako:

infinitiv glasi: "to dress oneself" Present Simple Tense glasi:

I dress myself (ja oblaim sebe) you dress yourself (ti oblai sebe) he, she, it dresses himself, herself, itself we dress ourselves you dress yourselves thes dress themselves

Upitni oblik: Do I dress myself? Odrini oblik: I do not dress myself Upitno-odrini oblik: Do I not dress myself?

to dress oneself (obui se) to help oneself (pomoi se) to hurt oneself (povriediti se) to improve oneself (popraviti se) to t ire oneself (umoriti se) to excuse oneself (izviniti se) to f latter oneself (hvaliti se) to amuse oneself (zabaviti se) to warm oneself (utopliti se) to take care of oneself (obui se)

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Lista najeih nepravilnih glagola:

Rank Base Form Past Tense Form Past Participle + srpski

be was/were been - biti do did done - raditi, initi have had had - imati

1 say said said - rei 2 make made made - (na)praviti 3 go went gone - ii, otii 4 take took taken - uzeti 5 come came come - doi 6 see saw seen - vidjeti 7 know knew known - znati 8 get got got/gotten (US) - dobiti 9 give gave given - dati

10 find found found - (pro)nai 11 think thought thought - misliti 12 tell told told - rei 13 become became become - postati 14 show showed shown - pokazati 15 leave left left - otii, napustiti 16 feel felt felt - osjeati 17 put put put - staviti 18 bring brought brought - donijeti 19 begin began begun - (za)poeti 20 keep kept kept - drati 21 hold held held - drati 22 write wrote written - pisati 23 stand stood stood - stajati 24 hear heard heard - uti 25 let let let - (do)pustiti 26 mean meant meant - znaiti; misliti 27 set set set - (po)staviti 28 meet met met - sresti; upoznati 29 run ran run - trati; rukovoditi 30 pay paid paid - platiti 31 sit sat sat - sjediti 32 speak spoke spoken - govoriti 33 lie lay lain - leati 34 lead led led - voditi 35 read read read - itati

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36 grow grew grown - rasti 37 lose lost lost - izgubiti 38 fall fell fallen - pasti 39 send sent sent - (po)slati 40 build built built - graditi 41 understand understood understood - razumjeti 42 draw drew drawn - vui; crtati 43 break broke broken - (s)lomiti 44 spend spent spent - (po)troiti 45 cut cut cut - rezati 46 rise rose risen - podignuti se 47 drive drove driven - voziti; pokrenuti 48 buy bought bought - kupiti 49 wear wore worn - nositi (odjeu) 50 choose chose chosen - birati, izabrati

beat beat beaten - pobijediti catch caught caught - uhvatiti cost cost cost - kotati eat ate eaten - (po)jesti fight fought fought - boriti se fly flew flown - letjeti forget forgot forgotten - zaboraviti hide hid hidden - sakriti hit hit hit - udariti lay laid laid - polei; namjestiti lend lent lent - posuditi ride rode ridden - jahati, voziti (se) sell sold sold - prodati shine shone shone - sjati, blistati shoot shot shot - pucati; fotografirati shut shut shut - zatvoriti sing sang sung - pjevati sink sank sunk - (po)tonuti sleep slept slept - spavati split split split - razdvojiti, odvojiti steal stole stolen - ukrasti strike struck struck - udariti, pogoditi swim swam swum - plivati teach taught taught - poduavati throw threw thrown - baciti wake woke woken - bdjeti, biti budan win won won - pobijediti; osvojiti

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Frazalni glagoli spadaju u grupu vielanih glagola, tj. glagola koji se prave od glagola i jo neke riei ili vie njih. Frazalni glagoli se tvore od: glagol + prilog Oni mogu biti:

neprelazni (bez direktnog objekta) prelazni (sa direktnim objektom)

Frazalni glagol Znaenje

Primeri

Direktni objekat neprelazni frazalni glagol

get up ustati iz kreveta I don't like to get up. break down

prestati sa radom

He was late because his car broke down.

prelazni frazalni glagol

put off odgoditi We will have to put off the meeting. turn down odbiti They turned down my offer.

Kada su frazalni glagoli prelazni (tj. kada imaju direktni objekat), obino ih moemo rastaviti na dva dela. Npr: They turned down my offer. They turned my offer down. (obe reenice su tane) "-ing" oblici se prave od infinitiva i nastavka -ing, i mogu biti:

gerund: Hunting l ions is dangerous. (lov na lavove je opasan) particip prezenta: I am surf ing. (ja surfam) imenica: This building is our school. (ova zgrada je naa kola)

Gerund je glagolski oblik koji ima osobine glagola i imenice. Glagolske osobine gerunda su:

iza njega moe stajati prilog: He is fond of walking quickly. (on voli brzo hodati);

iza njega moe stajati objekt: I don't l ike reading books. (ne volim itati knjige);

moe stajati u raznim vremenima, imamo: gerund sadanji (surfing), gerund proli (having read), a kod prelaznih glagola postoje i pasivni oblici gerunda: sadanji (being taught) i proli (having been taught).

Imenike osobine gerunda su: pred njim moe stajati predlog:

She's good at paint ing. (ona dobro slika); pred njim moe stajati atribut:

His being nervous is due to his i l lness. (njegova nervoza je posljedica njegove bolesti); pred njim moe stajati genitiv:

John's being lazy makes me nervous. (Johnova ljenost me ini nervoznim). Iako izgleda kao glagol, gerund ima istu funkciju kao imenica, i koristi se:

kao subjekat reenice: Eating people is wrong. (jedenje ljudi je pogreno); Fly ing is dangerous. (letenje je opasno);

kao atribut glagola "to be": One of his duties is attending meetings. (jedna od njegovih dunosti je prisustvovanje sastancima); One of l ife's pleasures is having breakfast in bed. (jedna od ivotnih ugodnosti je dorukovanje u krevetu);

posle predloga. Ako poslije predloga treba doi glagol moramo koristiti gerund: She is good at paint ing. (ona dobro slika); Can you sneeze without opening your mouth? (moe li kihnuti a da ne otvori usta);

iza frazalnih glagola koji su stvoreni po principu "glagol + predlog/prilog": (to look forward, to give up, to be for/against, to take to, to put off, to keep on): She always puts off going to dentist. (ona uvijek odlae odlazak zubaru); When you are going to give up smoking? (kada e prestati puiti);

u sloenim imenicama: a driving lesson, a swimming pool, bird-watching, train-spotting; posle izraza: can't help, can't stand, it's no use/good, do you mind, would you mind i

pridjeva"worth" i "busy". It 's no use trying to escape. (nema koristi pokuavati pobjei) I can't stand being stuck in traffic jams. (ne mogu podnijeti kad se zaglavim u saobraaju) This site is worth v isi t ing. (ovu stranicu vrijedi posjetiti)

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Prezent particip veine glagola ima oblik osnova+ing, i koristi se u sledeim sluajevima: kao deo trajnog oblika glagola:

I am working (ja radim) he was singing (on je pjevao) they have been walking (oni su etali);

nakon glagola pokreta/pozicije po principu: glagol+particip prezenta: She was shopping. (ona je bila u kupovini) He came running towards me. (doao je trei prema meni) She lay looking up at the clouds. (leala je gledajui u oblake) *Ova tvorba je naroito korisna sa glagolom "to go", kao u sljedeim primjerima: to go shopping to go walking to go ski-ing to go swimming to go f ishing to go running to go surfing to go dancing

nakon glagola percepcije (ula) po principu glagol + objekat + particip prezenta: I heard someone singing. (uo sam nekoga kako pjeva) I can smell something burning! (osjetim da neto gori);

kao pridev: It was an amazing film. (bio je to nevjerovatan film) He was trapped inside the burning house. (bio je zatoen unutar kue u plamenu);

sa glagolima catch (uhvatiti) i find (nai) po principu: glagol+izraz za vreme+prezent particip. Glagol "catch" sa participom prezenta izraava neku ljutnju ili prijetnju: Don't let him catch you reading his letters. (ne dozvoli da te uhvati kako ita njegova pisma) If I catch you stealing my apples again, there'll be trouble! (uhvatim li te jo jednom kako krade moje jabuke, bie problema) Ovo nije sluaj sa glagolom find koji ne izraava emocije: We found some money lying on the ground. (nali smo novca na zemlji) They found their mother sitt ing in the garden. (nali su majku kako sjedi u bati);

da zameni reenicu ili deo reenice. Kada se dve radnje deavaju u isto vreme, od strane iste osobe ili stvari, koristimo particip prezenta da ih opiemo: They went out into the snow. They laughed as they went. They went laughing into the snow. He whistled to himself. He walked down on the road. Whist ling to himself , he walked down on the road. Kada jedna radnja sledi odmah iza druge, od strane iste osobe, moemo prvu radnju izraziti participom prezenta: He put on his coat and left the house. Putting on his coat, he left the house. She dropped the gun and put her hands in the air. Dropping the gun, she put her hands in the air. Particip prezenta se moe koristiti umjsto poetnih as, since, because, i izraava razlog radnje: Feeling hungry, he went into the kitchen and opened the fridge. (= because he felt hungry...) Being poor, he didn't spend much on clothes. Knowing that his mother was coming, he cleaned the flat.

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Direktni i indirektni govor Indirektan govor se uvodi reima kao to su: he said (on ree) he asked (un upita) we enquired (zapitali smo) she ordered (ona zapovijedi) we believed (vjerovasmo) I repl ied (odgovorih) I answered (odgovorih) i sl.

Pri pretvaranju direktnog u indirektan govor treba potivati pravila o slaganju vremena: sva vremena u indirektnom obliku se moraju zamijeniti odgovarajuim prolim oblicima -

prema pravilima o slaganju vremena:

Direktni govor Indirektni govor Prosto sadanje Prosto prolo Prosto prolo Prezent perfekt Davno prolo

Davno prolo

Prosto budue Sloeno budue

Imperativ Infinitiv

sve rei koje oznaavaju blizinu moraju se zameniti reima koje oznaavaju udaljenost; Prema ovim pravilima:

am postaje was do " did shal l " should wi l l " would have, has " had can " could may " might must " had to this " that these " those here " there now " then today " that day tomorrow " the next day yesterday " the day before last night " the night before

D: He said: " I do not understand this letter." (On ree: "Ja ne razumijem ovo pismo") I: He said that he didn't understand this letter. (on ree da ne razumije to pismo)

D: She said: "I am going to come soon again." (Ona ree: "Doi u uskoro ponovo".) I: She said that she was going to come soon again. (ona ree da e uskoro ponovo doi)

ako se u indirektnom govoru saoptava tue pitanje, onda je potrebno pored pomenutih pravila obratiti panju jo i na sledee: umjesto glagola "say" upotrebiemo glagol "ask";

ako pitanje ne sadri nikakvu upitnu re (kao to su what, how, when itd.), onda pitanje u indirektnom govoru mora poeti sa "if" ili "whether". Primeri:

D: She said to her brother: "What are you doing?" (ona ree svom bratu: "ta radi?") I: She asked her brother what he was doing. (ona upita svog brata ta radi) D: They asked me: "Do you speak Spanish." (zapitali su me: "Da li govorite panski?") I: They asked me whether I speak Spanish. (zapitali su me da li govorim panski) kad prebacujes pitanje u indirektni govor, red reci u recenici je u potvrdnom obliku! Vremena obicno idu za jedno unazad.

da bi se u indirektnom govoru izrazila zapovest, upotrebljava se infinitiv i uvodi glagol "tell": D: Father said to his son: "Be careful of yourself." (otac ree sinu: "Pazi se"). I: Father told his son to be careful of himself. (otac ree svom sinu da se pazi).

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Kondicional se tvori od pomonog glagola "should" i "would", i infinitiva bez "to" glagola kojeg menjamo. Sadanji kondicional se tvori sa should i would i infinitivom prezenta, a proli kondicional se tvori sa should i would i infinitivom perfekta glagola kojeg mijenjamo.

Sadanji kondicional { I should take - uzeo bih you should take - ti bi uzeo itd.

Proli kondicional { I should have taken - bio bih uzeo you should have taken - ti bio uzeo itd. Odrini oblik se tvori tako to se iza should i would stavi "not":

I should not take. (ne bih uzeo) I should not have taken. (ne bih bio uzeo).

Upitni oblik se tvori inverzijom: should I take? (da li bih uzeo?) should I have taken? (da li bih bio uzeo?)

Sadanji i proli kondicional se koriste pri tvorbi pogodbenih reenica. Prvi kondicional - realna mogunost (First conditional: real possibility)

Govorimo o budunosti. Razmiljamo o nekom uslovu ili situaciji u budunosti, i njenoj posledici. Postoji stvarna mogunost da e se uslov ispuniti. Na primer, jutro je, kod kue ste i planirate igrati tenis popodne. Meutim na nebu se javljaju oblaci, zamislite da pone padati kia. If it rains, I wi l l stay at home. (ako bude padala kia, ostau kod kue) gradis slicno ko u srpskom-ako pada kisa, ostacu kod kuce

If uslov posledica I f i t ra ins I wil l stay at home. - prosto sadanje vrieme budue vrieme

Treba primetiti da kia jo nije pala, meutim nebo je oblano i postoji realna mogunost (real possibility) da e kia pasti. Da bi izrazili mogui uslov koristili smo sadanje prosto vrijeme (Present Simple Tense). Za izraavanje mogue posljedice koristili smo prosto buduce vrijeme. Vano je zapamtiti da kod prvog kondicionala postoji realna mogunost da e se uslov ispuniti.

posledica if uslov

budue vrijeme if prosto sadanje vrijeme I wil l tell Mary if I see her.

What wil l you do if it rains tomorrow. Their teacher wil l be sad if they do not pass the exam.

Ponekad moemo koristiti: shall, can ili may umjesto will, na primjer: If you are good today, you can watch TV tonight. (ako bude danas dobar, moe gledati TV veeras)

Drugi kondicional neverovatna mogunost Kad bi (nesto bilo) onda bi (bilo nesto drugo), za raziliku od prvog kondicionala, ovde ne postoji realna mogunost da e se uslov ispuniti.

If uslov posledica If prosto prolo vrijeme kondicional sadanji If I marr ied Mary I would be happy. If it snowed next July would you be suprised?

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Kod drugog kondicionala koristimo prosto prolo vrieme za izraavanje

uslova, a sadanji kondicional za izraavanje eventualne posledice. *Ponekad, umesto glagola would koristimo should, could or might: If I won a mill ion dol lars, I could stop working. (da dobijem milion dolara, mogao bih prestati raditi)

Trei kondicional - bez mogunosti (Third conditional - no possibility) Ne postoji mogunost da se uslov ispuni. Da je (nesto bilo) onda bi (bilo nesto drugo)- da nisam upisala medicinu onda bih sve ovo lepo ispisala.

If they had not passed their exam, their teacher would have been sad. (da nisu poloili ispit, njihov uitelj bi bio tuan)

Da bi smo izrazili uslov u prolosti koji se nije ostvario koristili smo sloeno prolo vrijeme (past perfect), dok za izraavanje posledice koja se nee dogoditi smo koristili kondicional proli. *Ponekad umjesto would have koristimo should have, could have, might have:

If you had bought a lottery ticket, you might have won. (da si kupio listi lota, mogao si dobiti)

Nulti kondicional - sigurno ispunjenje uslova (Zero conditional - certainty) Tzv. nulti kondicional koristimo kada je uslov uvek taan, poput neke injenice. Na primer, ako zagrevamo led iznad 0 stepeni on e se poeti otapati.

If uslov posledica

If prosto sadanje vrijeme prosto sadanje vrijeme If you heat ice it melts.

Da bi izrazili uslov i posljedicu koristimo prosto sadanje vrijeme. Najvanije kod nultog kondicionala je zapamtiti da uvjet ima uvijek istu posledicu.

If uvjet posljedica prosto sadaenje vrijeme prosto sadanje vrijeme If I miss the 8 o'clock bus I am late for work. If I am late for work my boss gets angry. If people don't eat they get hungry.

Takoe, umjesto if moemo koristiti when:

When I get up late I miss by bus. (kada ustanem kasno, zakasnim na autobus) Kondicionali - ukratko

Tip kondicionala glavna reenica "if" reenica

Prvi kondicional budue vrijeme sadanje vrijeme

Drugi kondicional kondicional sadanji prosto prolo vrijeme

Trei kondicional kondicional proli sloeno prolo vrijeme

Nulti kondicional prosto sadanje vrijeme prosto sadanje vrijeme

If Ram became rich she would marry him. If I won the lottery I would by a car.

If uslov posledica

If sloeno prolo vrijeme (past perfect) kondicional proli

If I had won the lottery I would have bought a car. If I had seen Mary I would have told her. If i t had rained yesterday what would you have done? If Tara had been free yesterday I would have invited her.

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PASIV subjekat + pomoni glagol "to be" + particip proli glavnog glagola

Trpno stanje (pasiv) mogu imati samo prelazni glagoli, tj. takvi koji uza se mogu imati objekat. Pasiv pokazuje da subjekat ne vri radnju, ve da se radnja vri na subjektu:

The road has been repaired. (put je popravljen) Pasivni oblici se tvore tako to se uzme ono vreme glagola "to be" koje nam je potrebno i doda se particip proli glagola kojeg menjamo. Aktivnu reenicu moemo pretvoriti u pasivnu ako se glagol stavi u trpno stanje, subjekat aktivne reenice postaje objekat pasivne, i ispred njega se stavlja prijedlog "by":

A: Everybody drinks water. (svi piju vodu) P: Water is drunk by everybody. (voda se pije od sviju)

- subjekat glagol objekat

aktiv Everybody drinks water pasiv Water is drunk by everybody.

A: I wrote th is letter. (ja sam napisao ovo pismo) P: This letter was written by me. (pismo je napisano od mene)

Neprelazni glagoli mogu postati prelazni ako im se doda predlog! Trpno stanje se upotrebljava mnogo ee u engleskom jeziku nego u naem, koristi se:

kada subjekat koji vri radnju nije poznat: My car has been stollen. (ukradeno mi je auto) She was given a nice birthday present. (dobila je lijep poklon za roendan)

ako se ne eli pomenuti vrilac radnje: I have been told that you are engaged. (reeno mi je da ste se vjerili) She was said to have left her husband. (pria se da je ostavila svog mua)

ako nije potrebno pomenuti vrioca radnje jer to proizilazi iz konteksta (smisla) reenice ili nije bitno za smisao da mora biti pomenut: Mistakes are always made. (greke se uvijek prave)

ako je subjekat pasivne reenice vaniji od vrioca radnje: The "Tower" was writ ten by Mea Selimovi. (Roman "Tvrava" je napisana od strane Mee Selimovia) (autor nas manje interesuje) The boy was punished by his father. (deko je kanjen od svog oca) Ahmed was attended by his sister during his i l lness. (Ahmeda je njegova sestra njegovala za vrijeme bolesti)

Bezlini oblici u naem jeziku kao to su "kae se", "razume se", "podrazumeva se" u engleskom jeziku se iskazuju u treem licu jednine srednjeg roda:

it is understood (razumije se, podrazumijeva se) that is known (to se zna) it is said (pria se)

Konjugacija pasiva u veini moguih vremena: infinitiv to be called

simple

present it is called

past it was called

future it will be called

conditional it would be called

continous

present it is being called

past it was being called

future it will be being called

conditional it would be being called

perfect simple

present it has been called

past it has been called

future it will have been called

conditional it would have been called

perfect continous

present it has been being called

past it had been being called

future it will have been being called

conditional it would have been being called

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Slaganje glagolskih vremena

Vreme u glavnoj reenici Vreme u zavisnoj reenici Primer

Sadanje prosto (Simple Present)

Da se izrazi istovremena radnja, koristite sadanje prosto vreme.

I am eager to go to the concert because I love the Wallflowers.

Da se izrazi prola radnja, koristite prosto prolo vreme.

I know that I made the right choice.

Da se izrazi radnja koja je poela u trenu u prolosti i traje do danas, koristite present perfect.

They believe that they have elected the right candidate.

Da izrazite radnju koja e se desiti, koristite prosto budue vrijeme.

The President says that he wil l veto the bill.

Prosto prolo vreme (Simple Past)

Da izrazite drugu zavrenu radnju, koristite prosto prolo vrijeme.

I wanted to go home because I missed my parents.

Da izrazite radnju koja se desila prije druge radnje koristite past perfect.

She knew she had made the right choice.

Da izrazite ope poznatu injenicu koristite sadanje vrijeme.

The Deists believed that the universe is like a giant clock.

Prezent perfekt ili past perfekt (Present Perfect or Past Perfect)

U svakom sluaju koristite prolo vrijeme.

She has grown a foot since she turned nine. The crowd had turnednasty before the sheriffreturned.

Budue vrijeme (Futur)

Da izrazite istovremenu radnju koristite sadanje vrijeme.

I will be so happy if they fix my car today.

Da izrazite radnju koja se desila ranije, koristite prolo vrijeme.

You wil l surely pass this exam if you studiedhard.

Da se izrazi radnja u budunosti koja e se desiti prije radnje u nezavisnoj reenici, koristite prezent perfekt.

The college willprobably close its doors next summer if enrollments have notincreased.

Predbudue vrijeme, svreni futur (Future Perfect Tense)

U svakom sluaju koristite sadanje vrijeme ili prezent perfekt.

Most students wil l have taken sixty credits by the time they graduate. Most students wil l have taken sixty credits by the time they have graduated.

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Slaganje vremena sa infinitivima i participima

Infinitiv

Vreme infinitiva Uloga infinitiva Primer

Infinitiv sadanji (Present Infinitive, to see)

Da se izrazi istovremena radnja ili radnja posle glagola.

Coach Espinoza is eager to try out her new drills. ["eagerness" je sada; "to try out" e se desiti poslije.]

She would have l iked to see more veterans returning. [Infinitiv prezenta "to see" je u istom trenutku kao i prolo vrijeme "would have liked".]

Infnitiv perfekta (Perfect Infinitive, to have seen)

Da se izrazi radnja koja se desila prije glagola.

The fans would l ike to have seensome improvement this year. ["Would like" opisuje stanje u sadanjosti; "to have seen" opisuje neto prije tog vremena.]

They consider the team to have been coached very well. [Infinitiv perfekta to have been coached ukazuje na radnju prije glagola consider.]

Participi

Vreme participa Uloga participa Primeri

Prezent participa (Present of Participle, seeing)

Da se izrazi radnja koja se deava u isto vreme kada i glagol.

Working on the fundamentals, the team slowly began to improve. [Unaprijeujui osnove, tim je poeo polahko napredovati, radnja se deava u paralelno, u isto vrijeme]

Particip proli ili particip prezent perfekta (Past Participle or Present Perfect Participle

Da se izrazi radnja koja se deava pre glagola.

Having exper imented with several game plans, the coaching staffdevised a master strategy. [Particip prezent perfekta "having experimented", ukazuje na vrijeme prije glagola u prolom vremenu "devised".]

Prepared by last year's experience, the coach knows not to expect too much. [Radnja izraena pomou glagola u prezentu "knows", je posljedica glagola u prolom vremenu "prepared".]

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Glagolska vremena Simple Present Tense Sadanje vrieme svih glagola obrazuje se tako da se uz glagolska vremena uvijek stavljaju line zamjenice. Jedino se tree lice jednine prezenta razlikuje od ostalih lica, jer dobija nastavak "-s" ili "-es", osim glagola: to be - biti, to have - imati, can, may - moi, must - morati, ought - trebati. Nastavak "-s" za sadanje vrijeme izgovara se kao "s" ako dolazi iza bezvunog suglasnik ili "z" ako dolazi iza zvunog suglasnika ili samoglasnika:he speaks (hi spi:ks), he reads (hi ri:dz). Glagoli koji se zavravaju na s, x, z, sh i ch obrazuju tree lice nastavkom jednine nastavkom "-es": he dresses, he teaches. Glagoli koji se u infinitivu zavravaju na "-y", kad pred tim "y" stoji suglasnik, mijenjaju "y" u"i", u treem licu jednine: to cry (he cries), to try (to tries). Odrini oblik sadanjeg vremena pravi se tako to se uzme sadanje vrijeme pomonog glagola "to do", pa se zatim doda negacija "not" i infinitiv glagola koji se mijenja, bez prijedloga "to":

I write (ja piem) - I do not wr ite, I don' t write Upitni oblik sadanjeg vremena pravi se tako pravi se tako to se uzme sadanje vrijeme pomonog glagola "to do" u inverziji i infinitiv glagola koji se mijenja, bez prijedloga "to". You write (ti pie) - Do you write? (pie li?) Sadanje prosto vrijeme se upotrebljava:

da oznai radnju ije trajanje nije odreeno: I wr ite (ja piem), I work (ja radim); da potvrdi jednu poznatu istinu: f ish l ive in water (ribe ive u vodi); da oznai radnju koja se vri po navici: I always rise early (uvijek ustajem rano); da oznai radnju koja se ponavlja: I have an English lesson three t imes a week(imam as

engleskog tri puta sedmino). to call - zvati

I cal l ja zovem I do not call do I call? you call ti zove you do not call do you cal l? he, she, i t cal ls on, ona , ono zove he, she, i t does not cal l does, he ,she, i t cal l? we cal l mi zovemo we do not call do we cal l? you call vi zovete you do not call do you cal l? they call oni, one, ona zovu they do not cal l do they call?

Present Continuous Tense prezent glagola "to be" + prezent particip glavnog glagola I am speaking (ja govorim) we are speaking you are speaking you are speaking he, she, it is speaking they are speaking *Present participle se pravi dodavanjem glagolu nastavka "-ing".

Izuzetak 1

Ako se glagol zavrava na: suglasnik - naglaeni vokal-suglasnik zadnje slovo se udvostruava: s t o p

suglasnik naglaeni vokal suglasnik

run > running

stop >

stopping

begin >

beginning

Ovo pravilo ne vai kada naglasak nije na zadnjem slogu glagola:

open > opening

Izuzetak 2

Ako glagol zavrava na ie, mijenjamo ie u y:

l ie > l y ing

die > dying

Izuzetak 3

Ako glagol zavrava na vokal + suglasnik + e, izostavljamo e:

come > coming

mis take > mis taking

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Present Continuous Tense (sadanje trajno vrijeme) se upotrebljava:

da oznai radnju koja se vri u vremenu kada o njoj govorimo: I am learning English now. (sada uim engleski)

Meutim, radnja se ne mora odvijati tano sada, ali se deavala neto ranije i moda e se deavati poslije trenutka kada o njoj govorimo.

da oznai radnju ije je trajanje neprekidno, i tada se obino upotrebljavaju prilozi always, constantly, forever itd: The Sun is r ising constantly. (Sunce izlazi svaki dan) You are always complaining about your mother- in- law. (uvijek se alite na svoju punicu)

da se izrazi radnja koja je ve isplanirana i desit e se u budunosti: I 'm meeting my gir lfr iend tonight. (veeras u se nai sa djevojkom)

*Glagoli koji oznaavaju neko stanje, a ne radnju, obino se ne koriste u trajnom obliku. Lista glagola koji se veinom koriste u "simple" formi:

ula (percepcije)

feel*, hear, see*, smell, taste

miljenje

assume, feel, consider, doubt, feel (misliti), find (misliti), suppose, think*

mentalna stanja

forget, imagine, know, mean, notice, recognise, remember, understand

emocije/elje

envy, fear, dislike, hate, hope, like, love, mind, prefer, regret, want, wish

mjerenja

contain, cost, hold, measure, weigh

ostali

look (biti slian), seem, be (u veini sluajeva), have (kada znai posjedovati)

- glagoli osjetila (feel, see, hear, taste,smell) se esto koriste sa glagolom 'can': I can see... (mogu vidjeti) itd. - * Ovi glagoli mogu se koristiti u trajnoj formi ali sa drugim znaenjem, npr:

This coat feels nice and warm. (ovaj brod je lijep i udoban, to je naa percepcija, osjeaj kvaliteta broda) John's feeling much better now. (Don se osjea mnogo bolje sada, njegovo zdravlje se poboljava);

She has three dogs and a cat. (ona ima tri psa i maku, posjedovanje) She's having supper. (ona veera, ona jede);

I can see Anthony in the garden. (vidim Anthony-a u bati, percepcija) I 'm seeing Anthony later. (susrest' u Anthony-a kasnije, planiramo se susresti)

to call - zvati I 'm call ing I 'm not cal l ing am I cal ling? you're cal l ing you aren't call ing are you call ing? he, she, it 's call ing he, she, it isn't call ing is he, she, it call ing? we're cal l ing we aren't call ing are we call ing? you're cal l ing you aren't call ing are you call ing? they're call ing you aren't call ing are they cal l ing?

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Present Perfect Simple Tense pomoni glagol "to have" + past particip glavnog glagola Sloenim sadanjim vremenom se izraava povezanost izmeu prolosti i sadanjosti, tano vrijeme deavanja radnje nije naznaeno. Sloeno sadanje vrijeme se koristi:

da se opie radnja ili stanje koje je poelo u prolosti i nastavlja se u sadanjosti: This website has been in existence for 9 years, 4 months, and 10 days. (ova stranica postoji ve. ..); I have lived in Sarajevo since 1970. (ivim u Sarajevu od 1970-te, i jo uvijek ivim);

da se izrazi radnja koja je zavrena u vremenskom periodu koji jo traje: I have been to Zagreb this week. (ove nedjelje sam putovao u Zagreb, sedmica jo nije zavrena);

da se oznai radnja koja je zavrena nekad u prolosti, ali je rezultat radnje vaan: I have buoght a car. (kupio sam auto, vano je da je auto kupljen, nije bitno kada);

uz priloge koji oznaavaju neprekidan razmak vremena: ever, never, yet, already, since, for: Have you ever been to Bosnia? (jeste li ikada bili u Bosni?);

da se izrazi radnja koja se upravo dogodila (uz priloge "just'' ili ''just now''): The guests have just entered the hall. (gosti su upravo uli u dvoranu).

Amerikanci ne koriste sloeno sadanje vrieme toliko kao Britanci. Amerikanci ee upotrebljavaju prolo vrieme umjesto sloenog sadanjeg vremena. Amerikanac bi rekao: "Did you have lunch?", dok bi Britanac rekao: "Have you had lunch?" to call - zvati

I have called (ja sam zvao) I haven't called have I called? you have called you haven't called have you called? he, she, it has called he, she, it hasn't cal led has he, she, it called? we have called we haven't called have we cal led? you have called you haven't called have you called? they have called they haven't cal led have they called?

Present Perfect Continuous Tense prezent perfekt glagola "to be" + prezent particip glavnog glagola (have/has been) I have been playing You have been working *Upitni oblik se pravi konverzijom: Have I been playing? *Odrini oblik se pravi dodavanjem rijei "not": I have not been playing. Kada piemo present continous, esto se upotrebljavaju skraenice: I have been - I 've been itd. Present Perfect Continous Tense koristimo:

da izrazimo radnju koja je nedavno ili upravo zavrila. I obino imamo sada imamo neku posljedicu: I 'm ti red because I 've been running. (umoran sam (sada) jer sam trao) Why is the grass wet? Has it been rain ing? (zato je trava vlana (sada)? je li padala kia?) You don't understand because you haven't been listening. (ne razumijete(sada), jer niste sluali).

da izrazimo radnju radnju koja je poela u prolosti i nastavlja se u sadanjosti, u ovom sluaju esto se koriste for i since: 've been reading for two hours. (itam ve dva sata, i jo uvijek itam) How long have you been learning Engl ish? (koliko dugo ui engleski? a jo ga ui) We have not been smoking. (nismo puili, a ni sada ne puimo).

Kako je ranije napomenuto uz present perfect continuous esto koristimo "for" i "since".

*For koristimo kada priamo o razdoblju vremena: 5 minuta, 7 sedmica, 20 godina. Ako to razdoblje see do sadanjeg trenutka upotrebljavamo uz for perfekt, a ako je to razdoblje zavreno moramo upotrebiti past simple (preterit). Tara hasn't been feel ing well for two weeks. (Tara se ne osjea dobro ve dve sedmice) ali Tara didn't feel well for two weeks, and now she feels wel l. (Tara se nije dobro oseala ve dve sedmice, a sada se osjea dobro).

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*Since koristimo kada znamo od koje vremenske take se odvija radnja: u 9 sati, 7. januara, u petak.

for since period vremena od vremenske take

20 minutes 6.15 am three days Monday six months January a long t ime I left school

ever the beginning of time itd. itd.

I 've been studying for three hours. (uim ve tri sata) I 've been watching TV since 7pm. (gledam TV od 7 sati poslije podne) Tara hasn't been vis it ing us since March. (Tara nas nije posjetila od Marta) *For se moe koristiti u svim vremenima, since se obino koristi samo sa perfect vremenima! to call - zvati

I have been call ing I have not been cal ling have I been call ing? you have been call ing you have not been call ing have you been call ing? he, she, it has been call ing he, she, it has not been

cal ling has he, she, it been cal l ing? we have been call ing we have not been cal l ing have we been call ing? you have been call ing you have not been call ing have you been call ing? they have been call ing they have not been call ing have they been call ing?

Past Simple Tense infinitiv + proli oblik (preterit) glagola

- infinitiv preterit past particip

pravilni glagoli

work explode like

worked exploded liked

worked exploded liked

Proli oblik svih glagola zavrava na -ed.

nepravilni glagoli

go see sing

went,saw sang(2. kolona)

gone seen sung(3. kolona)

Proli oblik nepravilnih glagola se ne tvori po nekom pravilu i ui se napamet!

Tvorba prolog svrenog vremena: a) potvrdna reenica: subjekat + glavni glagol u prolom obliku (preteritu)

I l ived in that house when I was young. (ivio sam u toj kui kada sam bio mlad) She played basketbal l last week. (ona je igrala koarku prole sedmice)

b) odrina reenica: subjekat + preterit od "do" + not + infinitiv glavnog glagola He didn't l ike the movie. (nije mu se dopao film) Mary did not go to work last Monday. (Mary nije otila na posao prolog ponedjeljka) c) upitna reenica: preterit od "do"+ subjekat + infinitiv glavnog glagola Did you play tennis last week* . (je si li igrao tenis prole sedmice) Did he watch TV last night * . (je li gledao TV prole sedmice)

* obavezno stavi vremensku odrednicu za past simple, mora se znati kada se radnja desila!

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-Glagol did (proslo vreme od "do") u svim licima ima isti oblik.

I did not go to London. (nisam bio u Londonu) You did not go to London. He did not go to London. itd.

-Glagol be nema u svim licima isti oblik, upitnu reenicu pravimo zamjenom subjekta i glagola(inverzijom).

I, he, she, it was here. - Was I, he, she, it here? You were here. - were you here?

*Ako glagol zavrava na suglasnik ispred kog stoji kratak naglaen vokal, krajnji samoglasnik se udvostruava:

plan - p lanned skip - skipped

*Krajnje "l" se uvijek udvostruava: level - level led call - ca lled

*Ako glagol zavrava na "-y" ispred kog se nalazi suglasnik, taj se "y" mijenja u "i": worry - worried cry - cr ied

Prosto prolo vreme koristimo:

a) da se izrazi radnja koja se desila u prolosti i potpuno zavrila pa nema nikakve veze sa sadanjou: I was in L iverpool last year. (bio sam u Liverpulu prole godine); b) da se izrazi radnja koja je trajala neko vrijeme u prolosti bez ikakve veze sa sadanjou: We went to school when we were chi ldren. (ili smo u kolu kada smo bili djeca); c) *kada govorimo o stvarima koje elimo da se dogode ili bi trebalo da se dogode, posle izraza wish, its time itd. uvek ide proslo vreme(!!!): It 's t ime they were back. (vrijeme je da se vrate) I wish I had a new computer. (volio bi da imam novi kompjuter) d) u zavisnoj reenici ako je u glavnoj prosto prolo vrijeme (slaganje vremena): The policeman to ld me I drove to much. (policajac mi je rekao da sam previe vozio)

Kada kaemo kada ili gdje se radnja dogodila, moramo koristiti prosto prolo vrijeme, a ne sloeno sadanje vrijeme (present perfect tense). to call - zvati

I cal led (ja sam zvao) I didn't call did I cal l? you called you didn't call did you cal l? he, she, it cal led he, she, it didn' t call did he, she, it cal l? we called we didn't cal l did we call? you called you didn't call did you cal l? they called they didn't call did they cal l?

The Past Continuous Tense prolo vrijeme glagola "to be" + particip prezenta glavnog glagola She was reading. (ona je itala) We were playing. (mi smo igrali) Odrini oblik se pravi dodavanjem rjeice not: She was not reading - She wasn't reading. Upitni oblik se pravi inverzijom: Was she playing? Were we playing? Nesvreno proslo vreme se upotrebljava:

da se opie pozadina, odnosno da se pred itaoce postavi scena prie pisana u prolom vremenu. Obino pria poinje nesvrenim preteritom, a zatim se nastavlja prolim vremenom, npr:"James Bond was driv ing through town. It was raining. The wind was blowing hard. Nobody was walk ing in the streets. Suddenly, Bond saw the killer in a telephone box...";

da se opie radnja koja je trajala do trenutka kada ju je prekinula neka druga prola radnja: I was having a beautifu l dream when the alarm clock rang. (divno sam sanjao kada se alarm oglasio); I was watching TV when you te lephoned. (gledao sam TV kada si nazvao)

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da se izrazi promjena miljenja: I was going to spend the day at the beach but I 've decided to go on an excursion instead. (mislio sam provesti dan na plai ali sam odluio otii na ekskurziju)

za dve radnje koje se deavaju istovremeno: The children were playing whi le their mothers were chatt ing. (djeca su se igrala dok njihove majke avrljale)

u zavisnoj reenici umesto nesvrenog prezenta ako je u glavnoj reenici proslo v.: I knew that he was ta lking to her about her daughter. (znao sam da sa njom razgovara o njenoj keri-moras da pazis da se vremena lepo sloze!).

to call - zvati I was cal l ing. I was not call ing was I call ing? you were cal l ing. you were not call ing were you call ing? he, she, it was call ing he, she, it wasn't call ing was he, she, it cal l ing? we were cal l ing we weren't cal l ing were we call ing? you were cal l ing you weren't cal l ing were you call ing? they were call ing they weren't call ing were they cal l ing?

Pluskvamperfekat (davno prolo vrijeme) - The Past Perfect Tense subjekat + simple past od "to have" + past particip glavnog glagola

U odrinim reenicama ubacujemo recu not izmeu pomonog i glavnog glagola, a upitnu reenicu pravimo inverzijom. On se upotrebljava: a) da bi se izrazila radnja u prolosti koja se desila pre neke druge radnje u prolosti, takoe izraava radnju za koje se pretpostavljalo da je trebalo da se dogodi u prolosti - pre neke druge radnje:

We had left home before he came. (bili smo otili prije nego to je on doao) The train left at 9am. We arrived at 9.15am. The train had left when we arr ived.

(voz je krenuo u 9 sati. Mi smo stigli u 9 i 15. Voz je bio otiao kada smo mi stigli.)

I was not hungry. I had just eaten. (nisam bio gladan, upravo sam bio jeo) I didn't know who he was. I had never seen him before. (nisam znao ko je on, nisam ga

nikad bio vidio)

He said that he had seen him at the theatre. (rekao je da ga je bio vidio kod pozorita). U ovom primjeru past perfect je upotrebljen u indirektnom govoru umjesto past simple u direktnom.

b) u zavisnim reenicama uz after: He got a headache after he had washed his hair. (dobio je glavobolju nakon to je oprao kosu); c) iza izraza: as if (kao da), if only (kad bi barem), I wish (kamo sree da), past perfectom se izraava neto to nije ostvareno u prolosti: I wish I had met you before. (kamo sree da sam te ranije sreo) If only you had sent me the SMS. (da si mi barem poslala SMS) He played the basketball as if he had played in NBA. (igrao je koarku kao da je igrao u NBA) to call - zvati

I had cal led I had not cal led had I cal led? you had called you had not called had you called? he, she, it had called he, she, it had cal led had he, she, it cal led? we had cal led we had called had we called? you had called you had called had you called? they had called they had called had they called?

The Past Perfect Continuous Tense subjekat + simple past od "to have" + past particip od "to be" + present particip gl. glagola

Odrini oblik se pravi ubacivanjem rjeice not, a upitni oblik inverzijom subjekta i glagola "to have". Past Perfect Continuous upotrebljava se da bi se oznaila radnja koja je trajala u prolosti prije neke druge prole radnje:

Ram started waiting at 9am. I arrived at 11am. When I arrived, Ram had been wait ing for two hours. John was very t ired. he had been running. (John je bio veoma umoran, trao je cijele veeri) I could smell c igarettes. somebody had been smoking. (osjetio sam cigarete, neko je puio).

Past Perfect Continous se takoe upotrebljava u indirektnom govoru umesto trajnog oblika prolog vremena (past continous tense) u direktnom govoru.

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D: Peter said: "Some of my f riends have playing cards all night." (Peter ree: "Neki moji prijatelji su igrali karte cijele veeri".) I: Peter said that some of his f riends had been playing cards all n ight.

to call - zvati I had been call ing I had not been call ing had I been call ing? you had been call ing you had not been call ing had you been call ing? he, she, it had been call ing he, she, it had not been call ing had he, she, it had been

call ing? we had been cal l ing we had not been cal l ing had we been call ing? you had been call ing you had not been call ing had you been call ing? they had been call ing they had not been call ing had they been cal l ing?

Futur Simple Tense

subjekat + pomoni glagol will + infinitiv glavnog glagola Odrine reenice se prave umetanjem rece not izmeu pomonog i glavnog glagola, a upitne reenice inverzijom subjekta i pomonog glagola. U prvom licu jednine i mnoine umjesto glagola will, moe se koristiti glagol shall, meutim u modernom engleskom will se vie koristi od shall:

I shall cal l - we shall cal l (ja u zvati - mi emo zvati). Prosto budue vreme se upotrebljava da bi oznaila radnja koja e se desiti u budunosti. Prosto budue vreme se naroito esto upotrebljava posle glagola koji oznaavaju oekivanje, nadu itd.Takoe se koristi da bi se izrazila odluka, pretnja ili obeanje. Donosimo odluku o radnji koju bi trebalo da obavimo u buducnosti! Ako imamo nameru da obavimo neku radnju onda upotrebljavamo going to.

Shall se upotrebljava da oznaci nameru, ali za koju se ceka odobrenje: Shall I open the window?

Shall se upotrebljava u 2. I 3. licu ali onda znaci pretnju, naredjenje, obecanje (colored future ): You shall not pass!

Futur Continuous Tense

subjekat + will + be + present participle Odrini oblik se pravi ubacivanjem rece not izmeu glagola will i be, a upitni oblik inverzijom subjekta i glagola will. Trajno budue vreme oznaava radnju koja e trajati izvesno vreme u budunosti, ali moramo da

znamo koliko ce tacno to trajati ili kada tacno. moze trajati u trenutku kad se desi neka druga radnja , koja ne mora da se prekine, I tu uvek ide

sa prezentom: I will be sleeping when you come home. moze da oznacava ucestalu radnju koja se ponavlja tokom duzeg perioda u buducnosti.

Kada koristimo budue trajno vrijeme, na slualac obino zna ili razumije u koje vrijeme se radnja odvija. I wil l be playing tennis at 10am tomorrow. We'll be having dinner when f i lm starts. (veerat emo kada film pone) Take your umbrel la, it wil l be rain ing when you return. (uzmi kiobran, padat e kia kada se bude vraao)

I wil l be call ing (ja u zvati) I won't be call ing wil l I be call ing? you wil l be cal l ing you won't be call ing wil l you be call ing? he, she, it wil l be call ing he, she, it won't be call ing wil l he, she, it be call ing? we will be cal l ing we won't be call ing wil l we be call ing? you wil l be cal l ing you won't be call ing wil l you be call ing? they wil l be call ing they won't be call ing wil l they be cal l ing?

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Futur Perfect Tense

will + have + past particip

Predbudue vrijeme izraava radnju koja e se desiti pre neke druge radnje u budunosti: The train will leave the station at 9am. You will arrive at the station at 9.15am. When you arrive the rain will have left. (Voz dolazi u stanicu u 9 sati. Vi stiete u stanicu u 9 i 15. Voz e otii kada vi stignete.)

Ovo vreme takoe izraava i radnju koja e se desiti i zavriti do odreenog vremena u budunosti:

They wil l have lef t the Parlament by 12 o'clock. (Oni e napustiti parlament do 12 sati.) radnja koja ce se dogoditi u buducnosti pre neke druge radnje, ne mora da se prekida obicno ide uz when I by

to call - zvati I wil l have cal led (budem bio zvao)

I wil l not have called wil l I have called? you wil l have cal led you wi l l not have called wil l you have called? he, she, it wi l l have cal led he, she, it wil l not have called wil l he, she, it have

cal led? we wil l have called we wi ll not have cal led wil l we have called? you wil l have cal led you wi l l not have called wil l you have called? they wi l l have called they wil l not have called wil l they have cal led? Futur Perfect Continuous

will + "have" + past particip od "be"(been) + present particip glavnog glagola

obicno ide uz before, by I at trajace neko vreme pre neke druge radnje ili do pocetka te radnje Odrine reenice se prave umetanjem reice not izmeu will i have, a upitne reenice

inverzijom subjekta i pomonog glagola will. Kada koristimo predbudue trajno vrijeme obino saimamo (contract) subjekat i pomoni glagol will:

I wil l - I ' l l you wil l - you' ll itd.

Kod odrinih reenica saimamo glagol will i reicu not: I wil l not - I won't you wil l not - you won't itd.

Predbudue trajno vrijeme izraava radnju koja traje odreeni period vremena do jedne druge budue radnje ili oznake budueg vremena kada ova prva radnja jo traje. Drugim reima izraava radnju koja e trajati do odreenog budueg vremena ili trenutka u budunosti, a ne u nekom odreenom trenutku u budunosti:

At 20 o'c lock in the evening, I will have been working ten hours. (do 8 sati uvee ja u imati za sobom ve 10 sati rada).

Znai radnja poinje u 10 sati pre podne, traje deset sati, sve do 8 sati uvee kada jo traje. He wil l be t ired when he arr ives. He wi l l have been travell ing for 24 hours. (Bie umoran kada stigne. Putovae ve 24 sata.)

to call - zvati I wil l have been cal l ing I wil l not have been call ing wil l I have been call ing? you wil l have been cal l ing you wi l l not have been

call ing wil l you have been call ing? he, she, it wi l l have been calling

he, she, it wi l l not have been call ing

wil l he, she, it have been call ing?

we wil l have been cal l ing we wil l not have been call ing wil l we have been cal l ing?

you wil l have been cal l ing you wi l l not have been call ing wil l you have been call ing?

they wi l l have been call ing they wi l l not have been call ing wil l they have been call ing?

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Imenice - Nouns

Rod imenica - Gender of Nouns U engleskom jeziku rod imenica nije gramatiki ve se odreuje prema polu, tj. prirodan je. Imena mukih bia mukog su roda (masculine), imena enskih lica enskog su roda (feminine) i imena ivih bia gde rod nije izriito podvuen srednjeg su roda (neuter). - postoje razliiti izrazi za muki i enski rod:

boy - gir l djeak - djevojica father - mother otac - majka brother - sister brat - sestra son - daughter sin - ki uncle - aunt ujak - tetka nephew - niece neak - neaka king - queen kralj - kraljica monk - nun kaluer - kaluerica horse - mare konj - kobila cock - hen pijetao - kokoka drake - duck patak - patka gander - goose gusak - guska

- dodajemo nastavke: abbot - abbess opat - opatica actor - actress glumac - glumica count - countess grof - grofica duke - duchess vojvoda - vojvotkinja emperor - empress car - carica poet - poetess pjesnik - pjesnikinja prince - princess princ - princeza negro - negress crnac - crnkinja heir - heiress nasljednik - nasljednica sorcerer - sorceress arobnjak - arobnica l ion - l ioness lav - lavica hero - heroine heroj - heroina

- obrazuju se sloenice: man-servant - maid-servant sluga - slukinja cock-sparrow - hen-sparrow vrabac - vrabica bull-calf - cow-calf junac - junica male-elephant - female-elephant slon - slonica landlord - landlady gazda - gazdarica

Mnoge imenice imaju isti oblik i u enskom i u mukom rodu: pupil (uenik, uenica) f riend (prijatelj, prijateljica) teacher (uitelj, uiteljica) cousin (roak, rodica)

Od opstog pravila postoje sledei izuzeci: "horse" i "dog" nisu sredneg ve mukog roda; "cat" je enskog roda; "child" moe biti sva tri roda; imenice: boat, ship, streamer, man-of-war, vessel nisu srednjeg ve enskog roda i oznaavaju se

sa she; enskog roda su:

imena drava i zemalja; neki apstraktni pojmovi (misaone imenice) kao: victory, liberty, mercy grace, virtue; enskog roda su i nature, earth i moon;

imenice koje izraavaju jaka osjeanja mukog su roda: love, anger, despair, fear; mukog roda su takoer i: sun, death, time; ptice, ribe, insekti su obino srednjeg roda;

U basnama ivotinje su personifikovane pa su uvek enskog ili mukog roda.

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Mnoina imenica - Plural of Nouns

Opa pravila: mnoina imenica obrazuje se dodavanjem nastavka "-s". Ovo se "s" izgovarakao nae "z"izuzev kada dolazi poslije tvrdih suglasnika. Primjeri:

book - books (knjiga - knjige) face - faces (lice - lica)

Imenice koje se zavavaju na: -s, -ss, -x, -sh, -tch dobijaju nastavak "-es", koji se izgovara iz:

class - classes razred - razredi bush - bushes grm - grmlje bench - benches klupa - klupe

Imenice na "-o" dobijaju nastavak "-es" ako se "o" nalazi poslije suglasnika: hero - heroes heroj - heroji potato - potatoes krompiri - krompiri negro - negroes crnac - crnci

Izuzeci od ovog pravila su: piano - pianos klavir - klaviri canto - cantos spjev - spjevovi octavo - octavos oktava - oktave

Imenice na "o" poslije samoglasnika dobijaju u mnoini samo nastavak "-e": cuckoo - cuckoos kukavica - kukavice

Imenice na "y" poslije suglasnika mijenjaju "y" u "i" i dobijaju nastavak "-es": country - countr ies zemlja - zemlje lady - ladies dama - dame story - stories pria - prie

ali: day - days dan - dani boy - boys djeak - djeaci toy - toys igraka - igrake

Imenice na "f" i "fe" mijenjaju "f" u "v" i dobijaju u mnoini nastavak "-es": half - halves polovina - polovine calf - calves tele - telad knife - knives no - noevi wife - wives supruga - supruge

Izuzeci od ovog pravila su: strife - str ifes borba - borbe f ife - f ifes svirala - svirale staff - staffs tab - tabovi gulf - gulfs struja - struje

Imenice koje zavavaju na "-oof", "-ief", "-ff" ne mijenjaju u "f" i dobijaju nastavak "-s": roof - roofs krov - krovovi dwarf - dwarfs patuljak - patuljci chief - chiefs poglavica - poglavice cl if f - clif fs greben - grebeni

Neke imenice imaju u mnoini nastavak "-en": ox - oxen vo - volovi chi ld - children dijete - dijeca

Neke imenice obrazuju mnoinu promjenom osnovnog samoglasnika: man - men ovjek - ljudi woman - women ena - ene tooth - teeth zub - zubi Englishman - Englishmen Englez - Englezi sportsman - sportsmen sportista - sportisti

ali:

Roman - Romans Rimljanin - Rimljani Norman - Normans Norman - Normani

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German - Germans Njemac - Njemci Neke imenice imaju dva oblika u mnoini sa razliitim znaenjem:

brother - brothers - brethren

(braa po krvi) (braa u crkvenoj organizaciji, drutvu)

cloth - cloths - clothes

(tof) (odijelo)

Latinske imenice na "-us" i "-um" te grke na "-on" i "-is" imaju u mnoini obino svoj latinski odnosno grki nastavak:

radius - radi i (poluprenik, poluprenici) oasis - oases (oaza, oaze)

Sloenice obrazuju mnoinu tako da se nastavak za mnoinu doda glavnoj rijei od koje je sloenica sastavljena, tj. od rijei koja nosi smisao. Ako je sloenica sastavljena bez imenica, onda nastavak za mnoiniu dobija posljednja rije:

looker-on - lookers-on (gledalac, gledaoci) pick-pocket - pick-pockets (deparo, deparoi) forget-me-not - forget-me-nots (nezaboravak (cvee), nezaboravci)

Neke sloenice dobijaju obiljeje mnoine uz oba dijela rijei:

manservant - menservants (sluga, sluge)

Neke se imenice upotrebljavaju samo u jednini: advice (savjet) furniture (namjetaj) information (obavjetenje) progress (napredak)

Ako je potrebno izraziti mnoiniu, onda se upotrijebi neka rije u mnoini:

two pieces of furniture (dva komada namjetaja)

Neke su imenice po svom obliku u jednini, a imaju znaenje mnoine: people (ljudi) mankind (ovjeanstvo) catt le (stoka)

Imenica "news" (vijest) i "means" (sredstvo) imaju oblik mnoini ali su u jednini:

what is the news (kakve su vijesti) by the means (na ovaj nain)

Mnoge imenice se upotrebljavaju samo u mnoini:

cards (karte) contents (sadrina) polt ics (politika) mathematics (matematika)

Neke imenice imaju u mnoini drugaije znaenje nego u jednini:

arm (ruka) arms (ruke, oruje) letter (slovo) let ters (knjievnost) compass (kompas) compasses (estar) drawer (fijoka) drawers (donje gae)

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Padei imenica - Cases of Nouns

U engleskom jeziku mogu se izraziti svih sedam padea kao i u naem jeziku: Jednina: 1. pad. A teacher had a book. (neki uitelj je imao knjigu) 2. pad. The book of the teacher was big. (knjiga tog uitelja bila je velika) 3. pad. We went to the teacher. (otili smo uitelju) 4. pad. And we asked the teacher. (i zapitali smo uitelja) 5. pad. Teacher, is your book big? (uitelju, je li vaa knjiga velika?) 6. pad. After our conversation with the teacher. (poslije naeg razgovora sa uiteljem) 7. pad. We know more about the teacher. (znamo vie o uitelju) mnoina: 1. pad. Some teachers had books. (neki uitelji imali su knjige) 2. pad. The books of the techers were big. (knjige tih uitelja su bile velike) The teacher's books are always big. (knjige uitelja su uvijek velike) 3. pad. We went to the teachers. (otili smo uiteljima) 4. pad. And we asked the teachers. (i zapitali smo uitelje) 5. pad. Teachers, are your books big. (uitelji, jesu li vae knjige velike) 6. pad. After the conversation with the teachers. (poslije razgovora sa uiteljima) 7. pad. We know more about the teachers. (znamo vie o uiteljima) Prema tome, padei se odreuju prema mjestu u reenici (prvi i etvrti), pomou prijedloga (drugi pade pomou prijedloga "of" ili nastavkom kad imamo prisvojni genitiv, trei pade pomou prijedloga "to", esti pomou prijedloga "with", sedmi pade pomoi prijedloga"about"). Peti pade izraava se imenicom bez lana. Drugi pade - Genitive U engleskom jeziku drugi pade se moe izraziti na vie naina: Normanskim genitivom (Norman genitive) koji se obrazuje pomou prijedloga "of": the book of the teacher (uiteljeva knjiga). Saksonskim genitivom (Saxon genitive), koji se jo zove "prisvojni genitiv" (Possessive case). Ovaj pade se obrazuje tako da se imenici doda nastavak -'s. teacher's book (uiteljeva knjiga). Saksonski genitiv se obrazuje nastavkom -'s na imenicu koji se izgovara "z" iza zvunih suglasnika i samoglasnika, a "s" iza bezvunih suglasnika. U jednini se dodaje -'s teacher's book (uiteljeva knjiga) Peter's toy (Peterova igraka) boy's eyes (djeakove oi) Ako se osobna imenica zavrava na -s, onda dodajemo samo apostrof, a nastavak se izgovara kao "z": Burn's works (Burnsova djela) Ako se imenica zavrava na -s ili -ce kao i ispred rijei "sake", dodaje se samo apostrof: for goodness' sake (za Boju volju) for conscience' sake (radi smirenja savjesti). Licne imenice mogu se zavravati na -s, pa da ipak dobijaju nastavak -'s: St. James's Square (trg Sv. Dejmsa) for Doris's sake (radi Doris) my boss's sister (sestra mog gazde). Sloenice dobijaju nastavak -'s na kraju: after my mother- in- law's leaving (poslije odlaska moje punice). U mnoini koja se zavrava na -s dodaje se samo apostrof: my brothers' wives (ene moje brae). Ako se imenica ne zavrava na -s u mnoini, onda ona ima nastavak -'s: the children's toys (djeije igrake) the mice's legs (miije noge) woman's r ight (enska prava).

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Pridjevi - Adjectives Pridjev je u engleskom jeziku nepromjenljiva rije, pa se prema tome pridjevom ne moe izraziti ni rod, ni broj ni pade. Pridjev obino stoji ispred imenice. Poreenje pridjeva - Comparasion Pridjevi imaju tri stupnja poreenja: prvi stupanj - jednakost - posit ive drugi stupanj - nejednakost - comparative trei stupanj - nadmonost - superlat ive. Jednakost se izraava pomou rijei "as...as" i pozitiva pridjeva. He is as r ich as his fr iend. (on je isto toliko bogat kao njegov prijatelj). He is as strong as a horse. (jak je kao konj) Komparativ, kojim se izraava umanjenost, obrazuje se pomou rijei "less...then": He is less r ich than his brother. (on je manje bogat od svog brata) Komparativom se izraava uveanost, i obrazuje se: - kod jednoslonih i nekih dvoslonih pridjeva dodavanjem nastavka "er": He is r icher than his fr iend. (on je bogatiji od svog brata); - kod vieslonih pridjeva dodavanjem nastavka "more" ispred pridjeva: He is more independent than his brother. (on je samostalniji od svog brata); - "sve vie i vie" se prevodi svezom "and" koja prethodi i dolazi poslije komparativa za uveanje: stronger and stronger (sve jai i jai). Ako je pridjev viesloan, ponavlja se samo prilog "more": more and more contemptible (sve vie omrznutiji). Trei stupanj superlativ moe biti:

relativni, kada je poreenje izraeno pridjevom na najviem ili najniem stepenu. On se pravi kod: -jednoslonih i nekih dvoslonih pridjeva kojima prethodi lan the i dodaje im se nastavak "-est": he is the r ichest (on je najbogatiji); -vieslonih pridjeva kojima prethode rijei "the most": he is the most inte ll igent (on je najpametniji);

apsolutni superlativ se pravi kada se ispred pridjeva stavi prilog most ili very: It is most true. (to je veoma tano, to je ponajvie tano). Ako umjesto pridjeva stoji prilog vremena sadanjeg koji ima ulogu pridjeva, umjestovery upotrebljava se much ili very much: I am much obliged to you. (veoma sam vam zahvalan).

Pravopisna pravila pri poreenju Ako se pridjev zavrava kratkim samoglasnikom iza kojeg dolazi suglasnik, taj se suglasnik udvostruuje: fat- fatter- the fattest (debeo), big- b igger- the biggest (velik). Ako se pridjev zavrava muklim "e", na komparativ i superlativ dodaju se nastavci "-r", odnosno "-st": f ine- f iner- the f inest (lijep). Ako se pridjev zavrava sa slovom "y" ispred kojeg se nalazi suglasnik ono se mijenja u "i": pretty- prett ier- the prett iest (drag), ali gray- grayer- the grayest (jer "y" dolazi poslije samoglasnika, a ne suglasnika). Poreenje pridjeva pomou nastavka "-er" za komparativ i "-est" za superlativ naziva se germansko poreenje. Na ovaj nain porede se svi jednosloni predjevi - sa izuzetkom sljedeih: just, more just, the more just right, more right, the most right. Germanskim nainom poreenja porede se jo i dvosloni pridjevi koji se zavravaju na "-y","-ow", "-er" ili na silabino "l", kao i pridjev koji imaju naglasak na drugom slogu: pretty, prett ier, the prett iest; narrow, narrower, the narrowest; clever, cleverer, the cleverest simple, s implier, the s impl iest; pol ite, pol iter, the pol itest.

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Poreenje koje se dobiva dodavanjem rijei "more" za komparativ i "the most" za superlativ ispred pridjeva naziva se romansko poreenje. Ovim nainom porede se svi viesloni pridjevi koji imaju naglasak na prvom slogu, kao i pridjevi koji se zavavaju na "-ed" i "-ing": famous, more famous, the most famous; learned, more learned, the most learned; beautiful, more beaut iful, the most beautiful. mnogi dvosloni pridjevi mogu se porediti na oba naina. Takvi su pridjevi: common, cruel, p leasant, quiet, cheerful, handsome itd. Nepravilna komparacija pridjeva - Irregular comparasion Nepravilno se porede sljedei pridjevi:

Positive

Comparative

Superlative

good (dobar) better the best

bad (lo)

evi l (zao) worse the worst

i l l (bolestan)

much (mnogo)

many (mnogo) more the most

l i tt le (malen) less the least

late (kasan) later (kasniji) the latest (najnoviji)

latter (dalji po redu) the last (posljednji)

pnear (blizak) nearer the nearest (najblii)

the next (sljedei, do)

pold (star) older the oldest

elder the eldest

far (daleko) farther (prostorno dalji) the farthest

further (dalji po redu) the furthest Komparativ i superlativ sloenih pridjeva: kada sloeni pridjevi poinju jednosloni pridjevom onda nastavke za komparativ i superlativ dobija jednosloni pridjev: I never saw a faster sail ing ship. (nikad nisam vidio breg jedrenjaka) I never saw a worse looking man. (nikad nisam vidio ovjeka koji loije izgleda)

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Prijedlozi Prepositions Poslije predloga uvijek sledi "imenica", a nikad glagol.

Upotreba nekih glavnih prijedloga: of - he is a friend of mine (on je moj prijatelj) what are you thinking of? (o emu mislite?) from - where did you come from? (odakle ste?) whom did you get this book from? (od koga ste dobili ovu knjigu)

to - I get into my off ice every morning (svako jutro idem u kancelariju) we went to see him (poli smo da ga posjetimo) I want to tel l you the truth (elim da vam kaem istinu) at - the family is at dinner (porodica rua) she is at the dressmaker's (ona je kod krojaice) he is standing at the door (on stoji kod vrata) in - I l ive in Sremcica (ivim u Sremcici) my money is in my pocket (moj novac je u depu) I ' ll be back in a minute (vraam se za minut) into - he came into the room (uao je u sobu) I put the money into my pocket (stavio sam novac u dep) about - what are you ta lking about? (o emu priate) she walked about the house (hodala je po kui) it 's about seven o'clock (oko sedam je sati) I was about to go home when she came (upravo sam htio da odem kad je ona dola) since - I haven't seen you since last Friday (nisam vas vidio od prolog petka) for - I haven't seen you for ages (nisam vas vidjeo od odavno) I waited for an hour (ekao sam jedan sat) I did it for you (to sam za vas uinio) except - there was no one at the conference except the president (niko sem predsjednika nije bio na konferenciji) between - what is between you and her (ta je izmeu tebe i nje) there is great d if ference between words and deeds (velika je razlika izmeu rijei i djela) among - you wil l f ind some interest ing gir ls among this students (nai ete interesantne djevojke meu ovim studenticama) before - she stood before the door wait ing (stajala je pred vratima i ekala) came before eight o'clock (doi prije osam) beyond - this is beyond my understanding (to ne mogu da shvatim) his house stands beyond that road (njegova kua se nalazi iznad ovog puta) without - I shall be lonely without you (bit u usamljen bez vas) she left without saying good-bye (otila je bez zbogom) towards - they came to the house (prili su kui) until - I shall wait unti l day come (ekat u dok oni dou) till - I have been wait ing for you t i l l now (sve do sada sam vas ekao) with - wil l you take me with you (hoete li me povesti sa sobom) the proposal was approved with great majority (prijedlog je prihvaen velikom veinom) I cannot remain with him any longer (ne mogu vie ostati s njim) he cut himself with a knife (posjekao se noem) regarding - what have you done regarding th is report? (ta ste uinili u vezi sa ovim izvjetajem) Pored ovih prijedloga u engleskom jeziku imamo i tzv. prijedlone fraze (prepositional frases): in spite of (uprkos) in f ront of (ispred) according to (prema) because of (zbog) on account of (radi) by means of (pomou) There was a pool in front of his house. (pred njegovom kuom se nalazio bazen) This is not truth in spite of what he has said. (to nije istina uprkos tome to je on rekao)

subjekat + glagol prijedlog "imenica"

The food is on the table.

She lives in Japan.

Mary is looking for you. The letter is under your blue book.

Pascal is used to English people.

She isn't used to working.

I ate before coming.

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Prilozi Adverbs

Prilozi su rijei koje poblie oznauju glagole, pridjeve ili druge priloge: uz glagol:

John speaks loudly. (John pria glasno) She never smokes. (ona nikad ne pui)

uz pridjev: He is really handsome. (on je stvarno zgodan) She is less beautiful l than her sister. (ona je manje lijepa nego njena sestra)

uz prilog: She drives incredibly s lowly. (ona vozi nevjerovatno sporo) There is tru ly quiet ly. (tamo je zaista tiho)

Meutim, pred ovih funkcija prilozi imaju i druge funkcije, oni mogu: izmjeniti smisao reenice: Obviously, I can't know everything. (oito, ne mogu sve znati) izmjeniti prijedlonu frazu: It 's immediately ins ide the door. (to je odmah iza vrata)

Po svom sastavu prilozi se u engleskom jeziku dijele na: proste, izvedene i sloene. Prosti prilozi su: now (sada), then (tada), fast (brzo), loud (glasno), right (pravo) i dr. Izvedeni prilozi su oni koji se obrazuju od pridjeva nastavkom "ly":

beautiful - beautifully (lijep - lijepo) bad - badly (lo - loe) itd.

Sloeni prilozi su: a great deal (mnogo), at least (bar), at present (sada), at last (najzad)itd. Po svom znaenju prilozi se dijele na:

priloge za vrijeme: always (uvijek), ever (ikad), never (nikad), seldom (rijetko), often (esto),soon (uskoro), sometimes (ponekad), early (rano), late (kasno) i dr.

priloge za mjesto: here (ovdje), there (tamo), in (u), out (iz), near (blizu), far (daleko), down(dole), up (gore) i dr.

priloge za koliinu: more (vie), no more (ne vie), most (najvie), lit t le (malo), many(mnogi), less (manje) i dr.

priloge za nain: how (kako), as (kao), so (tako), quickly (brzo), why (zato), truly (zaista),quietly (mirno), hardly (jedva), usefully (korisno), happily (sretno) i dr. Prilozi za nain se obino tvore dodavanjem nastavka "-ly" na pridjev.

prilozi stupnja: very (vrlo), too (previe), enough (dovoljno), quite (sasvim) i dr.

Poreenje priloga Prilozi obrazuju prvi i drugi stupanj poreenja na sljedee naine:

dvosloni i viesloni prilozi, kao i prilozi sa nastavkom "ly" porede se na taj nain to se za komparativ ispred priloga dodaje rije "more", a za superlativ rije "most". beautifully - more beautifully - most beautifully (lijepo - ljepe...);

jednosloni prilozi (kao i prilozi often i early) obrazuju komparativ nastavkom "er", a superlativ nastavkom "est": long - longer - longest (dugo - due...);

Nepravilno se porede sljedei prilozi:

well (dobro) - better - best badly (loe) - worse - worst much (mnogo) - more - most l it t le (malo) - less - least near (blizu) - nearer - nearest, next far (daleko) - farther, further - farthest, furthest late (kasno) - later - latest, last

Inae, u poreenju priloga vae sva ostala pravila koja se primjenjuju i na pridjeve.

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U engleskom jeziku ima vie pridjeva koji se upotrebljavaju i kao prilozi:

cheap (jeftin) - to sell cheap (prodavati jeftino) dear (drag, skup) - to buy dear (kupiti skupo) fair (lijep, pravilan) - to copy fair (prepisati isto) false (laan) - to play false (varati u igri) hard (teak) - to work hard (naporno raditi) high (visok) - to charge high (propisati visoke cijene) loud (glasan) - to speak loud (govoriti glasno) low (nizak) - to speak loud (govoriti tiho) near (blizak) - to draw near (pribliiti se) right (prav) - to sing r ight (raditi kako treba) short (kratak) - to stop short (iznenada stati) wide (irok) - wide open (iroko otvoren)

Napomena: kada ovi prilozi dobiju priloki nastavak "ly", oni esto mijenjaju smisao: hard (teak, naporan) - hardly (jedva), near (blizak) - nearly (skoro). Prilog moe imati tri poloaja u reenici:

na poetku (prije subjekta): Now we will s