The Engineer Winter 198182

8/20/2019 The Engineer Winter 198182

1/36

Winter

THE M G ZINE FOR

RMY

ENGINEERS

1981 82

/

T RRORISM

The rowing Threat


2/36

Editor's Notes

UNITED STATES ARMY

ENGINEER CENTER

AND FORT

BELVOIR, VA

COMMANDER/COMMANDANT

Maj. Gen. Max W Noah

DEPUTY COMMANDANT

Col. Alvin G Rowe

CHIEF OF STAFF/DEPUTY

INSTALLATION COMMANDER

Col. David 0. Cooksey

COMMAND SERGEANT

MAJOR

CSM Marvin

L Knowles

DIRECTORATES

DIRECTORATE OF ENGINEER

FORCE

MANAGEMENT

Lt. Col. Charles S. Nichols

DIRECTORATE OF COMBAT

DEVELOPMENTS

Col. Phillip R. Hoge

DIRECTORATE OF TRAINING

DEVELOPMENTS

Col. John W Devens

DIRECTORATE OF TRAINING AND

DOCTRINE

Col. Stanley R. Johnson

UNITS

ENGINEER CENTE

R BRIGADE

Col. Robert A.

De

y

ENGINEER TRAINING

BRIGADE

Col. Peter J . Groh

PUBUC AFFAIRS OFFICER

Maj. James E Kiley,

Jr.

EDITOR

John Florence

ASSISTANT EDITOR

Sp5 N.P.

Lang

COVER ILLUSTRATION

Sp5 Wayne Jones

Our

cover

sto

ry on

page 14 begins

with an

allusion

tu Lhe difficu lty in accurately

defining

terrorism.

Fleeting as

that description

may

be, terrorist inci-

dents have become u fact

of

life (and death)

in

many

areas of the world. As

international

terrorist actjvities

directed agamst lhe United States increa

se,

so

does

the Army's in

volvement

in c o m b ~ i n g the threat. U S

Army

01•eruieu FY8 canies a Spectrum

of

Conflict''

curve showmg a

dead

heat between terrorism and

un

-

conventional warfare as the

most likely

type of future

conflict

involving the

At·my.

That's worth

noting. So

are

Lhe leclure comments of

Rudolph Levy who

warns

that one

of

the

greatest

dangers

facmg the Army dur

ing its

growing

invoJvemem

in

combating

terrorism

is. in fact, underRtanding the threat. (Levy's 1eview of

The Terror

Nett.oork

appears on page 18). We hope our

feature on

terrorism

provides you usefuJ informatiO"n

on this

comp

le

x topic.

As your new editor, 1 begjn

y tenut·e

bearing the

proverbial good news and bud news. The positive

first

:

Sp5 Nancy Lang, who

did

a superb

job

in sing le

handedly

putting

out

the

Spring

and

Summer

'81

EN -

GINEER,

will

remain

on the stafT. Nancy's

dedjcation

nd many

talents

re boon lo all of us. The DA Peri-

odicals Review

Board

supplied

th

e bad news: Signifi-

cant

reduction

s

to an already threadbare

ENGINEER

budget.

The

board

admonished

th

at

further cuts

at

DA

level means

they may

have

to discontinue such

jour

nals

"

s

ENGINEER.

Somewhat in Lhis issue and

particular

ly in those fol-

lowing, you will see us economizing-fewer pages, less

color and pos

si

bly a move to a

chea

per,

uncoated

pa

per.

I look forward to meettng many of you in the coming

months and to receivtng

your

comments, cr:itich;ms

and,

most importantly, to

your continued

support with

t.be timely, informative articles Lhat have marked EN-

GINEER as

an

outstanding

branch journal.


3/36

E

ng1neer

VULUivlE 11 WINTER 1981 82

NUMBERS

FE TURES

8

Building

A

Homemad

e Training

Min

e

hy Lt

Cui

Richard L. Zeltner

9 Civilian Schooling

for

Army Offic

ers

b 1· Majors Wayne Shatp

Phtllip

Richey

12

A Better Mouseb·ap

hy

t

Col

L G

Ailinger

Capt

Donald

Wh1Uen

14 TE

RRORISM

:

Th

e

Philosophy. The

Strategy.

by

Capt

Tom

Adams

19

ECTC

81

20

23

Ef

fective

P erformance Counseling

hy Chaplam

1

Ma;

J

Wayne 0. Smith

;

Fac

iliti

es Co

mpone

nt

Management

bv James G Winter

28 E ng

in

eer Officer Career Man ageme

nt

Lt Cul C H

Dw111

Jr

DEP RTMENTS

2

4

18

CLEAR THE WAY

NEWS NOTES

BOOK

REVIEW

22

27

32

ENG

INEER PROBLEMS

ENGI

NEE

R SOLUTIONS

CAREER NOTES

ISNGINFJER

t

an

authorL?;ed

publlwltlon

or

thll

IJS

Army

En g weer Center

amd

Fon

Belvoir

.

Va

Unless

speclt'lcaily

stated

,

material

appearing

herem does not nec:essarily reflect offacia.l pollc:y , thiokJng or endorsement by a.ny agency

of the

US Army AU photo·

graphs

contained bereiu

are

o

fticla.l OS

Army photograph

unlees otherW'lsu

crredHed .

Use o

r-uode for

printing

tbls publication was

approved

by

Beadquartere. Department

of tbe

Army ,

July 22,

1981 M

aterial

herein may

be reprm

tett i

creda

t as

gwen

to

ENGI

NEER

and the author

•

ENGINEER

OBJEC'l'TVES

are to provide o

for11m

tor

t.he

oxcha.nge

of

ldeiUI ,

to

Inform

and motivate

,

and to

promote

the

professional

development of

all

members o the Army ijllguleer ramuy

• D

fR E;OT CORRESPONDENCE wHh

ENGINEER

ie

authortZed

and encouraged lnqulrles. lettere to the edHor. m a n u s c r i p t ~ < photographs

and

general correspondence J b o ~ t l d be sent

to Editor ,

ENGINEER

M a g a ~ : i . n e US Army Engjneer C e n t e ~ Port

e l v o l r .

Va .

22060

. ToJephone A

Uto

von 3 8 2 l f a. return

or

manuscripts

or

material a desl.l'ed , a

self-addressed

envelope ts required • StJBSCRlP T

IONS

to ENGlNEER

are

avaHa.ble

through

th a Superintendent

of

DooumenLS,

US Government

P t 1 n ~ m g Office

, Washmgton, D.C. 20402 . A check

or

money

order

,

payable to Su

pet1ntendent of

Documents ,

musl

accompany all eubscripuon

requests

Subscription r a . ~ e e ~ ~ > r o $8 .

00

domestl

ll (mclucllng APO and

FP O) addresses.

and $10

00 for fori

go

addresses Indlv•dusJ

ooplea are

avatla.ble ' L

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ror domestic

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CONTROLLED CrRCOLA1'10N postage paid at Fort Belvoir

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4/36

THE WAY

by

Maj. Gen. Max

W

Noah

The Engineer Mission

From time

to time. we

Army

enginee

rs must reflect

on our

basic reason for existence so

as

to

better

focus

our

efforts

in

concepts

doctrine,

training

and

materiel. Fw·ther, we need to

pay attenlion not only to what

we

contribute

to

the

Army mis

sion.

but

also how we cont.nb

ute. We

need

to

look closely

at

both

the

substance and s p ~ t l of

this

ou r DOCTRINE.

Wh

at?

The U.S. Army Corps

of

Engineers is a combat arm.

One wRy to express

our

mission

is , we work on modifying the

terrain.

facilities

and environ

ment

in which we fight,

work

and

live-all

efforts

toward the

ultimate

goal of

enabling

the

Army to

win in battle. Func

tionally, we

concent

r

ate

on bat

tlefield

arenas which

deal with

enhancing friendly

mobility

,

countering

e

nemy mobility,

pro

viding physical

protection. con

structing and maintaining all

types of

facilities and

providing

topographic

analysis

and infor

mation . These functions

entail a

wide

spectrum of tasks

in s

up

port

of

the

maneuver units, the

fu·e

support elements

or

the

lo

gistical commands. Finally,

w ben we are needed

more

in the

firefight

than

we

are

in

pursuing

engineer

tasks,

we

Join

the

maneuver elements

in

the up

front battle fighting as

infantry

How? The manner in which

we provide engineer support is

critical

to mission success,

and

it 1s here

that.

we

often need to

concentr

ate

our efforts.

Weal

ways

strive

to provide

high

quality

support.

To do

this

re

quires skill.

knowledge

and

un

derstanding in two

distinct

areas-tirst. knowing

what

the

commander

wants,

and second,

knowing

the technology and

operational techiques of getting

the job

done.

The first area, determining

needs

and

desires

, is probably

more

of an art than

a science.

Success in this depends upon a

myriad

of

fact


5/36

there is not

one

which

maximizes

the

effectiveness of

an

already sound relationship

between

a

unit

commander

and

his

assigned unit engineer. A

more detailed

discussion

of

that

problem

is

on

page

6

of

this

is

sue.

The

seco

nd

element

to be em

phasi7-ed in

perfonning

the

en

gineer mission is, put

sim

ply .

the

ab iJity to do a

quality engi

neering job. By the nature of

their work, engineers

nonnally

have

to

be phy

sically

present at

the

site

of action

in

the battle.

This means the combat engi

neer

supporti

ng an

engaged m a

neuver company

or

battalion

must perform

his

task

alongside

the

maneuver

elements in the

heat

of

battle. This is the

pri

ma

tV

1·eason

we

are a

combat

~ This closeness

to the rna

neuver

unit

and the critical ne

cessity

of

immediate response is

also the

reason we must

pay

close attention to the

unit

com

mander we support

-again, the

rationale is as in the previous

paragraph.

We

must

plan

and

execute

engineer

functions

at

every level

of

operation. We

are

a

combined

arms

team

member

and the success

of

the team, the

success

of

our

effort, must pro

du

ce

success in

the

battle.

'rhe future. The

chain-of

thought 1 have tried to create

must

be

the

center

of

our

ap

proach

to the

future,

especially

in combat

engineering.

It pro

vides the basis for our equ ip

ment to

be faster

and more

survivable in order

t.o equal

the

supported

force.

It requires

us

to be

more

responsive

to

unit..-;

in

the

M-CM-S functions. ft

is

this thought

pattern

we

wilJ use

at the

Engineer

School as we

start

our Mission

Area

Analysi >

on the DA functional

area

of

Combat Support,

Engineering

and Mine Warfare.

We

hav._

used it in

the new Engineer

Combat Operations,

FM

5-100,

copies

of

which will soon be out

for your coordination

comments

.

1

recently

had

a

splendid

visit

to the Canadian

Forces

Engi

neer School at

Chilliwack.

Theil" engineer symbol

holds the

word Ubique'' which

means

''Everywhere."

The

presence

of

the engineer on the t t l e f i e l d

physical and othel'wise, needs to

he

everywhere . Each of us needs

to ensure

that.

when culled. we

cun responsively

"Clear

Lhe

Way

Noah

Engineer

Who s Who at Fort

Belvoir-

A partial

list

of Engineer School

personnel and departments

Systems

Evaluation,

Capt. W.R.

Sanderson,

Jr.,

AV 354-2287

Organization and

Force

Design, Col. D.

York,

AV

354-3826

Extension

Tt·aining,

Cv.pt.

G.

Sack,

AV 354-3268

CMF 12 and MOS

12B,

Capt P) G.

Cushman.

AV 354-3632

MOS, 12C, Capt.

J.

Ross,

AV 354-2684

MOS

l2E,

1

Lt. T. Gregg,

AV 354-2684

MOS

12F, Capt.

H. Mayorga,

AV 354-2684

CMF

51.

Maj. W.

Peters,

AV

354-3112

CMF

81, Mr. D.

Uber,

AV 354-1831

Academic Records,

Mrs.

J.

Stone,

AV

354-2011

EOBC Training, Capt..

J.W . Wessel.

AV 354-2477

Communicative

Arts,

Capt.

D. Barthle,

AV 354-3993

Roads

and Airfields

, Maj. G. CajigaL

AV 354-2527

Bridging,

Maj. J.R. Van

Zee,

AV 354-5981

Structures

and Utilities,

Capt.

R.

Inouye,

A V 354-3806 .

USE

ENGINEER

HOTLINE

FOR

HELP WITH MOST

ENGINEERING PROBLEMS,

AV 354-3646

ENGINEER/Winter 81-82

3


6/36

Reorganization planned

Plans for reorganizing var

tous civil works

activities

due to

budget

and

manpower

cutbacks

include converting

the New

England

division

to

a

district.

Chief

of Engineers Lt

. Gen.

Jo

seph K Bratton reports.

No Corps field offices will be

closed,

but the

reorganization

includes

personnel

reductions at

all Corps activities, s

treamlin

ing distr ic t

s

central iz ing

administrative and accounting

functions.

reducing

services at

lock st

ructur

es reducing

or

eliminating

some

recreation

ac

tivities and further reducing

the Corps'

dredging

fleet.

The Corps

will continue

its

mobilization mission. keeping

most engineering

construction

and other technical skills avail

able

and well

prepared

. Engi

neers will

also continue

to

provide water resource manage

ment , and to perform design

and con

struction

for

the

Army,

Air

F o

rce and other

federal

agencies

.

Water

to Quartermasters

Engineer proponency for field

water purification and

distribu

tion

is

being

transferred

to the

Quartermaster

Co

rps

,

with

En

gineers retaining responsibility

for water source detection and

facility

support.

TOE

s

released

in April 1981

show that division level engi

neer

battalions

and companies

supporting

separate

brigades

and

regiments no longer

main

tain water purification sections.

TOEs

tor units above division

level are scheduled for

release

in 1982, with MTOEs to be im

plemented later

by MACOMs.

Engineer

concepts

and

doc

trine

favor

making the adjust

ment as soon as mission and re

sources pe

rmit.

New sand-grid roadway for desert or

beach

A

new roadway

system de confinement system supported

signed

by

the Army Engineer tandem-axle t ruck loads of

Waterway

s

Experiment Station

53.000 pounds for 10,000

passes

(WES), Vicksburg, Miss., uses a with only

slight

rutting . In

gridded,

sand

confinement sys

unconfined sand

the

same

tem

to

solve

the

problem of

truck made

only

10 passes

be

moving heavy vehicles across fore becoming bogged down in

the desert and

beach

.

11

-inc

h

ruts

.

Originally

the system was

Researchers

discovered that a

designed with honeycomb-type

layer

of

aluminum

grid

cells

aluminum grids, but now thin

filled with sand and topped by

a

ner lighter pla

st

ic

is

being

sprayed-on

Ct>at

of emulsified

evaluated. Trial sections of the

asphalt

creates

a

stable

road

sand-grids have been included

way.

in

United Nations

road

building

During

tests the

sand-grid

projects n Africa.

Army buys more detectors

A 7 3 million

contract

calling for

retrofitting

9,500

existing mine

detectors and buying 1.461

new

unit

s

is

part

of

a

program

to

retrofit the

Army's entire

inventory

of AN/PRS--7

mine

de

tectors.

The man-portable

unit

which worked well in

the relatively moist soils of

Europe

and the

United States

had

a very low response to non

met.allic

mines

wben tested in

desert

environ

ments

like

the

Suez

Canal

region. A new,

more

effective mine

detector looks the

same

as the

original

unit

but ha

s new electronics and new

battery

for

greater

reliability n dry soils.

4



7/36

News Note

Knowles named Belvoir CSM

CSM Marvin L. Knowles

has

assumed duties as

Engineer Center and

Fort

Belvoir

command

ser

geant. major

following

t.he

retirement

of CSM

Frederick

J. E isenbart.

A 27-year Army veteran , Knowles

came

to Fort

Belvoir from

Aberdeen

Proving

Ground, Md .,

where he was

post

se rgeant major.

A graduate of the Sergeants Major Academy,

Knowles has also served in K

orea,

Vietnam

and

four tours in Germany. His decorations include

the er i tor ious Service Medal , Army

Co

mmendation

Medal with three oak

leaf

clus

ters and the

Humanitarian

Service Medal.

Lang wins journalism

award

Assistant

ENGINEER

editor

Sp5 Nancy

P .

Lang has won second place

in

the

Published

Edi

torials division of the Army-wide 1981 Keith L.

Ware

competition for journalism excellence.

Lang

, who

served

as interim-editor of ENGI

NEER from January to

September

1981, wrote

the

editorials

for Fort Belvoir s CASTLE

newspa

per. Competition

winners

are

selected

by a panel

of military

and

civilian journalists.

652d

Engineers

win

championship

Reservjsts

of the

652d Engineer

Company

I

Float

Bridge),

Ellsworth,

Wis.,

captured

irrst

pla

ce in the

416th Engineer

Command s third

an

nual M4T6 tactical

rafting

competition for active,

rese

rve

and

National

Guard units.

Claiming

their third strrught victory in the

competition, 652d

engineers

constructed a 55-foot

Long, 44-foot

wide

tactical raft

across

Squaw

Lake , Fort McCoy, Wjs. ,

in

55:47

minutes

nearly

12 minutes

faster

than last year ,

The

com petition

emphasized

construction

speed, with one-minute penalty points incurred

for safety errors like

failure

to wear gloves or life

jackets,

for running or for

throwing

lools. Penalty

points were also assessed for construction errors.

Other

competing

units

included

Company

A,

397th

Engineer

Battalion

(USAR),

Ladysmith,

Wis., (second place);

and

Company A, 224tb Engi

neer

Battalion, Iowa National

Guard (

third

place .

Plans

call for the: Missouri National Guard s

35th

Engineer

Brigade

to host the competition

next

year

at

Fort L

eonard

Wood, Mo.

Airborne

•

engmeers

tdy-no-mite'

(

photos

by Marcus

T.

Castro)

The 82d

Airborne s 307tb Engineer Battalion

show their demolition skills at McRidge

Range during

Engineer Week.


5


8/36

Notes

Combat Engineer Game

The final coordination

draft

of

the Engineer School's new

Combat

Engineer Garne" is be

ing

tested

by

nearly

900

units

with

the final

, improved version

available through

local training

and audiovisual support centers

during

fourth

quarter Y 82.

The game, for two-to-six play

ers in MOS 12B or 12C,

in

vo lv e s organizing men and

equ

ipment,

l

ocating the

proper

start

point

using grid

coordi

nates

and

choos

in g

the

best

route to the assigned release

point. Players then complete

various

missions, moving t heir

men

and

equipment by correctly

answering general military

questions.

ngineer Problem correction

Readers noted th at Lhe

solution

to tlw

:;unllner

1981

Military Engineer Problem

was

in

con >isltmt

with

: ~ c c e p t -

ed enginef"r doctrine. There are, indeed. cumprlling rPa

son;;

not

to accept the

published

S(llu tion , and we apolo

gize for

the

error. The

origina

l

problem

and so lution

ts

reprinted on page 7 for reference.

'I11e

first

discrepancy concerns the mlc of the a;;::;istant

division tmgincer. Sinc-e task organization

i:. o

function of

PomnuHHI the di11ision commander

m k ~ s

all

dech.ions

Qn

th e

allocation

of

for

ces

within

t

he

dio..-ision

task

organi

zation.

Certainl

y the

staff

will assist

him,

hut tlw

impli

cation in our

proLlem that

the

ussistant

division t•ngine£-'r

alone

decides the

allocution

of

engineer forces incnr

rect.

A

second

point concerns

the

brigade

engineer

who

should be the cnmmauder of the oonnally a s s o c i ~ t t e d en

gtneer company. Tu be e ffective, the brigade enghteer

m t ~ s t

be knowledgeable of the brigade

and its

ope ra

tions.

From the other p,-.r;spec-tive. the brigade

commander

needs aml enf ;LIIet·r wllllm he knows.

c-an

Lrust, anJ whn

will

::;erve

him loyally. Tr

1s

unliktoly that a eurps rn

gineer

unit

('ommandc•r cnn beeome an efft>t•tiiiP brigade

engineer· for an ope.ration

of

short duration. Thrrefore.

the designated bri,:tade enginee1 should

alwa)S

~ ; o m e from

tbe

divisional e n ~ ; i n e e r

ballalion.

The solution

for the 1st

anrl 2nd hrigade

violates

this

principal and would

hinder

effel'tive ancl responsive enginut'r

suppo

rl.

However.

wlwn a non-


9/36

News Note

S

um

.m e 1

n

ginee

r

ro l

mn

Th,• ;)2cl l n l . t u t Dh ~ " " ' ( \ T . . . , ~ h , l u i : - . < " d ) mu1,1 d··f.:ncl J

pun ion Ctf the II Gvrv" dt·lt>nstH•

,.eclttr.

'['),,. G.3 h n ~ au,llytc•l

tlw thre;ll und Cotnhll: hc>d Brigad•·

, , .dut , ,

2d Bngadc p , i 1 • ~ n

thr

IWrru••clOI .....,.tor, ,,,tdde the

e n e n n ~

prohablt-

.ma111 aH·nuo

rJf'

nppruad1

A supp \DE., t r t . ~ k / u r ) l l l l t i z t · the di1 isiunul

" " ~ i n r t · r

huttal

'

lllH''·huniYetll

1111-i tl•.- tw" •·urp"

curnbu1

l ~ < t l l u l i o m . ' ' th111

tlu:

UtVI>rs to

subordinate

rommundeN llo

tleo:-med

neces H.Ir"f

Tht ha1Jitu11l assuciu1i11u ojf rlivisinnal engi-

IWvl' l'O

YIJlMIIt:S to

maneUII'I < · l c • n t ~ • l l l 6

\\US folluwecl.

r"·P.pt in

thr

r·a.:,t- ,,r the

h t

Brigade

A S2d

wllS

o ~ t u c h c o l

tn

till'

C u v t " r i l l ~

Foro·t'. bust'd

on

ion

cou

trol

anti plun for

fu

tllre

O f N U I I I , m ~ .

T h i ~ o;olutiuol diverts.

from

th , dep

..mllllf:\

on

th e tactical situation.


7

http:///reader/full/dJI'Ic.muhttp:///reader/full/dJI'Ic.mu


10/36

Building a

Homemade Training Mine

by Lt

Col. Richard

L

Zeltner

A : o h o r t n g t ol training

tnint·s

i >

nut'

•Jf

the pPTt'nltt,ll c hull('ngt"s fnet'd

b\' enginrt•r,;, Tltrre arP 1 1 w 1 1 ~ reu

St>ll" for the ~ h l ) r t a g

...

: lat 1.. of hllldi'O.

I

Itt> hi{l:lt

cost 111 indi idual inert

trtinc-,; and till' a b s , ~ I H ' t ' vf u ' 'hut"

(t•tHl' t ' l l l h prvduringl prodl l , · t

ivn

lme. H e ~ a r d l e - , s uf

the

rra,.tuts, tlw

shortagl'

rloe::.

t-1.

llere

ts

a

"lltJ;gestit)n which

\ l i l l l . l

solve

all mim· a \ · a i h t l u l i t ~ pruhlr·ms,

but 1l l l l J ~ Pflahf

5\)T

or Ill h('r Ill HIP

t r u i u i n ~

111

continut• , ~ t . t n nnrmul

, . u p p l i ~ : : . .,f

t r a i n i u ~

mint"'- art-

n•ll

avuilubiP.

t\1

Figurt- 1 helow

j,.

u

•·ontrnun

1111111ht-r 2h c;u1

whid1

il'>

t l l l t l l l w u l ~ u ~ c d (altlto\l {h nvt iu urge:

(Jllllnlit it 's) O\ Arrll)

IIWS:-. hull

... l'h1s

t.:Ell1 pos:;esrw.Pd.

A ~ / a - i u c l t punch H u,uaU a v ~ i l a h l e

ttl vour lll ' :lfCSl

trainilll£

uidp-. 'lUppl)

off'ic.·

(TASU 1.

J'lll' ::,erontf \'IJII : Irlfl"t iiJII Slt'J> is

LO

ublitlll

a

"it-inch I O a r ~ > c -

hreacl

hull

with u

111inimum

thread l e n ~ t h of five

inch ...

a r e ~

I

two -YS-inch

-1 hread

uul,., u, l.ltr)\\ 11 in

F'igun·

2 . Tht>n,

spra1

the

bt•lt

uh

a

lubtirant

nncl

IIISI 'II

11

t l i r u u ~ h tlw ht.Jif' i11 tilt• ••

an

'"'Lh ont> nul on thr>

inside

and urw

11111 nn th••

out:;;tJe.

illustraterl

itt

tht> c ula"a' l it'\\ iu

FigL•re

:\

'IJ•Jic

thul th,, boll

1s

i11serted

..

u that

tl :

tlm•udt'd port ion extend, at least four

l l l l h t · ~ iutu tlw ran.

Tins

will pniVirle

"J>tlr·e fc1r in

..

,•rung a 1\160.5 fu7t> whell

1

he> nc Lilt' is cumplett•cl.

\lt:xt. in1ert th•· a s ~ e t n h l t > . l r•an

a11ol

ldl

it with a l·tlllC'T>'ll' mix. 0 1 1 ~

tlw

,.,,,.r·rete Ita:. 5l'L, tht>

lmlt

awl

..., .

IPrnal nUl cun bt" rt'lllOVt-'rl. Bt>('UU::le

of

the

lubrir·

anl

appliPrl

i11

:iiPp

t h r ~ e .

1lw l.utlt shvuld

IJ. r"aS} tu ri•muvP.

Th·

1111ernal

11111

"tll

rt••nain

lt)(•

kt>cl

in

the

concrete•.

a:,

shuwn in Fi{;Ufl'

I, The holt' lt>fl hy

I

he

b,,L

l II

U< -

t'llllllltoclute the

M60 )

fu1.e. Tlw nul

loekt>rl in

tlw

•·viiCr\·le ""ill pro\ldr

tlw 1hreudl•d bu,e Iur 1he fuz,.

Fnwlh.

paint

tlw

111i11t> blue with a

paint

tft-..;tgnt>d

11.1 udhPn·

'"

llletal

SU I

'

rUC' llllllt . \\ill be• r e m v n a h l ~ •-111

raLI

...

i:::

tlt•tc•t·t

way.

T S O ~

mniutruu

fmH

typtc>s ,,{

pla:;t..ic L r a n u n ~ m111es.

ThNe

art> l\\11

M

16,.

(Ont

tlumrny

and 011e smoke

pmducing)

ann

twn M2h {one durn

uty

uud t>llt- smukc produeinp;) These

arf' t:\Cellr-nt trQiuing dt:vict'S anc.J

their

uvu.ilahility is im·n•asing. But il

they

don't (ill your tnuning

nePds

.

you may want

lo

produce

a

few

lwruc-

made Mlh

troming

mines.

Lt.

Col. Zeltner

is

chtef

of

the

U.S.

.-lrmy En[ ineer School's Tr J.Inmg

lh-

Vt lllpment

F ~ t . f t l

Office

tit Fort

Lt'on

artl

WotJd,

Mo.

? //©©

i ure 1

i ur

e

2

Fi ure 3

i ur

e 4

ENGINEER/Winter - 82


11/36

Civilian Schooling

For Army Officers

Ar111ually

nearly 9

officers

attend

colleges a11d ut1ivers1t1es.

Here

are the

programs

that make it possible.

J

B

ecause Army

training

requirements

cannot be met exclusively by

service

schools, the

Army s

Civil Schools (ACS)

program

was begun in 1946.

Initially

a graduate

degree program

only,

it later was expanded to en

sure that

enlisted personnel

hav

e a

high

school

education before completing their first enlist

ment; that

warrant

officers have an

associate

de

gree related

to

their

specialty;

and

that commis

sioned

officers have a baccalaureate degree.

The

program

also allows commissioned

an

d

warrant

officers to participate n advanced de

gree educational programs which meet A rmy

needs

as

validated by the

Army

Education Re

quirements Board


12/36

ates, as ~ e l e c t e d by a hoard, to pursue graduate

civil schooling. Selected

cadets may attend

grad

uate

civil schooling art)' time

during

their fourth

through

tenth

years

of commissioned service. pro

vided

their performance of

duty and

demon

strated

potential

are

equal

to

that

of other offi

cers

se

lee ted for the ACS program

Fulf(if cl

Lt gal

Edu

colu J/1

PrlJgram

r L P

J allows

up

to three years of law

I

school and assignment

to

the Judge Ad

vocate General Corps for officers in their second

through sixth year of servlCe. The program is

governed by AR 351- 22;

Law

School Admissions

Test

cLSATl scores are required before applica

tion.

T r a i n u ~ u•ilh lndust1y

tTWI

) allows selected

officers to gain knowledge. experience and per

spective in

management and

operational tech

niques in

the

civilian business community. Grad

uates

fill positions of

significant

responsibility in

Department of the Army level

commands

dealing

with

civiJian

industry

.

Training lasts one year,

followed by a three-year utilization assignment.

Quotas in shortage disciplines for

the

progt·ams

listed

above are

allocated

annually to the

three

assignment divisions of MILPERCEN, Office

of

the Chiefof Chaplains and to the Judge Advocate

GeneraL

Program participants normally study

up

to 18

months

and mtl.l> i.

agree to serve a three

year utilization tour in a validated AERB posi

tion immediately following the schooling. P r o ~

gram details

a1·e

in R

621-1.

Warra1lt

Officer

A1;sociah• Degree Program

is

the

only

fully-funded undergraduate program. Up

to

68

wanant officers

may

be schooled annually.

Fellowships,

Scholarships

and

Grant8

covers

all Army personnel (less

.A.."v EDD)

participating

in fellowships, scholarships or grants offered by

Lax exempt corporations,

foundations,

schools.

etc., operating primarily

for

scientific, literary or

educational

purposes.

Although not tru

l y

a

fully

funded program because the Army does not.

pay

tuition and

other

educational expenses, all

other

fully-funded rules apply,

except that

an AERB

utilization

assignment

is not required. ConsuJt

AR 621- 7.

Short Course Training provides tuition funds

for unprogrammed

trairung

conducted by univer

sities,

federal

agencies

ton a reimbursable basis)

and civilian organizations. Training

must

be less

than 20 weeks, deemed necessary to

perform

im

mediate

duties and

approved

by

Headquarters,

Department

of th

e Army

under the

provisions of

AR 621-2. Tuition is funded by

MILPERCEN

while travel and per diem

are

funded by the par

ticipant s

parent

organization.

There

is usually

no

active

duty

service

obligation

incurred by at

tendance

at short

courses;

the one

exception

is

for

colonels that attend

advanced

management train

ing under

the provisions

of

AR 351-23.

At the graduate level, there

are three

partial

ly

-funded

programs available

- t he

degree

com

pletion program (DCP) a nd

the

cooperative de

gree program


13/36

COOP

at

other than senwr staff

college (SSCl

level

are requirPd to study

in

AERB shortage dis

ciplines.

Officers

attending

a

COOP a t the

U.S.

Army

Logistic

sManagement

Center

are required

to

serve in an immediate AERB utilizaUon as

signments.

Qualifications

According to Engineer branch, arceptance into

civil schoolingprograms is selective based on out

standing performance.

Applicants

should have

the

following

qualifications:

•

Held

a successful

company

command

• Be an advanced course

graduate

• Set·ved

overseas

•Completed two tours sincecommissioning

Current engineel' shortage disciplines

are.

Cod(• Discipline

CCX

CiviJ

Engineering

CFX Aeronautical

Engineering

CUA ADPS Engineering

DEX GeodeticScience

DGK Geological Engineering

CCP Environmental

Engineering

DED Topographic/Photogammetry

•

Study

is

requested in general,

"soft

skill" dis·

ciplines such as master's of business administra·

tion,

management

,education,

history or

political

science for which

there

are very few Army l'e

quirements.

•

Applicants

for civilian

education

programs

fail to

plan

ahead. Arrangements

must

be made

well in advance to

take

the GRE and toapply for

admission at several

schools.

•Many applicants have an insufficient back

gl·ound

in mathematics

to study in

the technical

fields

that

make up

the majority of areas on the

shortage discipline list.

Applicants

s

hould insure

proficiencyinmathematics through calculus

and

statistics.

Annually, the Dt>partment

of

t.he Army budgets

more

than $3 million to educate warrant

and

commissioned officers

at the

associate,

under

·

graduate

and master's level.This amount covers

approximately 440 officers

in

fully-funded pro

grams and more

than

400 officers in

partially

fundedprograms.

FC>r

more informat ion wnte : HQDA

MILPERCEN

.

ATTN:

DAPC-OPP

-E 200

Stovall

Street, Alexandria, VA

22332 or call

AUTOVON 221-0685/8100 or commercial l202)

325·0685/8100.

Ma,J.

Sharp,

n MILPERCEN militury eciucalion

offieer.

graduated

[rom

a

Kansa

.s

Stat; Unwr

rs1ty

ancL

holds

a rnaster s degree from N P r t h w e ~ l

Miss

ouri

State

University. H e ha:; ,


14/36

A

better

mousetrap

The 20th Engineer's Mission

Card"reduces class preparation

time, improves training quality

by Lt. Co

l.

L.G.

Ailinger

and

Ca

pt. Donald Whitten

The Battalion

Tr

aining Man

agement System


15/36

OIRRENT

S'I'Al'US

As

a

handy guide

listing references

and trai

n

ing

assets.

mission cards significantly reduce class preparation time

lor

unit

instructors. (Figure 2.)

cial For t Campbell form and is

n ow available to any unil. not

just engineers.)

The

front

of the card

lists

not

onlv the ARTEP

task

number.

t ide

and con

ditions,

but also

shows

related

ARTEP

tasks,

the

pr

inciple leadership Soldier's

Manual

(SM) tasktsl.

and all

sub-tasks,

either specified

in

the ARTEP

itself

or

implied.

Most importantly p e r h a p ~ it

also

1

ists

all the

related SM

tasks

where

individual

profi

ciency

will be

required to satis

factorily complete the collective

task. Knowing these required

tasks, the

squad

leader

can

be

gin preparing his soldiers well

abead

of the required ARTEP

task class, using

his job

books to

determine individual proficien

cy

and

opportunity t raining

time

as

needed.

Tbe

reverse of the

miss ion

card

lists

hjs

squad's

status

on

the ARTEP

ta sk so

he'll know

exactly

the

de

p

th

of

instruction

required.

t

also

lists

all

neces

sary

references,

resources

in

cluding applicable training

extension

course

tapes

m

the

battalion

learning resource cen

ter. and

assets

available

at

t.he

post

tr a ining and audiovisual

support

center, including all

pertinent training films, train

mg dev1ces,

instructional

pack

ets. etc. The Notes/Remark.-; sec

tion

perhaps

would

have

been

bette r

titled

"Training

Tips''

~ i n c e each t rainer notes here

any items of particular interest,

such as a refinement. knack or

clever

nuance

he

has

discov

ered. This

information if i then

sh ared at periodic company/

battalion

meetings.

Basically, the mission card

contains, in one place, all the

necessary information required

to prep re a c l s s on any

ARTEP task. It has done

tbe

t.rainer's homework, for

the

most part, allowing

the

trainer

to

devote his scarce time

to

preparing the class. not re

searching

it. The

in1provement

in both

class p

resentations and

in task proficiency is signifi

cant

Each

trainer

has

a

set

of mis

ston

cards

for

all

tasks at his

level, and for each

echelon

be

low

his

level.

Thus

a platoon

leader/sergeant has

the

67

cards

for

his

platoon tasks and also a

complete set of

the

4 1 ~ q u a d

cardR

tas

does

each

squad

leaderl.

Ultimately, there is one

258-card deck at battalion con

cerning

all tasks

at

the battal

ion. com

p any,

plat.oon and

squad levels.

The initial compilation of t he

complete

deck was a staggering

task, but its impact

was

reduced

by

equitably

distributing card

pre par

ation

tasks

to

all

1evels

throughout

the

battalion.

Thus,

any given

squad leader was re

sponsible for preparing only two

· or three cards. The draft cards

were

reviewed

at

a ll

echelons

before fina l approval and publi

cation.

Word

processing equip

ment, while

not

essential,

has

been

an

extremely

valuable

aid

in quickly and simply

refining

existing cards.

A complete set of ARTEP -

35

mission

cards will be for

warded to the

Engineer

School

for their possible use since

sub

stantial

numbers of

the tasks

covered are common to all engi

neer ARTEP's. Once a set

or

mission cards is completed, the

user's

task

is simply

to continu

ally refine

and improve

the

card

s.

T

he 20th Engineer Bat

talion is extremely pleased

with

the

mission

card

concept and

how i l has increased

the

effi

ciency

of

trainers at aU levels

and

improved

the

profesRional

ism of battalion tra ining.

Try

using mission

cards.

we think

you'll

like them.

too!

L l C . i l

i g e r . u

s

c n m-

mander

o f

tht 20th Engineer

Battalwn fCnmbat >

Fort

Camp

bell, Ky., designed

the

mission

card system, institu/Lng

it

with

the help

o f

Capt.

Whitten, the

bulloUon

operations officer.

Aili11ger.

comrnander o f th •

73rd Engineer

Company

ir -

borne) in Vtefnam, currentl,v is

executive officer

o f

the

physics

department at

the

U.S. Militat)

Academy. Whitten, a

Virginia

Military Institute

graduate, still

sert es

as the

20th s S-3.

ENGINEER

/Wi

n ter

8

-82

13


16/36

TERRORISM

The philosophy. The strategy.

Te

rrori

sm is

lik

e love. It's

hard

to

defi

ne

, but you know

it

when you see it.

Tenodsm

is a tool

used by

many

widely

varying types

of

m·ganizations

throughout t he

world . For these organizations.

terrorism a rational, cohesive

strategy

for

the

achievement. of

personal

and political ends.

While

unbalanced

individuals

may

be

attracted

to

and

exploited

by

terrorist groups,

their

individual abberations

should

not be seen

as

indicative

of

the

nature

of the sponsoring

organization. The

acts

of LerrQr·

il >t groups are

seldom

ej thel' ir

rational or

random.

Instead

t.hey are pu rposeful

and ration

al. fonning patterns which may

be identified

and

analyzed.

A ri bu

tes

of Terro

ris

m

Alexander

George

and

Hichard

Smoke have

proposed

that

rationality ls

really

five

separate attributes: 11 an inter

nally

cons1:;;tent

value system;

2\ an ability to assess the out

come of

an action,

that is,

the

ability to anticipate conse

quences:

3 an ability to

relate

a

specific act to

an

expected out

come; 4)

an

ability

to under

stund an opponent's value sys

tem

without

necessarily

sharing

it: and fina

lly.

5

the

possession

) f

sufficient

information to ac

complish

items

2, 3

and

4.

abc>ve .

The

ralional

actor

must

have a

consistent value system,

the

ability

to

choose actions

which

are likely to

achieve his

goals

and

an

understanding

of

the effect

such actions

wil I

have

on an adversary . '

by Capt. Ton1 Adams

First of all, it ts easily

shown

that

terrorists

responsible for

some

supposedly

"pointless''

atrocity have a definite objec

tive in mind which is

vital

to

them . The senseless

violence

of

the terrorist

is. in

facL,

aimed

at

achieving

some

valued goal

such as

lhe

liberatton of one'!'

homeland

l

the

Irish Republican

Army [IRA) or

South West

Af,·i

can

People's

Organization

ISWAPOP or

the

smashing

of

international imperialism the

Uruted Re-d

Army).

T

act

ica l

Go

a ls

Most

theorists

agree on five

general

tactical goals

of terror

ISt groups: l l publicity for

their

cause; 2l harassment of

the

au

thorities;

3

polarization

of

soci-

ety: l Aggravation of state-to

slate t·t-lations:

and

finally. 5

t.he achievement

of

operational

objectt

ves Imoney

,

the release

of

imprisoned lenders. and so

forth). Operational objectives

are usually secondary objec

tive

s .

The

primary purpose or

kidnapping

or assassination

is

most likely to be found among

the first four

goals.

The

mem

o m o ~ 'tatements and interview '

of

terrorist leaders and theo

rif>ts

show

that they are

usually

able

to evaluate

outcomes and

objectives

in a rational man

The

ability

to relate a specific

action

to

an expected outcome

bas

been al'sessed by Et·nest

Evens.

Evens

suggests that

ter

rorists wetgh various possible

courses

and

adopt the most pro

ductive ones. He illustrates this

p01nt by exarruning the

recent

history of

polltica l k.idnappings

and pro\'ing that th e incidence

of such kidnappings incr

eased

dramatically after they

were

shown

to be a profitable and ef

fective tactic

in

1969. Further

more. as te r ror ists discovered

the

utility of k idnapping diplo

mats

. specifically US diplomats.

the number of incidents

invol\'ing American officials

rose.:

1

The

fourth

attribut.e.

the

abi l

ity to understand an opponent's

value svstem, is less

obviouslv

met and represents an impor:

tant

we-akness in terrorist

oper·

atlons. Some groups, the

Cypri

ot. Lenorists for example, have

shown a

shrewd grasp

of their

adversru·v's value svstem

and

an ability to a n i ~ l t e it.

Oth

er

groups

show

less of this abili

ty. The Palestinians who hi

jacked an

Israeli airliner to

Entebbe

revealed

littlE>

under

standing

of

the

lsraeh perspec

tive. espectally Israel's willing·

ness

t.o put hostage passengers

at

risk . Similarly, the inability

of

powerful elements in han's

Revolutionary

Council

Lo

under

stand American values probably

prolonged

the

US hostage

crisis.

ThE fifth point,

the

need for

information,

is

invariably met

by

floods of

information provid

ed by

the

medta and

various

governments.

This gives terror

ist

groups

arnple feedback

and

useful intelligence for

planning

further moves.

Ter rorism's Comm on l d

eo

lo·

gy

While

terrorist

gr·oups

may be

rational, t.bere seems to be an

almost infinite variatwn in

methods,

goals

and

rationales

among

them. Fortunately they

ENGINEER/W

inter

81 - 824


17/36

~ h a r e some

basic c h a r a c t e r i s ~

tics. Among

leftist

revolution

ary groups (the

bulk

of tet·ror

groups)

there is an essential

ideology which

seems

to

t.ran

scend nationality a nd circum

stances, All

groups

or move

ments

loosely characteriz-ed

as

leftist

revolutionary are op

posed to

what they term "ex

ploitation." In

practice

they

equate exploitation

with c pi-

talism, and capitalism in turn

with

fascism, l'Cgardless of any

democratic process in

Algeria.

Fanon's book,

The Wt·etched

of

the Earth,

achieved

great popularity

among terror apologists,

influP-ncing

groups

as

diverse

ns

the Front de Liberation du

Quebec (FLQ) in Canada

and

lhe

Frente

Nacional

de

Liherataco de Angola FNLA .

7

Fanon became

a major

spokes

man for terrorism when he

wrote that violence has a

c1eansing eff

ect

on individuals

Ctl1e

perpetrators

, not

the

vic

tims>.

freeing the oppressed

from

feelings of inferiority

nnd

making them

fearless.

Fanon

further argued that the mere

fact of violence

ra i

ses

national

consciousness,

forcing

people to

take sides

by

making

them con

scious of

their

com

mon

cau

se

ag ams t the oppressor.

11

The no

tion that violence need not have

a concr

ete

goal to be e ffe

ctive

is

especiaJly

important because it

answers the charge that terror

ist

acts

are unproductive.

Although terrorists po

ssess

something in

the

way of a com

mon

ideology

they

have a com

mon strategy on ly tn the most

general sense because

terror or

ganizations represent an entire

spectrum of behavior ranging

from

criminal

/psychopathic to

national

"pau·iots" or ''

libera

tors .. For

our

purposes

the

most

signi f i c < ~ n t strategy of the

ter

rorist

stems from a particular

notion

of

the rela1

innship of a

governm

ent

to

i L ~ people .

Govet·nment

In its most prim:itve form a

go,•ernment is organized

Lo

pro

tect

those who

subscribe

to it,

and

to assist them in

gaining

basic

needs.

n

ptotects and as

sists its

people by

means of

se

curity

forces

(police and m.ili

taryl

and

social welfare

programs

, Citizens

are

allowed

whntcver

freedom t h ~ y possess

b e c a u s ~ t.he govE>rnment

pro

0Ld1118

~ u b ~ h d r l t l

llfnca

;

r m

r e s · ~ ~ '

A lt3

USSR

En £mop

llll•n m u • ~

0

l ~ 0 0

Z.OOO

Nal onalil\• of

Vu t IJ iiH

1 f

In

t f I -

Milfonnl Terrl

b l Atluck"'.

1

D h ~ 1980


IS

http:///reader/full/oppressor.11http:///reader/full/oppressor.11http:///reader/full/oppressor.11


18/36

Int

erna tional T er rorist Attacks on US Personnel and Fac

il i

ties , 1980

L

ocation

of Event

N

orth

m e t ~ c

\.atm

America

Western Europe

Military

A

frica

Ottler

US Govt.

Midea >l

Asia

Bu:>iness

Pat1fi c.

Tourist,

Missionary

Ot

her

0

100 0

Humlnn ol EYents

tects

them as

a group and does

not need to protect them

as

in

dividuals.

The

political

terrorist, unlike

the cnminal. attacks

this

im

plied contract between a gov

ernment and

its citizens. Crimi

nal

tenor

is

usually

incidental

to

the commission of a

crime

and

seldom disruptive

of

the so

cial system.

The use of

criminal

methods by terrorists can, how

ever,

have significant effect

by

a larmi.ng an entire populace

and

casting doubt on a govern

ment' s ability

to

protect its peo

ple. This can be accomplished

through

the

application

of

seemingly random violence,

requiring

very little equipment

and

few people.

Since

innocent

lives are taken or jeopardized,

eu e :yone has cause to

fear

such

attacks. And

even

the

harshest

and most repressive govern

ment cannot protect everyone

all

of tbe time.

To fult111 its most basic obli

gation

to protect its citizens, a

government beset

by

terrorists

must

resort to harsh methods

roadblocks

,

stop

and search

laws.

arrest without warrant

and detention

without

trial,

su

pp ressing basic l

iberties even

as these measures

dis

ru pt the

economy

and

inh ibit the gov

er

nment

's social weJfare func

tion. While

the

government

may succeed

in

repr essing ter

rorism, the ordinary citizens

most

adversely affected

by

its

l6

antiterrorist

programs may be

gin to

see

it, and not the terror

ists,

as

the source of their prob

lems

.

In actual

practice

,

of course

,

all

this does not work out. so

neatly . West Germany 's

Baader-Meinhof

Gang

and Can

ada

's FLQ

succeeded in

provok

ing repressive measures with

out

generat1ng significant

support for th

eir movement

s.

Uruguay's Tuparmaro urban

guerrilla

s provoked

ha

r

sh but

effective governmental

meas

ures which

actually

succeeded

in

wiping

out the Tupamaros.

I n the

end

. few

terro

r

ist

groups expected

to

topple an ad

versary government

through

their personal efforts.

Instead

,

they hope to

stimulate genem

l

opposition to the government.

creating genuine popular upris

ings which

they

themselves

would lead.

9

The

Front de

Lib

eration Nationale achieved this

in

Algeria

while the IRA Provi

sionals in

Ulster

succeeded in

shifting much sectarian hostili

ty onto

the

British.

Categor

izing Ter

ro

r ists

Tn

separating

revolutionary

terrorists fTom other varieties,

it is critically important to un

derstand

that there are

no iron

clad categories. Some terrorist

groups are very

difficult

to pin

down . The most important vari

ab le

among

them is the degree

of

political

orientation.

Conilict

so

100

Nuf \bc>r of [\ ents

theorist J . B

owye1

·

Bell

sepa

t·ates

terror

users into four

broad categories: criminals,

psychopaths

, vi

gilantes and

rev

olutionaries.HJ T

he intelligence

analyst must be able

to

differ

entiate one from another be-

cause a l may use the fashiona

ble

rhetoric

of

revolution

and

··national liberation.''

Although

Ame

ri can theorists

rightfully

tend

to

regard all ter

rorists as

crimina

ls, s

uch

think

ing is nol very helpful. Crimi

nals are deterred

by

arrest and

denial of a n

opportunity to prof

it mcmetar ily while politically

motivated terrorists are not

deterred

by

the same means.

The hnmediate,

material

gains

of

terrorist

acts such

as

ran

som)

are

secondary to

the

de

sired political gains. Terrorists

are not

averse to the

publicity

of a

trial

, and

unlike

most crim

inals , th ey

ar

e not

unwilling

to

be martyred for

their

causes .u

The psychopathic or

cult ter

rorists who use revolutionary

jargon are more confusing. The

notorious

Atlanta murders

of

1980-81

have som

e

characteri

s

tics

of terrorist violence

and

have certainly spread fear

among the population while

lacking any apparent political

context. These are apparently

psychopathic acts of terror. Less

obviously

psycho

p

athic are

cu

lts

such as the Manson "family ''

with its vague pronouncements

of

race

war)

and

the

surrealistic

ENGINEER/Winter

81

-82

150

http:///reader/full/larmi.nghttp:///reader/full/larmi.nghttp:///reader/full/olutionaries.HJhttp:///reader/full/olutionaries.HJhttp:///reader/full/larmi.nghttp:///reader/full/olutionaries.HJ


19/36

Symbionese Liberation Army.

Unfortunately. l


20/36

- -

Book R iew

The Terror

Network

Tbf' Tt•r r o r Ne

twork

, t.v Unire

~ t t r l i n g ll ult,

({tnelturt

.md Wtn"ton

anrl

R e 1 1 r l ~ r s ()ij(+''>l Press,

"lew

) urk. Y.

Rev iewed

b ) Ru d

olf

L f

' \ ' )

Clairr ~ t f ' r l i n ) l . · . , . ren.-nt lmok 1111

tilt"

"ntlt•m{lltnnal ter

rorist nmnerltun," I a \\ rll prcst>nled. 1n-deptlt htch ,,f

t"Ontempurar\ intHnatiunal tf'fronsrn. Many

of

the ept

""lft:,.

dht •U, ; . I 'd

Ill tht-

ltltllk

htt\1: been l"UIISlOI'rt"d c:inC"C'

tilt' earl\ 1960s. Tlu .• T

c>rro.r

N.- two

rk

appruprtoltel}

crnplw l7c::" thf'

welJ-IJrguul zed

and well-financ,.rf uulurt•

ul tht llllernatinnul tetrtlri>t:; ,..nch as Cuba, tltt :,v, wl L

nmn

nnd tls

" " t , . J i i l t · ~ ~ o r t h Kurl'a. Vit'lnant nnd

aft>"

11tltt:rs.

Author

S t t · r l t n ~ ,kdlfull)'

t•,plums

< ~ n d dm.umt'tll" the

t'Xpert ~ o > i e t 111anipulution of Cuban ar11l

P.tlt>:-llninn

t•,IU,Ot''i intu ' " u l l l ~ l l t • t k

p u l ~ s

I

and n '' aud the

o;.ubYNSinn

ol

rnany lcaitirnutt

lilu•mll•m mmement ...

tnlo t: Y t l l u t l l l n a ~ · ten·orist oprrattOn'>. SoHcl unci Cuh.Jil l!'ud

c•rship in iniclllntionnl tt>norisrn

hu.-

fur

j o ( r e ~ : ~ t e r

tmplic·Ll

ltont.

tltun

e ~ ~ · r n n . t ~ i m : d .

~ t t ' r l l l l j ( ' - >

dt 'o l"US;;IQtl uf

th

'. uppnll 11f

lht>

llliPrllOilOnUJ

tc

rrom

t

twtwork

dur111g

th('

··Frtght D t > t • n d c · ~ ol

thc 1970;.

"ugge'-1..,

that

lt>rmrisrll will

bt'

t ' \ ~ l l

murc·

pervR"'I'C in

thr

19HO

....

One

uf

thr ),.,.,t t"mntwnal

tcrrorbt

coop ...

rutlotll unlvhled

in th

IPrron!'t!l raltul>

mudu n

1

-gunncol a

no\\ d pri111u

ril y cr11nposed l)f Puerto

Ri

ca

n

ptlgnm!'

to

t h ~

Hoi}

Land

Mrrori-.t

ttaiut•d

the

Cuha11

DGl til LLlmp

\llatanza" under

thP tutt'iaJ?,e of

the

noton

~ h.(,R

ten

0

n,;t ofll'rutl)r l.lJitmt"l

Vtk\l)r

Srmenov.

Carloc." further tt'n-orist

educallon. on

rcc·umm.:ndntion of

thc> CumntuJltsl Part\

of

ht!' noll\ e \ etH•zuela. uwluded a

:;tint at Patrie,• Lt;mumuu L nwe.-sity in Mo:>t

CJ

Y., Ull"

'"grarluatr

i:>C'huul of

tcrruri"m ··

After

furtlt!'r training

111

the Midtlle

Ea-.1. Lar)u,.. worked

for

oT 11

b!"half of

the

P il;,tini.ut •· ..

t r u g ~ t l t > .

spectnltzinJ!

in 1 \ . S t ; R I ~ l l l a l i o n s

< ~ n d

k i d n . : ~ p p t n g , . . the o r ~ t R n l z a l l o n of IC'rTIIrt"'t c:eJJ. throughout

EtHI>pe

and lhf' ~ ~ ~ ~ u g g of wcapvn!l. Carini'' grc•nad1·

altat k on a

auwJ nt l.t•

OruJ

Storr

in

Pari:., wl11ch

killed

i;t'\:(•raJ

pc>uplt>

unrf UlJllrerf 2(1. W 8 ~ !Jiannt'd IU r101 pres

sure un

tfw

FrcuC"h

gov,.rnment on

uehalf ul

tht·

Japa

ll

t'be

Red 1 \ r m ~ lt'rrurio.,t!'- tlwn holdmg the French Ernba"s) in

Holland in orrler to I n · ~

f'omrudes

then ht:ld 1n

rt'rt<

h

jails.

(fncirlentully,

tlw ~ t r c n . t n e s

ul'ed

tn lht·

ntlu(·k on Lc

Drug

Ston'

were u-, M-26

g r t · n » d e ~ ; o;tolen

bv

till'

liuader

M ~ > i n h o f

Can,_ from

tlu

L: --

> \ r m ~ Ammuuiltclll

Deput

.JI

M w < ~ < H t . Germany.

The

!;rPnudt•t:o stulen from tLe dt•put

wrtt ' u ~ e d

iu

four other tcrrurtst lllll\cks d u r t n ~ the

1970,., l Curlu .. maslerminrll'd the

kuinupptUf!

of

OPEL

oil

mtntster,.

f;Lllltf'Tt>d tn Vi,·nna. \usLTiu Y.tth lhP help

of thf'

Buodcr-Mctnhof C a n ~ Carlo,. nl;;o < ~ M l l l f ( l • • t l !:luviet-modt

~ - 7

mn

....ile"

into

ltalv.

w h ~ r e only

a tip from 1-.raeli

tntt'lltgent·e

tu

ltalt

tht.: .luttltt

f•H l{e\olutiunan Cuu tdiuutiun giv1•s ltli:>ll-\ltl llllu

tlu:

lC:ll•·•rl. a bit> prttgr; .... ul

tnlc-mat

tunal ll'rTuri!'lll f'urmt•d 1n

Latin

t\mPrtC"u

IJ,

\ r ~ t n t r u t u u .

ChtleHII,

P a r ; ~ g u a \ U l l

lltld

U c u ~ u a \ 3 1 1

lc•norist,... tit.,

I

HL ,,,c.

r ' " \ J i u n d ~ · d

and t . ~ ~ •.,.

""" '

h1

th

...

( uhan

IH

";l

ln111al

fund ... \\t'rt' ~ 1 \ t ' n h, lhl·

A r ~ c n t t n e · . , \lurltwwto,.

tmm

Hlll:'-11111"

f+'t"t!tH•J

front

the

Uni

t•

' "

Stull-" un.l 11tlwr nuti"'"

fttr

11,,.

rt-lt>ull•·

ur

compa

11\

t' \t"l'"ttl i

I t ' ~

Aftrr ( uhnn and ::.o\lel llll'•lhc>lllt-111

\11th

thr • JRC. uth

"' '

ht·u.lql l i ltlt·r;.

au•l

,·,urdttwtiull

uffl"""

V.t'IP

npenc>cl

In

Putt'>. Li,b,,u

.uul

Bru...- U t ' l l l ~ •o:•

•ttftt'tl a-.

nwn]

uatiuns

a1• rllc,,·ulrrtog

th;ll 1111 nt.Jilt>r hu"

llghtl) tht·\

,llllt

thrtr

,. , ••

, .

l t ' l i i •TI 'n l \'i l l not go ..n18 \ .;;ome ,troug

IHI."<

no"

,,dl

-rntr

•·•wlwd

.

II

,,.,

htJped

that it thtl hm

lutt•.

'f

lu•

T

.-rr

o r

Ne

t Y.urk ,

..

"'''

,.,,,.llt•ut ...

t111h

..r

krrur

,

...

111, und. 11 nhout

a

cluuhl. tnm>l

rl"ttJtng

for .JII

t n i l i t u r ~

profr•M.tiJIIUI,.

Rc·prwtrd .fr'' ' 1/iliran

lntt>lli!{


21/36

E

c

T

c

81

Led by 20 general officers,

morP than 600

engineers

from

196

active

and

reserve

compo

nent units

converged

at Crystal

City, Va ., December 5-6 for the

1981 Eng

i

neer

Commanders'

T1·aining Conference (ECTC>.

The meeting was hosted

by

En

gineer

School Commandant

Maj . Gen. Max W.

Noah

. Major

discussion topics were

engineer

operations

in

the

airland battle

and

training

initiatives in

units

worldwide.

Lt . Gen. William J . Livsey

J r., commander . VII Corps, U.S.

Army

Europe

tUSAREUR),

presented a dynamic keynote

address

on

engineer

support re

quirements

as viewed by a ma

jor maneuver force

commander.

Corps of Engineers support

to

the

Total

Army was covered by

Chief of

Engineer&

LL.

Gen. Jo

seph

K Bratton

.

Livsey

discussed

the

chal

lenge of

engineer

support at

corps level and stressed the

need for frequent

training

un

der conditions duplicating as

closely as possible the

milieu

of

the battlefield.

The former

8th

Infantry Division

commander

praised U.S. soldiers saying, 1

have no qualms about

the

quali

ty of our

young American sol

diers .

They are in fact ,

magnificient. All they need

is

outstanding

leadership,

care,

compassion

and

love. His as

sessment

of USAREUR

was

we're

better than we've ever

been.''

Another highlight

was

2d

En

gineer

Battalion (2d Infantry

Division)

commander

Lt. CoL

C.H. Strcteh'' Dunn Jr.'s pres

entation of the battalion's live

fire

training

in

overcoming

a

complex obstacle. Dunn, aided

by

slides

and

a video tape, de

tailed

bow

the battalion

pre

pared for the exercise by con

structing a simulaLed

North

Korean mine

field

s uppJe

mented by two anti-tank ditch

es.

The

battalion then con

ducted a

successful

assault

breach of

the

obstacle, support

ed

by tanks. artille •·y,

armed

he licopters, intelligence and

air

defense assets.

An

article by

Dunn

regarding engineer

officer

career

management appears in

this issue of ENGINEER on

page

28.)

Other topics

covered in

the

two-day conference included a

discussion

of

the operational

doctrine in the recently pub

lished FM 5-100

Engineer

Combat

Operations Army 86

studies, airfield damage

repair

and the Systems Program Re

view action plan.

The

innovative Engmeer

Bat

talion Training

Management

Program

developed

by the 579th

Engineers, California Army Na

tional Guard, and engineer par

ticipation

in Operation Bright

Star

were

discussed and will be

covered in detail in future is

sues of

ENGINEER.

Conference coordinator

Lt.

CoL George

Temple reports

the

1982 ECTC will be held

in

early

December in

the

Washington ,

D.C..

area.

ECTC 81 keynote speaki'r

Lt. Gen. William J. Livsey

Jt·.

stressed tl1e i

mportance

of fl'e

qu e

n

t.

realistic

train

i

ng.


19


22/36

by Chaplain Maj.) WaYJte 0

S1nitl1

Couns

e l in

plays a s ignifi-

cant role

in the

function

i

ng

and

ef

f

ecti

v eness o f

military units,

regardless of size or

mission.

Leaders who see counseling as a

positive tool and who use it as

such wi II also see positive re

s1.lits in overall performance of

duties. Many units

throughout

Lhe

Army

are

practicing

good

counseling

and have

ongoing

training in

how to counsel.

An

aid

to effective counseling

can be the counseling

statement

or record of

counseling

.

I f

it

is

used

pro

per ly,

this

document

can

be very helpful, especially

in performance

counseling

.

It

can

provide a summary of

what

was said, a record of what

was

said, and

as

a last

resort,

evidence of

what

was said. The

use of the WOl d ··can''

here

is in

tentional. There is an apparent

trend

toward

the

misuse and

even abuse

of

the counseling

statement.

Although

it

was

never

intend

ed to be a substitute for coun

seling, the counseling state

ment

has become just

that

for

many people in supervisory po

sitions. Admittedly , having a

pre-printed form

and simply

filling in the blanks instead of

holding a formal counseling ses

sion,

saves

some time Cnitial

lyl.

but

how does it improve per

formance? How does it develop

respectful,

healthy

relalion

ships between the counselor and

the

counselee?

The

answer,

of

course, is that it does not. Too

often the question, Have you

counseled this soldier?

gets

t.he response, Yes. I have sev

eral counseling statements

on

him.''

But has

the

soldier

really

been counseled?

The

format of

the

counseling

statement

is also important.

If

the format

is

negative. demean

ing

or

aceusalory. it will I ikely

sabotage

any

possibility

of

good

counseling.

I t

will produce, 1f

anything, merely grudging com

pliance. The counseling

state

ment that requires the reading

of

a

soldier's

rights under

Arti

cle

31 of the UCMJ precludes

any positive feedback, and is a

far cry

from what

performance

counseling is all aboul.

There

are many reasons lor

the abuse and misuse of the

counseling

statement:

two of

them will be addressed here

The first. bas to do with the in

ability,

real or perceived,

to do

effective counseling. Good per

formance counseling involves

training,

work and

risk-tak ing.

Thus

,

il

is

easier

to

have

some

one devise a form which can bf'

used in

lieu

of real counseling

The result ,

however,

is often

that

the negative performance

is

highlighted

and the positive

performance goes

unrewarded,

if

not altogether unnoticed. One

of

the responsibillties of mili

tary leaders

is to develop cotm

sellng skills early.

A second reason counseling

statements are misused is a

-

flection of t.he leader/supervi

sor's

overall outlook

towards

subordinates.

If

that

outlook

is

what

Douglas McGregor (1957)

1

terms Theory X, the subordi

nate

is viewed

as

basically lazy.

unmotivated,

with T lO ambition,

no sense of responsibility. Addi

tionally,

Lhe

subordinate

is per

ceived

as motiv ted

only

through threats of punishment

and must be

coerced and

con

trolled in ot·der to ensure per

formance. With this orientation.

supervisors often fall to

see

the

danger

1

devising

a

counseling

statement

tllat

is totally

nega

t i ve and used primari ly to

nail people.

Although

the Theory X ap

proach does achieve some objec

tives, it is not

the

most

efficient

1

Douglas

McGregor. The Bu.mao Side

of

Enterp

r

ise


23/36

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24/36

~ t l j

The A

Engineer

11

"

---.

11

Problem

T

You have just concluded reconnaissance

of a bridge

targeted

for demolition. During

T

he recon you determined it will be neces

21

sary to cut four steel -beams of dimen

sions shown.

Using

ribbon charge,

what

is

the

minimum amount

of C4 tM112) explo

sive needed for the job?

1

L

l

112

1 1 - - ( f

' \jl

\

The

C\

Engineer

roblem

A city

wit

a population of 50,000

pro-

duces 4 pounds

per

capita per day

of waste.

A

sanitary landfj] site

of 20

acres ha

s

been

set

aside for

this

waste.

Fifteen

per

cent of the

site

mu

st

be used

as

buffer and

the

landfill

height

cannot exceed 15 feet.

f

the

trash can be compacted to a densi

ty of

800 pounds

per

cubic yard, how long

can the landfill be opera ted?

Solutions page 27

Subsetlbe to

ngine

l>lal

alm

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ru.t

nf chonMl ll

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uner Vana(Jt•menl

Signifirant Erent. <

EN

GIN

EER/Win

t

er

81-82

2


25/36

Facilities

Component

Management

A ((mature

military

engineering

construction system

..

''

by James G

Winter

Army Chtef of Staff Gen. C.

Meyer, stated in his White Pa

ter

1980

that

''A key

to winning

the

fit·st battle,

as

well

as the

~ e o n d

and

l

ast battle,

is

an

ad

equate sustaining capability

Maintenance, transportation

and other

service su pport gives

us this needed dimension," The

Army Facilities

Component

System tAFCS) aids in provid

ing the sustaining

capability by

providing facility installation

designs

which fill the gaps in

host nation

support, replaces

those facilities destroyed by en

emy

action, dtrectly su pp orts

the Army in forward areas,

and

forms

the

basis for base devel

opment planning.

The

AFCS is a tool to

assist

mili tary

planners, su pply

agencies and construction per

sonnel

at

all levels in

the

con

struction

of

facilities required

o support combat or rear eche

lon ,

intermediate stx

to 24

months), and temporary 24

months to five years>.

In re

spon

se

to Joint Chiefs

of Staff

guidance, action is underway to

eliminate

the

intermediate


23


26/36

1

I

/ ~ : a i

~

I

1:.----__,..-___. - ~

I

j_

_ _j

- - r ~

~

r

standard and to reduce

the

tem

porary standard

to 24

months

.

TM

5-

302

consists of three

volumes

containing site plans,

utility plans and

facility con

struct ion

drawings for the

various installations and facili

ties. TM

5-303 lists all of the

items contained

in

the bills-of-

materials

for

each

facility with

each

item identified

by national

stock number .

TM

5-304, the

user 's manual, explains the

AFCS and

provides

detailed in

structions on how

to

use the

in

formation

in TMs 5 - 301

through 5-303.

The AFCS uses a building

block concept to

permit

maxi

mum

flexibility; the

building

blocks being items, facilities

and installations. An item,

usu

ally available for

procurement

under a national stock number,

is any construction material

(such as a bag of cement)

that is

used to form a facility (s

uch

as a

maintenance building). An

in

stallation

petroleum,

oils and

lubricants (POL) facility for ex

ample, is formed by

assembling

a group of facilities designed to

provide a specific

service

or

sup

port

to some

military

function

in a theater of operations.

Planning Considerations

Figure 1

outlines

the

general

procedure for us ing

AFCS in

planning and designing. Shown

in the circles

are

information

and

directives

from planning

headquarters and

information

from local sources

that need

to

be considered

at

the various

steps ofthe procedure. The deci

sion

points

and

check point

s are

shown in diamond-shaped

boxes. The outputs of specific

steps

are shown

in

rectangular

boxes . Inputs from

th

e AFCS

manuals (TMs 5-301 through

5- 303) are shown in the hexa

gons.

The

following paragraphs

are lettered, numbered and

keyed to Figure 1.

a. Information and direc·

tives from higher planning

headquarters a

nd informa

tion from local sources:

tl }

Civil engineering support

planning

CESP)

nd

construc-

tion directiue s

The

major

direc

tive may include

se

lected

base

sites,

assigned support mission,

operational target dates, scope

of construction

requirements,

etc. I t may also specify priori

ties

and

construction

standards

and allocate

resources

and real

estate.

2) Terrain

information

re-

quirements

Terrain informa

tion

inc

udes

map reconnais

sance, site reconnaissance,

climate

and

soil.

Terrain

re

quirements are provided in the

base development

plan

, where

concealment requirements

an

d

the

expected level

of

mobility

are specified.

3 Available existing facili-

ties

This information

could

come

from

higher planning

headquarters

or

local intelli

gence sources.

The

existing fa-


4

The Engineer Winter 198182

Documents

Transcript of The Engineer Winter 198182