The Energy Impact of Luminaire Depreciation on Urban Lighting

7/30/2019 The Energy Impact of Luminaire Depreciation on Urban Lighting

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The energy impact of luminaire depreciation on urban lighting

I.O. Mockey Coureaux a,, E. Manzano b,1

a Departamento de Electroenergtica.Universidad de Oriente, Ave., Las Amricas s/n. Santiago de Cuba, 90400, Cubab Departamento de Luminotcnia Luz y Visin, Universidad Nacional de Tucumn, Av., Independencia 1800 - T4002BLR Tucumn, Argentina

a b s t r a c ta r t i c l e i n f o

Article history:

Received 12 June 2012

Revised 21 March 2013

Accepted 21 March 2013Available online 19 April 2013

Keywords:

Energy efficiency

Urban and road lighting

Maintenance

Depreciation

Road lighting facilities operate for over half of a year but they are permanently subjected to adverse weather

conditions and environmental pollution. The major cause of the loss of light is generally the accumulation of

dirt on the luminaires (lamps and lighting fixtures).The severity of the loss (depreciation) depends on the

nature and density of environmental pollution and the degree of protection of the luminaires against dust

and water. This depreciation is compensated, beginning from the design stage, by over-sizing facilities and,

throughout its lifetime, by maintenance programs. There are several ways of estimating depreciation. This

paper is a review of the different sources of information and findings of major investigations conducted in

recent times. There is strong evidence which indicates that luminaire depreciation could be based on the

level of sealing of the luminaires and on environment pollution categories. Luminaires with IP6X degree pro-

tection are only slightly influenced by environment pollution. New generations of LED luminaires are built to

conform to IP6 and this will probably soon be the standard for road and urban lighting luminaires. Even if

these luminaires have a higher rate of lamp survival, an exterior cleaning operation is still necessary and

the luminaire depreciation behaviour model will still be useful. It is important to select a convenient mainte-

nance factor to compensate for depreciation and to reduce the number of installed fixtures or the amount of

over sizing of lamp power, which significantly transcends the energy and environmental impact.

2013 International Energy Initiative. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Introduction

In Latin American cities, urban lighting in municipalities accounts

foraround 3.5to 4% of total electricity consumption.For urban lighting

the potential reduction in consumption is significant, and, possible by

the use of efficient lighting systems that can reach reduction values of

over 30%, as stated by Tapia et al. (2009). In addition to this, the deci-

sion to implement efficient policies usually depends on one person,

the mayor, but affects the consumption of street lighting throughout

the city.

At present, electric power saving and the environmental impact are

the topics that are treated with the most interest by illumination engi-

neers, according to Horng-Ching et al. (2009). Some of them have cen-

tered their attention on the saving possibilities using lamps, luminaires

and more efficient ballasts (Pujol, 2009). Research that combines these

possibilities with the employment of lamp flux output regulations and

time switching control of illumination are also reported by Tapia et al.

(2009).

Other research focuses on the possible saving of lighting energy

through the implementation of appropriate maintenance policies.

Some results indicate that when using higher maintenance factors,

during the design stage, a significant saving of energy is guaranteed

(Malgozrata, 2007; Sveinsdottir, 2007). An improvement of 5% in

the maintenance factor can end up producing savings of 10% in the

energy consumption, according to Sanders and Scott (2008).

Currently there is a worldwide tendency to replace urban lighting

with energy efficient lighting systems (Kostic and Djokic, 2009). Con-

sidering these processes, using an adequate maintenance factor and

appropriate maintenance policies, could not only have energy saving

implications but would also result in the reduction in the emissions of

polluting gases through reduced electricity generation.

The implementation of realistic and appropriate maintenance pro-

grams requiresthe use of reliable data for estimating maintenance fac-

tors to be used during the design of road lighting installations. This

paper is a review of the available data and models which would help

determine the maintenance factor (or determine the opposite factor

i.e. depreciation) due to dirt pollution accumulated on the luminaires.

This pollutionis generallyconsideredto be themain cause of theprob-

lem of depreciation.

The luminous depreciation of urban lighting

Throughout the life span of any lighting installation, light emission

decreases progressively and gradually. The rate of reduction depends

Energy for Sustainable Development 17 (2013) 357362

Corresponding author. Tel.: +53 52718247.

E-mail addresses: [email protected] (I.O. Mockey Coureaux),

[email protected] (E. Manzano).1 Tel.: +54 381 4361936, +54 381 4364093x7715/7855.

0973-0826/$ see front matter 2013 International Energy Initiative. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.esd.2013.03.006

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on the type of lamp, luminaires, environment, operation conditions

and the length of time they are in use. In the case of outdoor lighting,

depreciation is important because of the exposure to environmental

pollution.

The main causes that affect the performance of road lighting facili-

ties, their operation and, in some cases, the value of maintained illumi-

nance and luminance on the road, according to the technical reports of

CIE (Commission Internationale de lEclairage), (CIE 33, 1996; CIE 154,

2003), are:A) Progressive reduction in luminous flux emitted by the lamps.

B) Accumulation of dirt on the optical parts of the luminaires.

C) Aging of the components (reflectors, refractors, etc.).

D) Premature failure of lamps.

F) The vibrations of the pole-luminaire lamp set.

G) The corrosion of the structures of the luminous units.

H) Changes in the reflective properties of the road surface.

There are other causes which do not have a cumulative effect:

I) Use of ballasts.

J) Excessive increase or reduction of temperature inside the lumi-

naire.

K) Premature failure of auxiliary devices and/or regulation flux

system.L) Incorrect voltage supply at the terminals of light sources.

Among these causes, the first three are the ones that most influ-

ence thedepreciation of road illumination. At thesame time, theeffect

of these three causes can be minimized through maintenance of the

system.

At the lighting design stage, light reduction or depreciation should

be considered when using a maintenance factor (MF) that over-sizes

facilities to compensate the reduction in time until the moment

when it becomes necessary to apply maintenance operations. The ini-

tial lighting parameter values such as illuminance (Eo) or luminance

when the facility starts to run up will gradually be reduced to mainte-

nance values indicated in most standards (EM):

E0 EM.

MF1

There are three components of MF: the lamp lumen maintenance

factor (LLMF) which accounts for lamp luminous flux depreciation by

burning hours, the lamp survival factor (LSF) which accounts for ran-

dom lamp failures during use and the luminaire maintenance factor

(LMF) due to exterior and interior dirt accumulation:

MF LLMFLSFLMF 2

Random and premature failureof lamps,considered in thelamp sur-

vival factor, can affect the average illumination of indoor illumination

applications, (Sveinsdottir, 2007). However, in the case of road lighting,

the failure of a lamp produces much more than changes in average illu-mination. As luminaires are located and separated in rows, a lamp fail-

ure produces an entire dark area which causesa drastic reduction in the

quality of the service. For such reason, if a spot lamp replacement main-

tenance policy is often applied, the effect of the premature lamp ran-

dom failure is minimized (Manzano and San Martin, 1999).

Based on the behavior of road lighting facilities due to depreciation,

for designcalculations, only the luminaire depreciation by environmen-

tal pollution and lamp luminous flux reduction by exploitation will be

considered (CIE 154, 2003).

The use of low MF values seems to be a frequent practice used to

compensate the lack of or reduced maintenance for road lighting

that will produce an important energy impact. For that reason a re-

view and analysis of depreciation due to environment pollution on

lamp and luminaires will be carried out in this study.

Depreciation by dirt on luminaires

Road and urban lighting systems are constantly affected by wind,

rain and dirt because they are directly exposed to, them. The accumu-

lation of dirt in the exterior and interior optical parts of the luminaire

and in the lamp itself brings about a progressive loss of the luminous

emission. This source of depreciation canend up being themost signif-

icant and it is, at the same time, the one that allows major recovery

through maintenance actions, (CIE 154, 2003).The amount of light loss depends on the nature and density of

airborne dirt, and luminaire design. Dirt accumulation on interior

reflecting and transmitting surfaces can be minimized by sealing the

lamp compartment against the entry of dust and moisture. In turn,

the level of contamination to which the luminaires will be exposed,

will mainly be a result of the level of pollution of the surrounding at-

mosphere, the height of the sources, the volume and nature of the ve-

hicular traffic, the climate, and wind pattern, according to Manzano

(2000). Dirt accumulatingin thelamp depends strongly on theprotec-

tion offered by the luminaire. In open luminaires, the accumulation of

dirt on lamps would be significant. Fortunately, open luminaires are

not used in most countries. For that reason dirt accumulation is usual-

ly approached from the point of view of the external surface of the lu-

minaire (CIE 154, 2003).

The degree of protection of luminaires will depend on their optical

sealing (lamp compartment) and the most effective way of character-

izingthis quality, according to IEC 60529 (2004), isthroughits IPcode.

State of art

Some of the first studies carried out regarding the depreciation by

dirt pollution for different categories of luminaires and types of envi-

ronment were by Van Dusen (1971). For technological differences

with the present, and in order to make an analogy with the current sit-

uation where luminaires are used with an adequate sealing of the lamp

compartment, curves corresponding to closed luminaires which were

provided with good mechanical gaskets, from all luminaire types that

had been analyzed, were selected.

The curves of the light output with a good mechanical closing infive environmental categories are represented in Fig. 1 (fine line)

and described in Table 1.

The lluminating Engineering Society of North America (IESNA) has

partially adopted the results of Van Dusen since 1993 but only con-

siders a 8-year period in which it carries out an extrapolation of the

data. Fig. 1 represents, (thick line) the information given by IESNA

DG-4 (1993).

When comparing the two references, a small difference is ob-

served, which is bigger for the initial period until the second year in

dirty and very dirty environments; and, from the first to the sixth

year fora clean environment.In themost adverse environment,the ef-

fect on theluminaire outputshowsa reductionof 50%compared to the

initial one, after 4 years. Currently, the IESNA continues to use these

behaviors (Rea, 2000). It should be noted that these references donot take into account all the diverse degrees of sealing of the lamp op-

tical compartment in the availableluminaires at present. This is a very

influential characteristic that differentiates luminaires from each

other.

In 1977, the Association of Public Lighting Engineers (APLE) of the

United Kingdom, in its TechnicalReport TR8, carried out a series of tri-

als with the objective of determining the effects of depreciation in

public illumination facilities. These trials studied the effect of the accu-

mulation of dirt on the exterior and interior sides of the luminaire, the

depreciation of the optical components, the benefits of hermetic clos-

ing and the changes in the photometrical characteristics. In his work,

Manzano (2000), starting from the original data published in APLE

Technical Report TR8, extracted the results obtained in the town of

Leicester. According to his criterion, those results are the most

358 I.O. Mockey Coureaux, E. Manzano / Energy for Sustainable Development 17 (2013) 357362


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appropriate to discriminate three environment categories according

to the density of automotive traffic (vehicles per day, vpd). At the

same time, they are closely related to the local atmospheric contami-

nation and to the presence of dust which characterizes the environ-

ment, as the existence of other sources is not indicated. Table 2

describes the characteristics of the environments.

When comparing the results obtained by Van Dusen (1971) and

those of APLE TR8 (1977) we find that, although it is not possible to

make a direct analogy, the similarities observed in the depreciation

curves for the extreme categories of environments are appreciable.

The environments, characterized as clean and very dirty by Van Dusen

are comparable with those of low pollution (10,000 vpd) and high pol-

lution (30,000 vpd) of APLE respectively, as shown in Fig. 2.

However, theluminaires used by Van Dusen and APLE did not have

a precise description of thedegree of sealing of thelamp compartment

as the one used at present through the international protection code

(IP), according to IEC 60529 (2004). Therefore, the luminaire depreci-

ation behavior canbe bettercharacterized andthe useof this informa-tion extended.

Institution of Lighting Engineers (ILE) carried out tests using two

types of luminaires: IP23 and IP54, (ILETR19,1989).A significant reduc-

tion of depreciation when increasing the degree of sealing from IP23 to

IP54 wasverified. In addition to this, an effectof non-recoverable depre-

ciation with theactionof luminairecleaning of 9.5% (90.5%)for IP23 and

of 2.5% (97.5%) for IP54 was found. This is attributable to depreciation

by deterioration and aging of the transmitter or reflecting surfaces

due to oxidation, temperatureand ultravioletradiation effects, chemical

effects, etc. This effect is not recoverable by cleaning processes.

The British Standard established the depreciation factors for lumi-

naires according to IP rating and three categories of environmental

contamination: high, medium and low, (BS5489, 1987). These are

characterized in Table 3.

When comparing this environment classification for environmen-

tal pollution with the one carried out by Van Dusen (1971) the fol-

lowing correspondence is observed:

BS5489, 1987 Van Dusen, 1971

(Pollution) (Environment)

Low Very clean

Medium Clean and Moderate

High Dirty

Thesuccessive versions of BS5489standard continued recommending

the same values of luminaire maintenance factor due to dirt (BS5489,

1992; BS5489, 2003). Table 4 shows the strong influence that optical

sealing has on depreciation. For better sealing, both the environmental

conditions and the frequency of cleaning have a smaller influence on lu-minaire depreciation.

According to the BS, only the first digit of the IP rating is specified.

It refers to protection against the dust entrance. Instead of specifying

the second digit, an X is placed, which could signify that the entrance

of water to the luminaires does not affect its depreciation significant-

ly. Nevertheless, values greater than 4 are recommended.

On theotherhand,CIE from 1998, proposed theuse of thecurves of

the BS5489 in order to calculatethe lighting depreciation (CIE TC 5.14,

1998). In the year 2000, it recognized that this depreciation could be

determined by two main ways, (CIE 136, 2000):

For typical American closed type luminaires, according to IESNA,

DG-4 (1993) from the curve corresponding to the type of environ-

ment and considering the frequency of successive cleanings.

For IP rated luminaires, as per (BS5489, 2003), according to the en-

vironmental pollution and the frequency of cleaning.

However, in the technical report (CIE 154, 2003), which consti-

tutes a very explicit and detailed reference for this issue, a lot of im-

portance is given to the sealing of lamp compartments and, at the

very least, a protection level IP5X is recommended, and the same lu-

minaire maintenance factors as those of (BS5489, 2003) are proposed.

Other recent standards such as BS EN, 13201 (2003); EN 12464-2

(2007), although they specify the importance of this depreciation

type and indicate that the designer should prepare a maintenance

schedule which includes the frequency of lamp replacement, intervals

of luminaire cleaning and cleaning methods, do not offer recommen-

dations about the determination of a depreciation factor due to accu-

mulated dirt.

Table 1

Categories of the environments according to Van Dusen (1971).

Environment

category

Environment Traf fic Particles in

suspension

Very clean Absence of nearby activities that generate smoke

or dust and low environmental contamination

Reduced, generally limited to residential areas

or rural areas

0150 g/m3

Clean A bsence of nea rb y ac tivities t ha t gener at e smoke

or dust and low environmental contamination

Moderate to intense 150300 g/m3

Moderate Presence of some activities that generate smoke or dust 300600 g/m3

Dir ty Presence of smoke or d ust genera ted b y nea rb y ac tivities

that can occasionally surround the luminaires

6001200 g/m3

Very dirty Presence of smoke or dust generated by nearby activities

that can frequently surround the luminaires

12002400 g/m3

Table 2

Characterization of atmospheric pollution degree in environment of lighting facilities,

in connection with traffic density, (APLE TR8, 1977).

Pollution Traf fic Vehicles per day (vpd)

High Heavy 30,000

Med ium Mix ed: p riva te and commercial 2 0,00 0

Low Mixed: private, se rvices and he avy 10,000

Fig. 1. Depreciation of luminaire of public ilumination, with hermetic closing and five

types of e nvironments published by Van Dusen (1971), in fine line and the IESNA DG-4

(1993) in thick line.

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On the other hand, the London Transport Department in the Design

Manual for Roads and Bridges, (updated in 2007) incorporates changes

issued by the European Standard (EN13201, 2003) and BS5489 (2003).

Previously TD34 (1991) prescribed a single value of maintenance factor

for all types of roads and equal to 0.81. The updating of TD34 ( TD34,

2007) guides designers to calculate the maintenance factor according

to BS5489 (2003), previously described. That is why, according to

Sanders and Scott (2008), TD34 is now in correspondence with BS5489

(2003). This has the advantage of working with luminaires with the

highest IP ratings and, because of this, bigger maintenance factors can

be used and, potentially, it is possible to achieve an increase of the spac-

ing between points of light.

The report of Sanders and Scott (2008), considers change under

the current conditions related to two aspects:

In recentyearsthe luminaireIP ratinghas been increased, in general,

and most road luminaires are of rating IP6X.

Environmental concerns and regulations have resulted in a reduc-

tion in environmental pollution.

Their work has been evaluated in several communities of the Unit-

ed Kingdom and Scotland for 4 years through laboratory depreciation

measurements of luminaires with IP65 rating in different facilities, as

well as for environmental pollution and location height.

For the consideration of environmental pollution, they classified

the studied areas into four areas of environmental protection: E1, E2,

E3 and E4. Table 5 shows the results that are obtained when the

cases analyzed by areas E1/E2 and E3/E4 are grouped together and

for mounting heights smaller than or equal to 6 m and for those of

mounting heights greater than 7 m.

These results indicate the low influence of environment on depre-

ciation due to dirt on luminaires with a high sealing of optical com-

partment like those used with IP65. At the same time, (Sanders and

Scott, 2008) emphasize that the element with greater influence is

height. For lower mounting heights and, mainly, for those lower

than 6m thedepreciation is more significant. Forthat reason, this anal-

ysis would have smaller significance in applications of road lighting,

takinginto account that these systems are generally placed at a height

of more than 6m.

When comparing the above results with those proposed by

BS5489 (2003), (see Fig. 3), it can be appreciated that the resulting

depreciation is significantly lower, probably because of lower envi-

ronmental pollution. Although these results are not necessarily valid

Fig. 2. Comparison of Van Dusen and APLE's results.

Table 3

Degree of atmospheric contamination in the environment of the illumination installation

to characterize the depreciation, according to BS5489 (1987).

Pollution Features Particles in

suspensiona

High Smoke or dust generated by nearby activities are

commonly surrounding the luminaires.

Medium Moderate smoke or dust generated by activities nearby.

Moderate to heavy traffic.

b600 g/m3

Low No nearby smoke or dust generated by activities and a

low ambient contaminant level. Light traffic. Generally

limited to residential or rural areas.

b150 g/m3

a

Added by CIE TC 5.14 (1998).

Table 4

Luminaires depreciation factors due to dirt, according to BS5489 (2003).

Optical compartment

IP rating

Pollution

category

Exposure time (months)

12 18 24 30 36 42 48

IP2X Low 0.82 0.80 0.79 0.78 0.78 0.77 0.77

Med ium 0 .62 0.58 0.56 0 .5 4 0 .53 0 .52 0.51

High 0.53 0.48 0.45 0.43 0.42 0.41 0.40

IP5X Low 0.92 0.91 0.90 0.89 0.88 0.87 0.87

Med ium 0 .90 0.88 0.86 0 .8 4 0 .82 0 .80 0.79

High 0.89 0.87 0.84 0.80 0.76 0.72 0.69IP6X Low 0.93 0.92 0.91 0.90 0.90 0.89 0.89

Med ium 0 .92 0.91 0.89 0 .8 8 0 .87 0 .86 0.86

High 0.91 0.90 0.88 0.85 0.83 0.81 0.80

Table 5

Depreciationof lighting withIP65 fordifferent heights andenvironmental characteristics.

E zone Mounting height (m) Exposure time (months)

12 24 36 48

E1/E2 6 0.98 0.96 0.95 0.94

E1/E2 >7 0.98 0.96 0.95 0.94

E3/E4 6 0.94 0.92 0.90 0.89

E3/E4 >7 0.97 0.96 0.95 0.94

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in other parts of the world, this corroborates the recommendation of

BS5489 (2003); CIE 154 (2003) regarding the necessity to obtain de-

preciation by local measurements for the adoption of maintenance

programs.

Another work in this field was carried out by Sveinsdottir (2007),

where the impact of different maintenance policies on the illumina-

tion of several public roads of Reykjavik in Iceland was studied. In

his study he used the values of luminaire's depreciation indicated by

CIE 154 (2003).

Discussion

As has been described, luminaire depreciation due to accumulateddirt is characterized by the recommendations from IESNA and CIE. Tak-

ing into account the optical sealing characterization of luminaires by IP

ratings adopted by numerous countries and proposed by CIE, together

with the categorization of the environmental dirt based on the average

traffic density, the CIE 154 (2003) luminaire depreciation model is

recommended for adoption. However, it is possible to find a difference

with regard to the level of pollution in different areas. Therefore, in

order to evaluate existing facilities, some measurements in situ may

be necessary to adjust the curves to local values.

Conclusions

1. The strong impact of luminaire protection against the entrance ofdust is evidenced in the reduction in resulting depreciation. The

IP rating characterizes this luminaire capacity.

2. The studies demonstrate that for luminaires with rating IP 6X, the

depreciation is low and almost independent of environmental pol-

lution level.

3. The most reliable source that reports the luminaire depreciation

due to dirt is CIE 154 (2003) and has been the basis of reference

for other standards and support of recent researches in this field.

However, the improvements in construction of the luminaires, es-

pecially in their sealing, and the improvement of the environmen-

tal conditions in some countries could suggest a need for updating

of this standard. It is also assumed that IP sealing luminaire charac-

teristics remain unchanged after maintenance cleaning or when a

lamp spot replacement operation is applied.

4. New generations of LED luminaires are built as per IP6 and this will

probably soon be the default standard for road and urban lighting

luminaires. Even if these luminaires have a high lamp survival, an

exterior cleaning operationwill be necessary and the luminairede-

preciation behaviour model will still be useful.

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The Energy Impact of Luminaire Depreciation on Urban Lighting

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