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The Endomembrane SystemThe Endomembrane System
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The Endomembrane SystemThe Endomembrane System
A series of membranes found in the interior of a eukaryotic cell. It divides the cell into compartments, channels the passage of molecules through the interior of the cell and provides surfaces for the synthesis of lipids and some proteins.
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The Endomembrane SystemThe Endomembrane System
One of the fundamental distinctions between eukaryotes and prokaryotes.
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The Endomembrane SystemThe Endomembrane System
1. Nuclear Envelope
2. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
3. Golgi Apparatus
4. Vesicles (Vacuoles)
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Nuclear EnvelopeNuclear Envelope
• Double membrane
• Pores permit exit ofribosomal subuints
• Separates nucleoplasm from cytoplasm
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Endoplasmic ReticulumEndoplasmic Reticulum
System of membrane channels continuous with outer membrane of the nuclear envelope.
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Rough ER is:Rough ER is:
Contiguous with the outer membrane of the nuclear envelope.
Studded with ribosomes on the cytoplasm side.
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Function of Rough ERFunction of Rough ER
Protein synthesis and modification.
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Function of Rough ERFunction of Rough ER
1. Protein synthesis and modification.2. Membrane Synthesis3. Distributes Transport Vesicles
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Destinations of Rough ER Destinations of Rough ER ProteinsProteins
• Exported from the cell• Sent to lysosomes or vacuoles• Embedded in plasma membrane
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Smooth ERSmooth ER
Continuous with rough ER
No ribosomes (hence smoothsmooth)
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Function of smooth ERFunction of smooth ER
1. Synthetic processesPhospholipidsPhospholipidsSteroidsSteroidsFatty acidsFatty acids
2. Forms transport vesicles3. Stores Calcium4. Detoxifies poisons
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Golgi ApparatusGolgi ApparatusDelivery System Of the CellDelivery System Of the Cell
Discovered in 1898Discovered in 1898
NamedFor
Camillo Golgi
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Golgi ApparatusGolgi Apparatus
• Stack of 3-20 slightly curved saccules.
• 1 to few (protists)• 20 or more - animal cells• Several hundred – plant cells
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Golgi ApparatusGolgi Apparatus
Receives protein-filled vesicles that bud from the ER.
Vesicles fuse with membrane of Golgi apparatus cis face.
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Golgi ApparatusGolgi Apparatus
• Proteins modified as they pass through (form glycoproteins)
• Move to outer (trans) face after modification.
• Vesicles form & move to different locations in cell.
• At plasma membrane, vesicles discharge contents as secretions.
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VesiclesVesiclesEnzyme StorehousesEnzyme Storehouses
Lysosomes – Intracellular digestion centers; bud from endomembrane system
Microbodies Peroxisomes – Enzymes catalyze the removal of
hydrogen atoms.
Glyoxysomes – Found in plants. Enzymes convert fats into carbohydrates
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Lysosomes Intracellular digestion centersIntracellular digestion centers
Produced by Golgi
Membrane-enclosed vesicles
Contains digestive enzymes (function best in acidic environment)
Break down organelles
Animation: Lysosome FormationAnimation: Lysosome Formation
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LysosomesLysosomes Intracellular digestion centersIntracellular digestion centers
Eliminates cells engulfed by phagocytosis.
White blood cells use lysosomes to digestengulfed bacteria.
AutodigestionAutodigestion - when lysosomes digestparts of cells.
ApoptosisApoptosis - programmed cell death, a normal part of development
Tadpole tail absorption. Degeneration of webbing between fingers
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PeroxisomesPeroxisomes
• Abundant in cells that metabolize lipids
• Detoxify alcohol in liver and yeast cells
• Forms hydrogen peroxide that is brokendown to water and oxygen by catalase.
RH2 + O2 R + H2O2 H2O + O2
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GlyoxysomesGlyoxysomes(Peroxisomes in plants)(Peroxisomes in plants)
In leaves carry out reactions the uses up O2 and releases CO2 that can be used in photosynthesis
In germinating seeds - convert oils into sugars used as nutrients by growing plants.
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VacuolesVacuoles• Large membranous sac
• Larger than vesicles
• Store substances
• Vacuoles in protozoans include digestive
vacuoles and water-regulating contractile
vacuoles.
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VacuolesVacuoles
In protozoans include digestive vacuoles and water-regulating contractile vacuoles.
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VacuolesVacuoles
Plant cell vacuoles (usually one or two) more prominenet; water-filled and give support to cell.
Plant vacuoles store water, sugars, salt, pigments, and toxic substances to protect plant from herbivores.
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